abstract: Land use change driven by human population expansion continues to influence the integrity and configuration of riparian corridors worldwide. Wildlife viability in semi-arid regions depend heavily on the connectivity of riparian corridors, since water is the primary limiting resource. The Madrean Archipelago in northern Mexico and southwestern United States (US) is a biodiversity hotspot that supports imperiled wildlife like jaguar (Panthera onca) and ocelot (Leopardus pardalis). Recent and ongoing infrastructure developments in the historically understudied US-México borderlands region, such as the border wall and expansion of Federal Highway 2, are altering wildlife movement and disconnecting essential habitat. I used wildlife cameras to assess species occupancy, abundance, and related habitat variables affecting the use of washes as corridors for mammals in semi-arid Los Ojos (LO), a private ranch within a 530 km2 priority conservation area in Sonora, México located south of the border and Federal Highway 2. From October 2018 to April 2019, I deployed 21 wildlife cameras in five different riparian corridors within LO. I used single- season occupancy models and Royal Nichols abundance models to explore the relationship between habitat variables and use of riparian corridors by mammal communities of conservation concern within this region. Twenty-one mammal species were recorded in the study area, including American black bear (Ursus americanus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and the first sighting of jaguar (Panthera onca) in this region in 25 years. For the 11 medium- and large-bodied mammals recorded, habitat variables related to perennial river characteristics (distance to river, weekly water, and site width) and remoteness (distance from highway, elevation, and NDVI) were important for occupancy, but the direction of the relationship varied by species. For commonly observed species such as mountain lion (Puma concolor) and white-nosed coati (Nasua narica), topographic variety was highly informative for species abundance. These results highlight the importance of habitat diversity when identifying corridors for future protection to conserve wildlife communities in semi-arid regions. Additionally, this study provides robust evidence in support of mitigation measures (e.g. funnel fencing, over- or under- passes) along Federal Highway 2, and other barriers such as the border wall, to facilitate wildlife connectivity. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Biology 2020

A paleontological deposit near San Clemente de Térapa represents one of the very few Rancholabrean North American Land Mammal Age sites within Sonora, Mexico. During that time, grasslands were common, and the climate included cooler and drier summers and wetter winters than currently experienced in northern Mexico. Here, we demonstrate restructuring in the mammalian community associated with environmental change over the past 40,000 years at Térapa. The fossil community has a similar number of carnivores and herbivores whereas the modern community consists mostly of carnivores. There was also a 97% decrease in mean body size (from 289 kg to 9 kg) because of the loss of megafauna. We further provide an updated review of ungulates and carnivores, recognizing two distinct morphotypes of Equus, including E. scotti and a slighter species; as well as Platygonus compressus; Camelops hesternus; Canis dirus; and Lynx rufus; and the first regional records of Palaeolama mirifica, Procyon lotor, and Smilodon cf. S. fatalis. The Térapa mammals presented here provide a more comprehensive understanding of the faunal community restructuring that occurred in northern Mexico from the late Pleistocene to present day, indicating further potential biodiversity loss with continued warming and drying of the region.

Despite high taxonomic diversity elsewhere in North America during the Pleistocene, vertebrate faunas are exceedingly rare in the region of northern Mexico. Térapa, a unique fossil site located in the present-day desert of Northcentral Sonora, Mexico (29°41́N, 109°39́W, 605. m elevation), contributes to our understanding of the paleoecology and paleoclimate of the region during the Late Pleistocene, ca. 43,000-40,000. cal.yr BP. At least 60 vertebrate taxa, including amphibians, turtles, a crocodilian, snakes, birds and many mammals, have been recovered from an 11-m thick sequence of fossiliferous sediments. The diversity and tropical affinity of these taxa suggest a more-forested environment than the thornscrub desert habitat present in this region today.Isotopic analyses of tooth enamel carbonate from ancient mammalian herbivores suggest that the Sonoran desert has undergone considerable climate change since the Late Pleistocene. Bulk carbon (́13C) and oxygen (́18O) isotopes from nine mammalian fossils indicate a habitat mosaic with variations in diet that include browsers, mixed feeders and C4 hyper-grazers (́13C range of -10‰ to 2‰). Unique to this site are 13C tooth enamel values of -6.1 and -5.6 ‰ for the deer Odocoileus, which suggest a more variable diet than strict browsing, including possibly feeding on CAM and/or C4 plants. Serial sampling of carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) isotopes for ancient mammal teeth with hypsodont dentitions (fossil Equus and Bison,) as well as δ18O meteroric water estimates from well-supported climatic models suggest a cooler and more equable environment at Térapa during the Late Pleistocene. These results also support previous habitat reconstructions inferred from the macrobotanical and packrat midden records of northern Sonora (Mexico). High-resolution stable isotope geochemistry indicates that: 1) ancient Térapa was covered with forest and grassland habitats that extended northward into Mexico by about 350km relative to their present-day northern limits during the Late Pleistocene; and 2) an Amount Effect (AE) is demonstrated in the fossil record at Térapa even though the climate was less seasonal compared to the modern desert habitat.

[EN] This Doctoral Thesis is a study of the durability of the oboe's double bladed mouthpiece (commonly known as "reed") and has tried to address the topic from various perspectives. An objective point of view was taken in an acoustic analysis of the reeds through thousands of measurements while a more subjective angle was taken through an evaluation of the opinions of professional musicians, people with musical knowledge and the general public. This Doctoral Thesis has been elaborated in several phases. In the first phase, nine reeds of three different models (Alfa, Alliaud and unnamed cane harvested by myself) were made. In this phase, reed behavior was measured as a function of the hours each had been played whilst parameters which might influence the quality of the reed were investigated: acoustics in which it was played, notated opinions by professional colleagues, chemical parameters such as pH. In a second phase, fifteen reeds were made using cane from five different sources (three reeds from each source), including four specialized companies: Alfa, Alliaud, Le Roseau Chantant and Kge Reed's own collection, Villajoyosa (Alicante). At this stage, more concrete results were sought. Three intermittent recording sessions were performed over time: the first on December 23, 2013 after the reeds were freshly made and barely used, the second on April 16, 2014 when the reeds were half-worn out, and the third on July 9, 2014, when it was time to discard the reeds due to the end of their functioning lifespan. The recordings were made in the anechoic chamber of the Polytechnic University of Gandia, in the Aula Magna of the University and also in a reverberant hall using various systems of recording equipment: the Symphonie, a 2250 Sound Level Meter and HATS. We asked for the collaboration of another oboist to investigate results of changing the musician without changing the instrument or reed. These files have been analyzed objectively by looking for harmonic patterns of behaviour. It has been found that those reeds that are considered ideal produce harmonic patterns which are quite similar (up to the 4th or 5th harmonic) while reeds in a state of disrepair display marked differences in these harmonics. It has been determined that the deterioration of the upper order of these harmonics is a function of the number of hours of the reed's use. It was also found that upon leaving the anechoic chamber, harmonic patterns were distorted by the acoustic effects of the hall or room. Another important fact is that the harmonic patterns of the good reeds made in the first phase (2005) largely coincide with those of the reeds made in the second phase (2013). This lends stability and consistency to the harmonic analysis. With regard to the subjective part, through a specialized internet surveys page, a hearing-survey was designed consisting of fourteen different sound fragments to be listened to and evaluated. We achieved wide participation with 447 people completing the survey correctly, of which over 200 have a degree in music. The results of the surveys have been analyzed in detail. After a filtering based on various sectors of the population, different conclusions were obtained. The most noteworthy are that the opinions of the performer and the listener do not always coincide; the interpretative sensation sometimes differs from that of the listener, with respect to the functionality and sonorous quality of the reed. The influence of the room enhances the perception of the listener, and can even partly mask the flaws of a mediocre reed. An interpreter who makes his own reeds can play on one that is sub-par but still attain a feeling that the reed is good. However, different interpreters cannot exchange reeds and still play comfortably as was determined in the subjective part. / [ES] En esta memoria de Tesis Doctoral se presenta un estudio de la durabilidad de las dobles lengüetas de oboe (o como las conocemos comúnmente: cañas) que se ha intentado abordar desde varias perspectivas. Desde un punto de vista objetivo, bajo el análisis acústico de las cañas a través de miles de mediciones, y desde una visión subjetiva, valorando la opinión de profesionales de música, personas con conocimiento musical o público en general. La Tesis Doctoral se ha confeccionado en varias fases. En una primera fase se fabricaron nueve cañas de tres modelos diferentes (Alfa, Alliaud y un material de recolección propia). En esa fase se estudia el comportamiento en función de las horas de reproducción y se hace una incursión en la búsqueda de parámetros que tengan que ver o puedan influir en la calidad de la caña: parámetros acústicos, encuestas a profesionales, o parámetros químicos como el pH. En una segunda fase se han confeccionado quince cañas de diferentes materiales (tres cañas por cada material), cuatro de ellos de empresas especializadas: Alfa, Alliaud, Le Roseau Chantant y Kge Reed's y un material de recolección propia, el de La Vila Joiosa (Alicante). En esta fase ya se buscan efectos concretos. Se realizaron tres sesiones de grabación espaciadas en el tiempo, una el 23 de diciembre de 2013 cuando las cañas no tenían ninguna hora de desgaste, es decir, estaban recién hechas, otra el 16 de abril de 2014, cuando las cañas estaban a medio uso, y por último el 9 de julio de 2014, cuando las cañas estaban ya para desechar. Las grabaciones se realizaron en la sala anecoica de la Universidad Politécnica de Gandía, en el Aula Magna de la Universidad y en algún pasillo reverberante utilizando para la misma diversos equipos de grabación: el Symphonie, el Sonómetro 2250 y el HATS. Hemos pedido durante la misma la colaboración de otro oboísta para investigar cómo influye el cambio del intérprete, sin cambiar ni de caña ni de oboe. Estos ficheros se han analizado de forma objetiva buscando patrones armónicos de comportamiento. Se ha visto que las cañas que se consideran buenas tienen un patrón de armónicos bastante parecido (hasta el 4º o 5º armónico) y que las cañas en mal estado modifican mucho estos armónicos. Se ha podido comprobar cómo en función del número de horas de uso estos armónicos de orden superior se van deformando. También se comprueba que fuera de la cámara anecoica, los patrones de armónicos se ven distorsionados por el efecto del recinto. Otro dato importante es que los patrones de armónicos de cañas consideradas buenas de la primera fase (año 2005) coinciden en gran medida con las fabricadas en la segunda fase (año 2013). Esto le da estabilidad y coherencia al análisis de armónicos. Respecto a la parte subjetiva, a través de una página especializada en encuestas por internet, se diseñó una audición-encuesta que consistía en escuchar catorce audiciones diferentes y evaluarlas. Conseguimos una gran difusión y 447 personas finalizaron de forma correcta la encuesta, de las cuales, más de 200 tienen el título superior de música. Los datos obtenidos del servidor de encuestas se han analizado con detalle. En base a varios filtrados de sectores de población se han obtenido diferentes conclusiones. Las más destacables son que no coincide del todo la opinión del intérprete y la del oyente, no siempre coincide la sensación interpretativa con la del oyente, con respecto al funcionamiento y calidad sonora de la caña. La influencia de la sala mejora la percepción de las audiciones, e incluso puede enmascarar en parte el hecho de que la caña no sea buena. Un intérprete que se fabrica sus cañas, puede llegar a tocar con una caña regular y conseguir la sensación de caña "buena". Sin embargo, diferentes intérpretes no pueden intercambiar sus cañas porque no tocan cómodos y se percibe en la parte subjetiva. / [CA] En aquesta memòria de Tesi doctoral es presenta un estudi de la durabilitat de les dobles llengüetes d'oboè (o com les coneixem comunament: canyes) que s'ha intentat abordar des de diverses perspectives. Des d'un punt de vista objectiu, sota l'anàlisi acústic de les canyes a través de milers de mesuraments, i des d'una visió subjectiva, valorant l'opinió de professionals de música, persones amb coneixement musical o públic en general. La Tesi Doctoral s'ha confeccionat en diverses fases. En una primera fase es van fabricar nou canyes de tres models diferents (Alfa, Alliaud i un material de collita pròpia). En aquesta fase s'estudia el comportament en funció de les hores de reproducció i es fa una incursió en la recerca de paràmetres que tinguin a veure o puguin influir en la qualitat de la canya: paràmetres acústics, enquestes a professionals, o paràmetres químics com el pH. En una segona fase s'han confeccionat quinze canyes de diferents materials (tres canyes per cada material), quatre d'ells d'empreses especialitzades: Alfa, Alliaud, Le Roseau Chantant i Kge Reed's i un material de collita pròpia, el de la Vila Joiosa (Alacant). En aquesta fase ja es busquen efectes concrets. Es van realitzar tres sessions de gravació espaiades en el temps, una el 23 de desembre de 2013 quan les canyes no tenien cap hora de desgast, és a dir, estaven acabades de fer, una altra el 16 d'abril de 2014, quan les canyes estaven a mig ús , i finalment el 9 de juliol de 2014, quan les canyes estaven ja per rebutjar. Els enregistraments es van realitzar a la sala anecoica de la Universitat Politècnica de Gandia, a l'Aula Magna de la Universitat i en algun passadís reverberant utilitzant per a la mateixa diversos equips de gravació: el Symphonie, el Sonòmetre 2250 i el HATS. Hem demanat durant la mateixa la col·laboració d'un altre oboista per investigar com influeix el canvi de l'intèrpret, sense canviar ni de canya ni d'oboe. Aquests fitxers s'han analitzat de forma objectiva buscant patrons harmònics de comportament. S'ha vist que les canyes que es consideren bones tenen un patró d'harmònics força semblant (fins al 4t o 5è harmònic) i que les canyes en mal estat modifiquen molt aquests harmònics. S'ha pogut comprovar com en funció del nombre d'hores d'ús aquests harmònics d'ordre superior es van deformant. També es comprova que fora de la cambra anecoica, els patrons d'harmònics es veuen distorsionats per l'efecte del recinte. Una altra dada important és que els patrons d'harmònics de canyes considerades bones de la primera fase (any 2005) coincideixen en gran mesura amb les fabricades a la segona fase (any 2013). Això li dóna estabilitat i coherència a l'anàlisi d'harmònics. Respecte a la part subjectiva, a través d'una pàgina especialitzada en enquestes per internet, es va dissenyar una audició-enquesta que consistia a escoltar catorze audicions diferents i avaluar-les. Vam aconseguir una gran difusió i 447 persones van finalitzar de forma correcta l'enquesta, de les quals, més de 200 tenen el títol superior de música. Les dades obtingudes del servidor d'enquestes s'han analitzat amb detall. En la base de diversos filtrats de sectors de població s'han obtingut diferents conclusions. Les més destacables són que no coincideix del tot l'opinió de l'intèrpret i la de l'oient, no sempre coincideix la sensació interpretativa amb la de l'oient, pel que fa al funcionament i qualitat sonora de la canya. La influència de la sala millora la percepció de les audicions, i fins i tot pot emmascarar en part el fet que la canya no sigui bona. Un intèrpret que es fabrica les canyes, pot arribar a tocar amb una canya regular i aconseguir la sensació de canya "bona". No obstant això, diferents intèrprets no poden intercanviar les seves canyes perquè no toquen còmodes i es percep en la part subjectiva. / Romero Nieto, JP. (2015). ESTUDIO DE DURABILIDAD DE CAÑAS DE OBOE A PARTIR DE PARÁMETROS DE CALIDAD SONORA [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59383

No description available.

Copper from dump, heap, and in situ leaching accounts for about 15% of United States copper production. In situ leaching is the least understood and most difficult to evaluate of these leaching methods. Several types of supergene copper deposits are derived from porphyry copper systems depending on the geologic and climatic factors involved in the formation of a deposit. The geologic and climatic factors involved in the formation of a deposit. The geologic evaluation of a deposit should provide most of the basic information required to access a deposit for in situ leaching. Metallurgical testing can determine the leachability and acid consumption of the ore as well as the need for an oxidizing agent through the use of agitation and column leaching tests. The location of the deposit with respect to the water table determines the type of ground preparation required. Hydraulic fracturing can be used for deposits below the water table and blasting or caving can be used for deposits above the water table. Fluid flow through the deposit depends on the method of application, the permeability of the deposit, and the method of egress from the deposit. The leaching of a copper "oxide" deposit depends on the strength and volume of sulfuric acid which reaches the ore. The leaching of a copper sulfide deposit depends on an oxidant as well as sulfuric acid reaching the ore.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (M.A.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Department of Anthropology, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references.