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This thesis addresses the physical aspects of farming on soldier settlement blocks in south west Victoria. The undeveloped land, high establishment costs, stock losses through animal diseases and lack of managerial skills all contributed to the settlers' inability to meet their financial commitments. These factors are analysed, as are the effects of declining rural commodities prices during the 1920s and 1930s. In addition, the relationship between the settlers and the successive administrative agencies is examined. The scheme was administered by the Closer Settlement Board from its inception until 1932 and much of the discussion during this period concerns the interaction between settler and inspector. Soldier settlement after World War One represented one of the last attempts to create a large body of 'yeoman' farmers. From the early 1920s there was an increasing dichotomy between the 'yeoman' and the 'managerial' ideologies. This dichotomy placed additional pressure on soldier settlers who were expected to be 'efficient' without adequate finances. In the post C.S.B. era, the focus shifts to the attempts by the Closer Settlement Commission to salvage the scheme and its greater understanding of the problems faced by the settlers. While this part of the thesis necessarily becomes more political, the physical and financial environment in which the soldier settlers worked was still an important factor in their success or failure. Unlike the C.S.B. which tended to blame soldier settlers for their situation, the Commission acknowledged that settlers' ability to succeed was often constrained by circumstances beyond their control. Under the latter administration, instalments were written off, additional land was allocated and finally the blocks were revalued to guarantee the men at least some equity in their farms. Those settlers who had survived until these changes were instituted received a 'successful outcome of their life's work'.

This essay focuses on gender behaviour in The Return of the Soldier by Rebecca West. The claim for this essay argues that West has changed the traditional gender roles in her novel by giving female characters masculine attributes and the male character feminine attributes. The theoretical framework provides a comparison of how West’s gender construction in her novel differs from older literature. The comparison is carried out by providing examples from two novels from the nineteenth century, in which we can see how men and women could be portrayed. The theoretical framework also discusses feminist theories by Toril Moi, masculinity studies by Alex Hobbs, and typical gender stereotypes according to Jeff Hearn. These theories are used to analyse how the characters’ gender behaviour is affected by social factors and how West deviates from the traditional construction of gender roles.

De 1919 à 1940, le corps des tirailleurs sénégalais s’affirma davantage au sein de l’armée coloniale. Auréolée de ses succès relatifs dans la Grande Guerre, l’armée noire fut dès lors pensée comme une armée permanente, ayant vocation à combattre sur les fronts extérieurs. Dès juillet 1919, le recrutement reposa sur un appel par tirage au sort avec possibilité de remplacement. Des règles précises se mirent donc en place afin d’encadrer l’ensemble des étapes amenant ces soldats depuis l’Afrique occidentale et équatoriale française vers la métropole ou le bassin méditerranéen. L’hivernage et l’alimentation furent ainsi abordés avec davantage de soin. Le corps des sous-officiers africains offre quant à lui un panel de parcours présentant au plus près les carrières de ces hommes, leurs origines et les soldats qu’ils furent. Leur formation et leurs résultats aux différents examens permet également de mieux cerner les attentes de l’état-major et de la 8e direction. En définitive, le corps des tirailleurs sénégalais fut davantage pensé afin de l’améliorer. Pour autant en 1940, ces efforts de pensée n’avaient abouti à aucune réforme en profondeur et l’armée noire connut les mêmes déboires que l’armée française. / From 1919 to 1940, The Senegalese Infantry Corps firmly established itself within the colonial army. Crowned by its relative success in World War I, the black army was subsequently considered a permanent army, tasked with fighting worldwide. After July 1919, recruitment relied on a draft lottery with the possibility of substitution.Detailed rules at the time were put in place to offer a means of placing soldiers from West African and Equatorial French colonies in France itself or in the Mediterranean basin. In this way, winter quarters and food supplies were given greater consideration.The African non-commissioned officer corps offered a training experience to further the careers of these men, considering their origins and their abilities as soldiers. Their training and their results on different tests also helped to better understand the expectations of the French Army General Staff and their respective divisions.In the end, the Senegalese Infantry Corps was assumed to be a stronger component of the French army. But in 1940, it became apparent that none of these efforts bore substancial reform and the black army suffered the same setbacks as the regular French army.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This study explores how selected West African war novels employ non-realist narrative modes to portray disruptions in the child’s development into adulthood. The novels considered are Chris Abani’s Song for Night (2007), Ahmadou Kourouma’s Allah is Not Obliged (2006), Uzodinma Iweala’s Beasts of No Nation (2005) and Delia Jarrett-Macauley’s Moses, Citizen and Me (2005). These novels strain at the conventions of realism as a consequence of the attempt to represent the disruptions in child development as a result of the upheavals of war. A core proposition of the study is to present why the authors in question are obliged to employ non-realist modes in representing disrupted childhoods that reflect the social and cultural disorder attendant upon war. The dissertation also asks pertinent questions regarding the ideological effect of these narrative strategies and the effect of the particular stylistic idiosyncrasies of each of the authors in figuring childhood in postcolonial Africa. The novels in question employ surrealism, the absurd, the grotesque and magical realism, in presenting the first person narratives of children in war situations, or the reflections of adult narrators on children affected by war. This study further analyses the ways the aesthetic modes employed by these authors underscore, in particular, children’s experiences of war. Through strategic use of specific literary techniques, these authors highlight questions of vulnerability, powerlessness and violence on children, as a group that has been victimised and co-opted into violence. The study further considers how these narrative transformations in the representations of children in novels, capture transformations in ideas about childhood in postcolonial Africa.

This study is the first attempt to investigate heavy metal concentrations in the soldier crab with a view to it being a potential candidate for the monitoring of copper(Cu), zinc(Zn), nickel(Ni), lead(Pb) and cadmium(Cd) levels on the western coast of Taiwan. The objectives of this investigation included the following: (1) to assess the pollution status at different sites by determining the metal concentrations of ambient water and Pacific oysters; (2) to monitor the concentrations of heavy metals, including Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb and Cd, in the soldier crab; (3) to assess the effect of sex, wet weight and reproductive season at different sites¡F(4) to investigate the distribution of metal concentration among carapace, gonads, midgut gland, muscle; and (5). to assess the pollution status at different sites and years by monitoring the concentration of heavy metals, including Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in male soldier crabs The Pacific oyster and stream results proved that site B is contaminated by Cu, Zn and Pb from streams B-1 and B-2. The highest Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb concentrations in soldier crabs appeared at site B, and significant differences in the accumulated concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn and Ni in soldier crabs were found between the sites tested. The highest bioconcentration factors of Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb in soldier crabs appeared at site B, indicating that the soldier crab can accumulate Cu, Zn and Pb to the same degree as the Pacific oyster. In fact, soldier crabs can accumulate more Ni than Pacific oysters, better reflecting the conditions of the ambient environment. These phenomena, as well as the fact that the soldier crab is able to accumulate relatively high levels of Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni, suggest that this crab is a potential biomonitor of Pb and Ni pollution in aquatic ecosystems. Only in the case at site A of Pb sex related difference could be detected. In general mean Pb level in male soldier crabs were higher than in female. There are no significant sex related differences of Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni in soldier crab among three sites. The lead mean concentration in reproduction season and pre- reproduction season were higher than non-reproduction seasons. The highest concentrations of lead were found in carapace and the gonad in reproduction season. The results presented that the metal concentration in soldier crabs vary significantly not only because of season change in polluted sites, but also it may be influenced by the sex-related and size-related difference of organisms. After eliminating size effect, sex effect by analyzing 0.7 g~ 1.0 g and male soldier crabs to monitor the pollution status, the Cu and Zn concentrations in soldier crabs along the Changhua coastline(site A and site B) is stable¡F The higher concentrations of Pb and Cd in soldier crabs existed in 2002 and 2003. We suggested that the polluted sources of Pb and Cd along the Changhua coastline in 2002 is abundant, and of Pb contents from 2003 to 2006 and Cd content from 2003 to 2007 are decreasing. Therefore, it is essential to take size effect, sex, season, and polluted status into account in comparative biomonitoring studies using soldier crabs as metals biomonitor. The baseline concentration of soldier crabs were 21.4 £gg g-1 wet wt. Cu, 20.1 £gg g-1 wet wt. Zn, 0.13 £gg g-1 wet wt. Pb, 0.12 £gg g-1 wet wt. and 0.91 £gg g-1 wet wt..

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Doctor of Philosophy / Department of History / Mark P. Parillo / War occupies an important place in the collective memory of the United States, with many of its defining moments centered on times of intense trauma. American memory of World War I, however, pales in comparison to the Civil War and World War II, which has led to the conflict’s categorization as a “forgotten” war—terminology that ignores the widespread commemorative efforts undertaken by Americans in the war’s aftermath. In fact, the interwar period witnessed a multitude of memorialization projects, ranging from architectural memorials to literature. It is this dichotomy between contemporary understanding and the reality of the conflict’s aftermath that is at the heart of this study, which seeks to illuminate the prominent position held by the First World War in early twentieth century American society. The dissertation examines three war memorials: the Liberty Memorial in Kansas City, Missouri; the District of Columbia World War Memorial in West Potomac Park, Washington, D.C.; and Kansas State University’s Memorial Stadium in Manhattan, Kansas. The work also analyzes seven volumes of soldier poetry, published between 1916 and 1921: Poems, by Alan Seeger; With the Armies of France, by William Cary Sanger, Jr.; Echoes of France: Verses from my Journal and Letters, March 14, 1918 to July 14, 1919 and Afterwards, by Amy Robbins Ware; The Tempering, by Howard Swazey Buck; Wampum and Old Gold, by Hervey Allen; The Log of the Devil Dog and Other Verses, by Byron H. Comstock; and Rhymes of a Lost Battalion Doughboy, by Lee Charles McCollum. Despite the presence of some thematic similarities between the two modes of remembrance, each mode had different objectives and audiences, contributing to the creation of distinct and competing forms of collective memory regarding American involvement in the Great War. Taken together, the two modes provide a more complete picture of American memorialization to World War I than if studied independently. This interdisciplinary approach to understanding commemorative efforts during the interwar period is vital to understanding the war and its legacy, and thus beneficial to both historical scholarship and the public.

This thesis aims to analyse how well recruits of the Swedish Armed Forces (SAF) have embraced soldier ideals put forward by the SAF following a shift in means of recruiting, changing from a system of compulsive conscription to an All-volunteer force (AVF). This has been done using a Governmentality-analysis of an extensive survey conducted at Ärna Air Base in November of 2019. The concept of Governmentality has to do with the way states and other forms of authorities govern. Launched in the 1970s by French philosopher Michel Foucault, it is based on an understanding that states no longer governing mainly by force, but rather by appealing to its citizens’ free will governing through “the conduct of conduct”, through the creation of self-governing subjects. The recruits were asked to rank different reasons for enlisting, and to assess various ideal qualities of a soldier, as well as pictures used by the SAF with the intention to recruit soldiers. The results were widespread and showed a big dissonance both among the recruits internally but also between the SAF’s military identities promoted by the SAF and the recruits. In some instances, the recruits seem to embrace the SAF’s ideals and in others they seem to be hostile of them. A few reasons for this are suggested in the final chapter of the thesis for example the societal collective understanding of the SAF or the role of the instructing officers.