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The perceptions and management of ADD/ADHD by homoeopathic practitioners in KwaZulu-NatalMedina, Megan 27 August 2012 (has links)
Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Homoeopathy, Durban University of Technology, 2012. / INTRODUCTION
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADD/ADHD) is a multifactorial and clinically heterogeneous disorder that is associated with tremendous financial burden, stress to families and adverse academic and vocational outcomes (Bierderman, 2005). ADD/ADHD is currently one of the most researched childhood conditions, yet there is still much controversy and misunderstanding surrounding it. It is also one of the most commonly diagnosed disorders of childhood development (Picton, 2005) and the prevalence of this disorder in adults is increasingly recognized (Bierderman, 2005).
Parents are seeking alternatives, as they are concerned with the side effects of Methylphenidate hydrochloride and other conventional medication used to treat the symptoms of ADD/ADHD.
AIM
The aim of this research was to document the current practices of registered homoeopathic practitioners, with regard to ADD/ADHD. In addition, their perceptions regarding aetiology, treatment, management and success rate was investigated. This research took the form of a qualitative survey targeting homoeopaths practicing within the KwaZulu- Natal region.
METHOD
A total of 42 practitioners were contacted, 35 practitioners initially agreed to participate in the study, and the questionnaires were electronically sent to them via email. Of these 35 homoeopaths, 22 participated in the survey, i.e. giving an overall response rate of 62 percent. The questionnaires were electronically distributed and collected via email. The raw data was coded and captured by Google docs and the results were analysed by utilizing the SPSS for Windows version 18 SPSS/PASW 2009.
RESULTS
The majority of the responding homoeopaths practiced in the more urban areas of KwaZulu-Natal, more specifically within the eThekwini Durban area. The majority of these homoeopaths had qualified from the Durban University of Technology, were English speaking females and were between the ages of 25-35 years old.
The homoeopaths within this study found that most patients who present with ADD/ADHD symptoms are previously diagnosed by paediatrician’s neurologists or psychologists. According to the homoeopaths participating in the study, the general consensus is that the diagnosis of ADD/ADHD is given far too easily, and without proper assessment, 86 percent of the homoeopaths are of the opinion that ADD/ADHD is misdiagnosed, and ninety one percent stated that ADD/ADHD is over diagnosed.
The majority of the practitioners prescribe a simplex remedy, or the Simillimum, whereas only a few practitioners prescribe a complex remedy. It was found that the most common complex prescribed is Nervoheel®. Some practitioners prefer to make up their own complexes, which would be patient specific.
In this study it was found that 68 percent of the practitioners reported the sycotic miasm to be most common, and 54 percent of the practitioners reported the tubercular miasm to be the second most common presenting miasm.
The homoeopaths in this study stated that they prefer to use a holistic approach to obtain optimal well being, thus advice, lifestyle adjustments, education and counselling all form part of the treatment and management of a patient with ADD/ADHD, making it unique and specific to each case. Of the adjunctive therapies, Vitamins, supplements, and nutritional changes are recommended, especially if a deficiency has been identified. The most commonly prescribed supplements for ADD/ADHD are the Essential Fatty Acids (EFA’s) followed by Vitamin B Complexes, Multi-vitamins and Magnesium, Zinc, and Calcium.
CONCLUSION
The majority of the homoeopaths in this study reported that they are having a moderate to great success in treating and managing patients with ADD/ADHD. Many of these practitioners thought there to be no single cause for ADD/ADHD, however many of them found there to be a few significant contributing factors to the development or aetiology of ADD/ADHD. These factors include; genetics, environment, diet, vaccinations and family dynamics. The majority of the practitioners believe that ADD/ADHD is far too easily diagnosed and that further assessment of the mental, emotional, and physical symptoms of the patient need to be taken into consideration. The majority of the homoeopaths in this study prefer to use Simplex treatment, and consider diet, lifestyle changes, and phytotherapy the most successful adjunctive therapies when treating and managing a patient with ADD/ADHD.
Many of the practitioners within this study reported that homoeopathy should be considered a primary treatment option for patients with ADD/ADHD, as the focus of the treatment is on determining the cause of the symptoms, and then managing the patient as a whole, focusing on changing the diet, altering the lifestyle, and treating the totality of the mental, emotional and physical symptoms.
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An investigation into the commercial and the Zulu traditional modes of slaughtering, butchering, culinary properties and service with special reference to socio-cultural ritual behaviors in KwaZulu-NatalMnguni, Mzobanzi Erasmus January 2006 (has links)
Thesis (M.Tech.: Food and Beverage Management)-Durban Universty of Technology, 2006
253 [20] leaves+ 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.) / In this study investigated the commercial and Zulu style of slaughtering, skinning, butchering, culinary properties and service with special reference to Zulu socio-cultural ritual behaviors in South Coast of the KwaZuluNatal province.
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The effectiveness of computer-aided teaching on the quality of learning geometric concepts by grade 7 learners at a selected primary school in KwaZulu-NatalYegambaram, Puvernentheran 05 June 2013 (has links)
Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of
Master of Technology: Management, Durban University of Technology, 2012. / The emphasis of geometry is of such significance that the current National
Curriculum Statement has included the learning of two-and three-dimensional
shape from grade R. However it is observed that teachers rely on textbooks
for their knowledge of a dynamic topic such as nets of solids. Learners do not
have an opportunity to explore the different orientations of solid shapes. Not
many teachers use technology to assist their pedagogy. Quality processes in
mathematics education emphasise the use of technology in teaching and
learning.
A study was performed using “Poly”, which is free open-source software for
mathematics teaching and learning. This software was chosen because it
was an easy to use application. It was able to show the different orientations
of the solid shapes. Three-dimensional geometry can be explored using this
software.
The research is based on a social constructivist view of learning and the
methodology used is a case study. The Piagetian and van Hiele stages of
development will be the basis of the researcher’s investigation. Piaget’s
theory is based on age development whilst van Hiele alludes to the different
stages of geometrical development. A control group was compared to the
experimental group consisting of 20 learners each. The research was
conducted in KwaZulu-Natal and involved a teacher with a class of 40
learners. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected and were analysed.
The data consisted of classroom observations and learner questionnaires
and interviews.
The findings of this study affirm that the use of technology in the teaching of
geometry can enhance conceptual understanding. Classroom management
breaks from routine while using Poly. Poly has the potential to improve
learners' educational experiences; it can enable the effective application of
constructive, cognitive and collaborative models of learning. Poly is not just a
mathematical tool but also a tool for thinking and helping to enhance
learners’ learning. It can serve as a vehicle for helping learners to foster
fundamental geometrical concepts. The assessment of the use of computers
in mathematics by the learners of the experimental classes indicates that
application of computers enables increasing the interest of the learners in
mathematics and introduces more variety to the studies, making them more
enjoyable and interesting. / National Research Foundation
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Out-of-field teaching : the phenomenon in northern KwaZulu-Natal and eastern Mpumalanga schoolsCoetzer, Laura Johanna Maria. January 2015 (has links)
D. Tech. Education / It explores out-of-field teaching in northen KwaZulu-Natal and eastern Mpumalanga schools. It also looks at the impact out-of-field teaching has on teachers perceptions and experiences. The research attempts to determine the special needs that teachers require in order to serve in a different field.
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An evaluation of the management of rural ward-based primary health care : a case study of Uthukela District Municipality in KwaZulu-NatalZulu, Margaret Thandeka January 2016 (has links)
Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Public Management, School of Public Management and Economics, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2016. / The shortage of staff in hospitals resulted in the overcrowding of outpatients departments (OPDs) and long waiting times. The problems of the current health care system include the lack of access to transportation and high transport fees which cause delays in health seeking behaviours by patients or them resorting to traditional medicine in their neighbourhood. To alleviate the above issues, the new Primary Health Care (PHC) approach provides health care at a ward based and household level through community care giver (CCGs) and outreach teams.
The study evaluated the management of rural ward-based primary health care in the UThukela District Municipality (UDM). The study intended to evaluate current performance systems in order to provide effective and efficient PHC; identify the role of the operational manager (OM) in the provision of PHC; and identify the factors affecting the performance of CCGs. A mixed methods approach was used amongst 368 CCGs and 17 OMs. Data was collected from CCGs using questionnaires while an interview schedule was used to collect data from OMs.
The study showed that the performance management systems currently being used were not providing the desired performance management outputs. There were no performance bonuses to recognise best performing staff and therefore no increase in performance. The study also showed a significant relationship between the management of referrals and participation in the activities of PHC outreach teams. The clinic was not regularly giving feedback to the respondents and also not consistently conducting performance reviews.
The findings indicated that OMs were playing various roles in the provision of PHC, namely policy and strategy implementation; leadership and governance; clinical care; allocation of resources; clinic budget management; supply chain management; and writing clinic reports. The extent of the allocation of resources to the wards varied from 43% for medicines and equipment to 31% for financial resources and only 18% for human resources. More than 95% of the CCGs viewed the availability of transport, resources, training and the provision of a stipend to be strong enabling factors for them to perform their work. Respondents indicated that monitoring and evaluation was done through reporting, performance reviews, feedback and supervision.
The findings indicated that ward-based outreach teams are crucial in the delivery of PHC services in rural municipal wards within the Operation Sukuma Sakhe programme. Lack of management and supervisory support contribute to high rates of dissatisfaction amongst CCGs, as well as poor quality of work for community caregivers. There is a need for the Department of Health (DoH) to invest in the ward-based outreach teams (WBOTs) and allocate CCG budgets within the ward-based outreach teams.
The study recommended that a review of monitoring and evaluation policy is required to clearly state the tools, activities and benefits of the implementation of the M & E performance management systems. The use of point-of-care technology by the WBOTs should be strengthened especially in deep rural wards. Therefore, biomedical technology will enhance point-of-care diagnosis, for instance, rapid home test kits for HIV diagnosis and pregnancy tests. The KwaZulu-Natal DoH should fast-track development of the sub-districts in order strengthen service delivery at a local level with top management ensuring development of OMs and PHC Supervisors in order to increase the level of competence and thereby improve service delivery at the PHC facilities.
Another recommendation was to strengthen implementation of Operation Sukuma Sakhe (OSS) where the war room and the ward committee increase commitment to designing community-specific interventions with the engagement of community structures and government departments and local municipality through social planning, social action and locality development.
Therefore, the results of the study should also influence the formulation of policies, programmes, methods and interventions which will enable UThukela District Municipality to improve health outcomes. / D
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Factors contributing to success in anatomy and physiology in first year students in the KZNCN nursing programmeLangtree, Eleanor Margaret 05 March 2015 (has links)
Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree in Masters of Technology in Nursing, Durban University of Technology, 2014. / Introduction:
There is a global shortage of nurses, particularly in South Africa where there is a scarce resource of professional nurses. Since KwaZulu1Natal College of Nursing (KZNCN) is tasked with the responsibility of training 86% of professional nurses in the province, it is unfortunate to lose 22% of these students through failure and attrition. Most of these failures are in the subject of Anatomy and Physiology.
Aim of study:
The aim of the study was to establish factors that impact on the success in Anatomy and Physiology in first year student nurses affiliated to KZNCN, in a South African context.
Methodology:
A quantitative descriptive survey research design was used to establish relationships between variables that impact on nursing students’ success in Anatomy and Physiology.
Results:
The majority of respondents were Black (86.7%) from rural areas (6.3%) of KwaZulu1Natal. Their nurse training was in English as a second language (78.6%) but most respondents felt that they were coping well with being taught in English (p 0.00). However, respondents with English as a first language obtained significantly higher marks in Anatomy and Physiology I (p = 0.003) and there was a good correlation between matriculation English and Anatomy and Physiology II results (p = 0.02). There was also a good correlation between matriculation Biology/Life Science mark and Anatomy and Physiology I marks (p < 0.00). Additionally, good performance in Anatomy and Physiology I was a good indicator for success in Anatomy and Physiology II (p < 0.00).
A significant number of respondents found the academic workload, financial stressors and long working hours stressful but engaged in positive coping skills to address these.
Conclusion:
Prior knowledge in English and Biology/Life Sciences has a significant positive impact on student performance in Anatomy and Physiology. / M
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Effect of soil covers on coal waste dumps in KwaZulu-Natal on abiotic factors and bacteria causing acid mine drainageCleghorn, Charles, 1970- 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 1997. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The activity of iron-oxidizing bacteria, for example, Thiobacillut. ferrooxidans, in the outer layers of
coal waste dumps results in the oxidation of pyrite with the formation of large volumes of acid mine
drainage. The process requires atmospheric oxygen and moisture. Acid mine drainage may possibly
be controlled by creating unfavourable environmental conditions in dumps for the iron-oxidizing
bacteria. The present research investigated the possibility of inhibiting these bacteria and
consequently acid formation in coal waste dumps by means of different dump construction
techniques.
Physical and chemical conditions, acid formation and populations of four groups of bacteria which
might produce acid were studied in the outer layers of ten differently constructed pilot scale coal
waste dumps at the Kilbarchan Mine near Newcastle, Kwazulu-Natal, from September 1993 to July
1995. Dump covers consisting of a 30-cm or 70-cm layer of Estcourt soil of low permeability
covered with 70 cm or 30 cm, respectively, of more permeable Avalon soil produced anaerobic
conditions in the dumps throughout most of the 22 months of the test period, as did a cover of 70 cm
compacted plus 30 cm uncompacted Avalon soil alone. An uncoMpacted 30-cm or compacted 50-
cm Avalon soil cover proved ineffective in causing prolonged anaerobic conditions. Uncovered
dumps showed only slight reduction of oxygen in the coal waste after heavy rains.
Pockets of acidity were detected on several occasions in the coal waste below the 50-cm Avalon soil
layer from the time of construction and progressively increasing acidity in the uncovered dumps and
the waste below the 30-cm Avalon soil cover. Iron-oxidizing bacterial populations of the T.
ferrooxidans type have tended to be higher in the uncovered dumps and Avalon soil-covered dumps
showing acidification than in the non-acidified dumps covered with 1 m of Avalon soil or Avalon and
Estcourt soil. Associated populations of iron-oxidizing bacteria of the Metallogenium type,
acidophilic and non-acidophilic thiosulphate-oxidizing bacteria were generally low in the coal waste
of the dumps.
Thus, five of the soil covers, all with a thickness of 1 m, but not covers with a thickness of 0.5 m or
less, proved effective for almost 2 years in inhibiting the diffusion of oxygen to the underlying coal
waste in the pilot scale dumps and also appeared to suppress the populations of iron-oxidizing bacteria believed to be implicated in acid formation in the coal waste. These results suggest that coal
waste dumps in South Africa should be covered with soil layers of 0.5-1.0 m thick to prevent the
generation of acid mine drainage. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die aktiwiteit van ysteroksiderende bakteriee soos Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, in die buitenste lae van
steenkoolafvalhope, veroorsaak die oksidasie van piriet met die gevolg dat groot volumes suur
mynafloopwater gevorm word. Hierdie proses benodig suurstof en vog. Suur mynafloopwater kan
moontlik beheer word deur 'n situasie te skep waar die toestande in die hope ongunstig is vir die
ysteroksiderende bakteriee. Die huidige navorsing het die moontlikheid ondersoek om hierdie
bakteriee te inhibeer deur verskillende afvalhoopontwerpe op die proef te stel en sodoende
suurvorming in steenkoolmynhope te beperk.
Die fisiese en chemies kondisies, suurvorming en populasies van vier verskillende bakterie-groepe
wat dalk by suurvorming betrokke is, is vanaf September 1993 tot Julie 1995 bestudeer in die
buitenste lae van tien verskillend gekonstrueerde loodsskaalafvalhope by die Kilbarchan myn naby
Newcastle in KwaZulu-Natal. Afvalhoopbedekkings bestaande uit 'n 30-cm of 70-cm Estcourt
grond met 'n lae permeabiliteit bedek met'n 70-cm of 30-cm laag van meer deurlaatbare Avalon
grond het anaerobe kondisies veroorsaak. Ongekompakteerde 30-cm en gekompakteerde 50-cm
Avalon grondlae het egter nie bestendige anaerobe kondisies in die hope veroorsaak nie. Die
onbedekte hope het aerobics gebly met slegs effense dalings van suurstofkonsentrasies gedurende en
na swaar reens.
Geisoleerde monsters uit die steenkoolafval onder die 50-cm Avalon grondlaag het vanaf die begin
van die toetsperiode tekens van suurvorming getoon. Die onbedekte steenkoolafval en die van die
sel met 'n 30-cm Avalon grondlaag het met verloop van tyd al hoe meer suur geword. Die
ysteroksiderende bakterie-populasies van die T. ferrooxidans tipe het geblyk om in die onbedekte en
Avalon grondbedekte hope wat tekens van suurvorming getoon het hoer te wees as in die hope wat
met 'n 1-m laag Avalon grond of Avalon en Estcourt grond bedek is en geen tekens van
suurvorming getoon het nie. Ysteroksiderende bakteriepopulasies van die Metallogenium tipe, nieasidofiele
en asidofiele tiosulfaatoksiderende populasies was oor die algemeen laag in die
steenkoolafvalhope.
Vyf van die grondlae wat alma! 1 m dik was het dus geblyk om effektief te wees in die bekamping
van die infiltrasie van suurstof na die onderliggende steenkoolafval in die loodskaalhope. Dit lyk asof
daardie lae die ysteroksiderende populasies betrokke by suurvorming onderdruk het. Die 0.5-m grondbedekking het egter nie so 'n sterk onderdrukkende effek op die suurstofinfiltrasie of die
bakteriepopulasie gehad nie. Na aanleiding van hierdie resultate blyk dit dat steenkoolafvalhope in
Suid-Afrika met minstens 0.5 tot 1..0 m grond bedek moet word om effektief die probleem van suur
mynafloopwater te bekamp.
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Micro-organisms involved in iron oxidation and acid mine drainage formation in KwaZulu-Natal and their control by soil covers on coal waste dumpsModinger, Heinrich 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 1998. / One copy microfiche. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The biologically catalysed oxidation of pyrite in the outer layers of coal waste dumps leads to the
formation of acid mine drainage. The oxidation of pyrite to ferric iron and sulphate is a complex
process involving various abiotic and biologically catalysed reactions. Pyrite is abiotically
oxidized by ferric iron, with the formation of thiosulphate and ferrous iron. Thiosulphate
decomposes to form various inorganic sulphur compounds. Bacterial catalysis of pyrite oxidation
is achieved by iron-oxidizing bacteria oxidizing ferrous iron to ferric iron. Bacteria that oxidize
sulphur compounds assist the catalysis by oxidizing thiosulphate and its decomposition products.
Heterotrophic organisms may play a role by consuming organic substances inhibitory to the
lithotrophic bacteria.
Abiotic ecological factors, acid formation and populations of iron-oxidizing bacterial groups were
studied in 10 differently constructed pilot scale coal waste dumps, as the second phase of a study
which started in September 1993. Gas samples were withdrawn weekly from coal waste through
permanently buried stainless steel probes, for analysis in the field using a portable oxygen/carbon
dioxide meter. Samples of coal waste were extracted by auger for analysis of moisture, pH and
microbial populations. The analyses of oxygen and pH can be recommended for the routine
monitoring of rehabilitated waste dumps.
Covers of Avalon soil 0.3 or 0.5 m thick, were not adequate to prevent acidification. Coal waste
covered with 0.7 m compacted beneath 0.3 m uncompacted Avalon soil, showed a slow pH decline,
but reached approximately pH 3 in 1997. Covers of compacted Estcourt soil beneath tmcompacted
Avalon soil to a cover depth of 1 m were effective in preventing acidification and generally kept the
coal waste anaerobic. However, all covers developed cracks during drought conditions in 1995,
allowing aeration. Low pH of some samples from these dumps during 1995/1996 may have
indicated the start of acidification.
Bacteria oxidizing high concentrations of ferrous iron and considered to be Thiobacillus
ferrooxidans, were monitored routinely, but may not have been the dominant iron-oxidizer, as
population counts using media with a lower ferrous iron concentration were higher. The majority of
the latter organisms could also not oxidize sulphur, hence were not T. ferrooxidans. The populations of the high ferrous iron-oxidizing bacteria were affected by pH, tending to be high in
acidified and low in non-acidified coal waste.
Investigations of microbial populations forming iron-oxidizing consortia in enrichment cultures
from coal waste and acid drainage samples showed the presence of T. ferrooxidans, the
heterotrophic bacterial genus Acidiphilium, fungi of the genus Penicillium, unidentified filamentous
fungi, including Cladophialophora-like morphological types, and a yeast of the genus Dipodascus.
In interaction studies, the Penicillium isolate had an inhibitory effect on T. ferrooxidans (subjected
to organic compound stress), but the Cladophialophora-like fungi reduced inhibition by organics.
Fungi have not previously been studied in detail as components of iron-oxidizing consortia, but the
bacterial isolations agree with those elsewhere, indicating that appropriate conclusions from acid
mine drainage research in other parts of the world can be applied in KwaZulu-Natal. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die biologies gekataliseerde oksidasie van piriet in die buitenste lae van steenkoolafvalhope lei tot
die vorming van suur mynafloopwater. Die oksidasie van piriet tot ferri-yster en sulfaat is 'n
komplekse proses wat abiotiese en biologies gekataliseerde reaksies insluit. Piriet word abioties
deur ferri-yster geoksideer, met die vrystelling van tiosulfaat en ferro-yster. Tiosulfaat verval om
verskeie anorganiese swawelverbindings te vorm. Bakteriese katalise van pirietoksidasie word deur
ysteroksiderende bakteriee wat ferro-yster na ferri-yster oksideer, bewerkstellig. Bakteriee wat
swawelverbindings oksideer maak 'n bydrae tot die katalise deur tiosulfaat en vervalprodukte
daarvan te oksideer. Heterotrofe organismes mag ook 'n rol speel deur organiese verbindings wat
die litotrofe bakteriee mag inhibeer, te verbruik.
Abiotiese ekologiese faktore, suurvorming en bevolkings ysteroksiderende bakteriee is in 10
verskillend gekonstrueerde loodsskaal steenkoolafvalhope bestudeer, as die tweede fase van 'n
studie wat in September 1993 begin het. Gas monsters is weekliks uit die steenkoolafval onttrek
deur vlekvrye staal peilers wat permanent daarin begrawe is, en met behulp van 'n draagbare
suurstoflkoolstofdioksiedanaliseerder in die veld ontleed. Monsters van die steenkoolafval is met
behulp van 'n kleiboor vir die analise van vog, pH en mikrobepopulasies geneem. Die analise van
suurstof en pH kan aanbeveel word vir die roetiene monitering van gerehabiliteerde afvalhope.
Bedekkings van 0.3 of 0.5 m Avalongrond was nie voldoende om suurvorming te verhoed nie.
Steenkoolafval wat met 0.7 m gekompakteerde en 0.3 m ongekompakteerde Avalongrond bedek is,
het 'n stadige pH-daling getoon, maar het in 1997 ongeveer pH 3 bereik. Bedekkings van
gekompakteerde Estcourtgrond onder ongekompakteerde A valongrond met 'n totale dikte van 1 m,
was effektief in die voorkoming van suurvorming. Hulle het oor die algemeen die steenkoolafval
anaerobies gehou, maar aile bedekings het tydens die droogte in 1995 krake ontwikkel, wat suurstof
laat binnedring het. 'n Lae pH gedurende 1995/1996 by sommige monsters uit hierdie hope mag
die begin van suurvorming aangedui het.
Bakteriee wat hoe konsentrasies ferro-yster oksideer en wat as Thiobacillus ferrooxidans beskou is,
was moontlik nie die dominante ysteroksideerder nie, aangesien bevolkingstellings waar 'n medium
met 'n laer konsentrasie ferro-yster gebruik is, hoer bevolkings getoon het. Die meerderheid van
laasgenoemde organismes kon ook nie swawel benut nie en dus nie T. ferrooxidans was nie. Die bevolkings van die hoe ferro-ysteroksiderende bakteriee is deur pH beInvloed, met 'n geneigdheid
tot hoe bevolkings in suur en lae bevolkings in minder suur steenkoolafval.
Ondersoeke na die rnilcrobebevollcings wat in ysteroksiderende konsortia in verryldngslculture vanaf
steenkoolafval- en suur mynafloopwatermonsters voorgekom het, het die teenwoordigheid van 7'.
ferrooxidans, die heterotrofe balcteriegenus Acidiphilium, fungi van die genus Penicillium,
ongeIdentifiseerde fungi, insluitend Cladophialophora-agtige tipes en 'n gis van die genus
Dipodascus aangetoon. By interaksiestudies het die Penicillium-isolaat 'n inhiberende effek op T
ferrooxidans (onderworpe aan organiese verbindingstres) gehad, maar die Cladophialophora-agtige
fungi het die inhibisie deur organiese verbindings verminder. Fungi is nog the in detail as
komponente van ysteroksiderende konsortia bestudeer the, maar die isolasies van bakteried stem
saam met die van elders wat aandui dat toepaslike gevolgtreldcings ten opsigte van suur
mynafloopwatemavorsing vanaf ander dele van die wereld ook in KwaZulu-Natal toegepas kan
word.
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Harmful sexual practices and gender conceptions in Kwazulu-Natal and their effects on the HIV/AIDS pandemicRauch, Rena (Rena Petronella) 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This paper looks critically at particularly two harmful sexual practices most prevalent
among the Zulu people in Kwazulu-Natal; virginity testing for girls, and the practice
'dry sex.' It is mostly the ripple effects of these practices, regarding the spread of
mV/AIDS that is most alarming to medical science, leaving them no option other
than to condemn this behaviour. This treatise however endeavours throughout to
proffer understanding for the needs of a culture as diverse and unique as the Zulu
people. Further, this paper often looks from an overarching African perspective, since
despite African peoples' differences in terms of linguistics, geography, religiosity and
general differences in daily run of the mill activities, there is a dominant socioreligious
philosophy shared by all Africans.
The, a, band c of virginity testing, and the resulting moral issues revolving around
this practice are addressed. The main issues regarding the repercussions of virginity
testing are discussed as well as the medical controversy involved in these issues. This
will prove the limited effectiveness of this practice and the potential, yet serious and
harmful ramifications it has for girls who are tested.
In stark contrast to these girls, stands the girl who starts at a very tender age with the
practice of 'dry sex', often encouraged and taught to her by female elders in order 'to
please men'. This practice serves as a very powerful tool for commercial sex workers,
venturing the streets and the truck driver stops, as it lures men into making her the
preferred choice. So desperate are her socio-economic and cultural circumstances that
she risks infection, and ultimate death, in order to comply with his need for
unprotected and 'dry sex.' Numerous studies alert us to the fact that the drying agents
used lead to lacerations of the vaginal walls, causing SID's, which in tum, exacerbate
the spread of the disease.
Zulu traditions and customs regarding sexuality and sexual relationships proffer
essential insight into the Zulu people's sexual behaviour. In order to strike a balance
between two diverse cultural groups, the West and African, a critical assessment of
the West's own sexual history guides us to understand the West's 'sober' practice of monogamy is no less 'permissive' and 'promiscuous' than the African's practice of
polygamy.
The paper also investigates the corresponding differences in relation to indigenous
knowledge systems versus science. African people discern the body's physiology and
anatomy metaphorically and symbolically. We cannot simply gloss over these
perceptions, enforcing scientific-based knowledge in our educational programmes,
without consideration and accommodation for a very unique way of interpreting one's
daily experiences and one's unique self.
It is not only our biased discernment of indigenous knowledge that complicates the
Aids pandemic considerably, but it is also enhanced by the burden of stereotyped
gender-roles. Not only is a paradigm shift regarding the imbalance of power very
much needed, we also need to understand that the inculcated anger some men in the
Zulu culture fosters is a force to be reckoned with, as it displays psychological
underpinnings of damage, signalling very clearly the need for therapeutic measures of
healing. Conversely, the female in the Zulu culture has started to empower herself, but
not always in terms of a beneficial end in itself. Similarly, it must alert us to the fine
line separating the virgin-whore dichotomy, fuelled by her poverty-stricken and maledominated
existence.
It would appear that what we are fighting for is more than the preservation of life
whilst engulfed by AIDS's scourge, but a global vision where the individual, or a
whole community, with regard to mVIAIDS, is "self-reproducing, pragmatically selfsustainable
and logically self-contained." (Bauman 1994: 188) / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die Zoeloe kultuur figureer daar veral twee tradisionele seksuele gedragspraktyke
wat kommer wek by sommige Westerlinge, hier ter plaatse sowel as in die buiteland.
Alhoewel hierdie praktyke as natuurlik, eksklusief en algemeen beskou word, is daar
huidiglik stemme van protes wat waarsku dat die twee praktyke potentiele gevaar
inhou vir die mens se gesondheid en geesteswelsyn. Die praktyke behels dat jong en
weerlose meisies vanaf die ouderdom van ses jaar gereeld onderwerp word aan 'n
vaginale toets om vas te stelofhulle nog 'n maagd is, en, die voorkeur van sommige
mans om omgang te he met 'n vrou wat haar vagina op 'n 'onnatuurlike' wyse droog,
hard en styf hou met die oog op 'n meer bevredigende seksuele ervaring vir die man.
Baie vroue geniet ook hierdie ervaring. Die mediese wetenskap is veral bekommerd
oor die moontlike verband tussen die nadelige repurkussies van die twee praktyke en
die vinnige verspreiding van MIVMGS en pleit derhalwe dat daarmee weggedoen
word. Die praktiseerders van eersgenoemde praktyk word byvoorbeeld gewaarsku dat
dit mag lei tot gevalle van verkragting, anale seks asook kindermishandeling, terwyl
laasgenoemde praktyk veral twee hoe risiko-groepe ten opsigte van die VIGSpandemie
ten prooi val; die kommersiele sekswerkers in Kwazulu-Natal wat die
praktyk gebruik as wapentoerusting, en die land se vragmotorbestuurders wat hierdeur
verlei en aangemoedig word. Hierdie vorm van seksuele omgang ondermyn egter nie
net kondoomgebruik nie. Studies het bewys dat die gebruik van 'n vaginale
uitdrogingsmiddel daartoe kan lei dat die wande van die vagina mag skeur. Beide
groepe loop derhalwe nie alleenlik die risiko om 'n seksueeloordraagbare siekte op te
doen nie, maar om ook 'n VIGS-slagoffer te word.
Terwyl die beperkte effektiwiteit van die twee praktyke deurkam word, poog die
verhandeling om deurgaans 'n duidelike ingeboude begrip te handhaaf vir die unieke
en eiesoortige karakter van die Zoeloe kultuur. Dit redeneer dat beide groepe, Afrikaboorlinge
en Westerlinge, moet probeer verhoed om te polariseer en illustreer dat
diverse kultuurgroepe almal, vanuit 'n kultuurhistories perspektief, meerdere of
mindere tekens van promiskuiteit en permissiwiteit ten opsigte van seksualiteit toon.
Dit spreek vanself dat die twee praktyke ondersoek moet word teen die agtergrond
van die Zoeloe's se inheemse kennis met inbegrip van die wyse waarop die menslike
fisiologie en anatomie metafories en simbolies verklaar word. Die digotomie wat bestaan tussen inheemse kennis en wetenskap vra dat ons boodskappe
gekommunikeer moet word op 'n wyse wat beide gesigspunte konsolideer.
Uiteraard kompliseer die stereotipering van geslagsrolle in die Zoeloe bevolking die
VIGS-pandemie aansienlik. Dit dra in 'n groot mate daartoe by dat die VIGSpandemie
nie suiwer as 'n biomediese probleem manifesteer nie, maar dat ander
psigo-sosiale faktore in berekening gebring moet word. Dit werk byvoorbeeld 'n
ongebalanseerde magsposisie in die hand wat sommige Zoeloe mans se sielkundige
worsteling met hul diepgewortelde, polities geinspireerde woede belig en dui op
sommige kontemporere Zoeloe vrouens se toenemende geneigdheid om seks aan te
bied in ruil vir geld. Sy doen dit om sodoende haarself van die juk van die Zoeloe man
se mag oor haar en haar neerdrukkende sosio-ekonomiese omstandighede te bevry.
Die verhandeling beweeg dikwels buite sy grense en fokus nie net bloot op die gedrag
van die Zoeloe bevolking nie, maar boorlinge van Afrika in die algemeen. Hierdie
oorhoofse Afrika-perspektief vind regverdigingsgronde in die lig van die feit dat
boorlinge van Afrika saamgesnoer word deur 'n oorheersende sosio-religieuse
filosofie, desnieteenstaande die feit dat daar merkbare verskille voorkom ten opsigte
van linguistiek, geografie, religieusheid en ander wat betref hul daaglikse gebruike en
omgang.
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An assessment of the extent of empowerment through community participation : a Kwazulu-Natal rural development comparisonGumbi, Themba Aaron Philemon 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to assess the extent of the relevance and success of the
empowerment model in facilitating and promoting rural development in South
Africa. The assumption was that through active participation communities are able
to gain control over their lives and are empowered to promote development
successfully.
In undertaking this study, the researcher initially reviewed literature on rural
development, and thereafter presented and discussed various development
methodologies used for realising community development, participation and
empowerment.
Three case studies selected for an indepth study were distinguishable as follows:
the first case that could be regarded as "finished and unsuccessful", the second one
that could be classified as "finished and successful", and the third one that could
be labelled as "new and ongoing" with respect to rural development projects in the
respective communities. A comparative analysis of the three case studies was
undertaken with the purpose of establishing the "success" and "failure" in the
projects designed to enhance community development and participation.
The study shows quite clearly that development projects do not operate in a
vacuum but are components of national, social and economic development policies, strategies and programmes for which governments often bear some
degree of final responsibility. The success of development projects depends to a
large extent on a number of issues, of which community participation and
empowerment are the most important. Unless the community actively identifies
itself with the project or at the least is involved from day one, in the decisionmaking
process of the proposed project, it will be very difficult, if not impossible
to achieve the project's developmental objectives.
On the basis of the empirical findings, it was revealed that the prerequisites for a
successful community development project depend on:
a) the encouragement of active involvement, community participation
and empowerment of communities for the purpose of enabling them to
meet their needs, problems and aspirations;
b) the completion in full of the cycle of the development methodology;
c) the identification and handling of obstacles in the development cycle
as the project unfolds to successful completion;
d) the promotion of a facilitative role with regard to capacity building
and skills transfer by development personnel; and
e) the development of capacity for communities to take control over
events influencing their lives (e.g. knowledge, skills, information,
networks and support structures to mention a few).
In conclusion, it is stressed that the development of people as individuals and as
collective groups was central to community development. In doing so, a shift
which placed heavy emphasis on resource management and service delivery to
capacity building and skills transfer has to take place in order to promote
development and social change, making communities progressively minded,
desirous of improving their living conditions and capable of doing so through
adopting a co-operative way of life for promoting group interests of the
community as a whole.
From the lessons learned in this study it was shown that the process of rural
development can be promoted in a successful manner through the empowerment
model which stresses community involvement and participation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie navorsingsprojek was om vas te stel wat die omvang van
toepaslikheid en sukses van die bemagtigingsmodel is, in die fasilitering en
bevordering van plattelandse ontwikkeling in Suid-Afrika. Die veronderstelling
was dat deur aktiewe deelname gemeenskappe in staat sal wees om beheer oor
hulle lewe te verkry, en bemagtig sal wees om ontwikkeling suksesvol te
promoveer.
Met die aanvang van die navorsing, het die navorser eerstens relevante literatuur
oor die plattelandse ontwikkeling nagegaan en daarna is verskeie
ontwikkelingsmetodes (nasionaal en internasionaal), wat gebruik word vir die
realisering van gemeenskapsontwikkeling, betrokkenheid en bemagtiging,
aangebied en bespreek.
Die drie gevallestudies wat gekies is vir die indiepte ondersoek, word as volg
onderskei: die eerste geval kan beskou word as "voltooid en onsuksesvol", die
tweede een kan geklassifiseer word as "voltooid en suksesvol", en die derde een
kan beskou word as "nuut en in proses" met verwysing na plattelandse
ontwikkelingsprojekte in onderskeie gemeenskappe. 'n Vergelykende analise van
bogenoemde gevallestudies is onderneem met die doelom die sukses en
mislukking van projekte wat ontwerp is om die gemeenskapsontwikkeling en
deelname vas te stel.
Dit is gevind dat ontwikkelingsprojekte nie in 'n lugleegte geskied nie, maar
komponente is van nasionale, sosiale en ekonomiese ontwikkelingsbeleid,
strategiee en programme waarvoor die regering meestal 'n mate van finale
verantwoordelikheid dra. Die sukses van ontwikkelingsprojekte hang tot 'n groot
mate af van 'n aantal kwessies, waarvan gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid en
bemagtiging waarskynlik die belangrikste is, tensy die gemeenskap aktief
identifiseer met die projek, of ten minste betrokke is van die begin af in die
besluitnemingsproses van die betrokke projek, sal dit baie moeilik indien nie
onmoontlik, wees om die projek se ontwikkelingstellings te bereik.
Die literatuuroorsig het getoon dat die gebruik van ingevoerde westerse norme,
standaarde, ontwerpe, regulasies, ens. In die fasilitering van
gemeenskapsontwikkeling, in die besonder in plattelandse gebiede, dikwels tot
gevolg het dat die projek vervreemding by die plaaslike omgewing veroorsaak. Vir
die sukses van die fasiliteringsproses, was vasgestel dat klem op die aanmoediging
van, betrokkenheid en deelname by die gebruikers van 'n gevestigde fasiliteit,
bekwaamheid oordra en die onderskraging van die projekte inisieer.
Op grond van die empiriese bevindings is vasgestel dat vereistes vir 'n suksesvolle
gemeenskapsontwikkelingsprojek afhang van:
a) die aanmoediging van aktiewe betrokkenheid,
gemeenskapsdeelname en bemagtiging van gemeenskappe ten einde hulle in staat te stelom hul behoeftes, probleme en aspirasies te
volvoer;
b) die voltooiing van die siklus van die ontwikelingsmetodologie;
c) die identifisering en hantering van slaggate in die
ontwikkelingsiklus soos die projek ontvou tot die suksesvolle
voltooiing daarvan;
d) die promovering van 'n raadgewende rol ten opsigte van die
kapsiteit uitbouing en bemagtigingsoorplasing by die ontwikkelingspersoneel;
en
e) die ontwikkeling van kapasiteit vir gemeenskappe om beheer uit
te oefen oor gebeure wat hul lewens beinvloed (bv. kennis,
bemagtiging, inligtingnetwerke en ondersteuningstrukture, om maar
'n paar te noem).
Ten slotte is beklemtoon dat sentraal tot gemeenskapsontwikkeling, die
ontwikkeling van mense as individue en as kollektiewe groepe is. Daardeur vind
'n groot klemverskuiwing plaas vanaf hulpbronbestuur en dienslewering tot
kapasiteituitbouing en bemagtigingsoorplasing. Dit moet plaasvind ten einde
ontwikkeling en sosiale verandering te promoveer en gemeenskappe in 'n
vooruitstrewende gesindheid te plaas, begeerte na verbeterde
lewensomstandighede, en die vaardigheid om dit te doen deur aanvaarding van 'n
gemeenskaplike lewenswyse, vir bevordering van die groepsbelange van die gemeenskap as 'n geheel.
Wat uit hierdie studie geleer is, bevestig dat deur die bemagtigingsmodel wat
gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid en deelname beklemtoon, landelike ontwikkeling wel
ontwikkeling suksesvol kan promoveer.
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