Introdução - A soja e outras leguminosas são consideradas como alimentos funcionais por apresentarem propriedades hipocolesterlemizantes. Esta propriedade, porém, ainda não foi relatada para o feijão caupi. Um possível componente deste grão responsável pelo feito redutor de colesterol é sua proteína. Objetivo - Produzir isolado protéico de feijão caupi e verificar a influência do grão integral e de sua proteína isolada no metabolismo lipídico de hamsters hipercolesterolemizados pela dieta. Métodos - O isolado protéico de feijão caupi foi produzido por precipitação isoelétrica, utilizando-se pH 8,5 para solubilização da proteína e 4,5 para a sua precipitação, obtendo-se um isolado com 92 % de proteína. O isolado protéico (IP) e o feijão caupi integral (FCI) foram utilizados como fonte protéica em dietas experimentais para hamsters que tiveram hipercolesterolemia induzida por dieta contendo 20 % de caseína, 13,5 % de gordura saturada e 0,1 % de colesterol, por 3 semanas. Os animais foram distribuídos em três grupos, recebendo cada grupo dieta com 20 % de caseína (controle), dieta com 20 % de proteína de isolado de feijão caupi e dieta com 20% de proteína de feijão caupi integral, por 4 semanas. Resultados - Comparando-se à dieta controle, a dieta com FCI e IP provocaram reduções significativas no colesterol total (49 % e 20 %, respectivamente) e colesterol não-HDL (54 % e 22 %, respectivamente). Análises histológicas do fígado foram realizadas e observou-se que IP e o FCI proporcionaram efeito hepatoprotetor comparado à caseína, pois o grupo que recebeu caseína apresentou em média esteatose difusa e intensa, enquanto grupo com feijão e isolado apresentaram esteatose focal e, em alguns casos, ausentes. Alguns possíveis mecanismos envolvidos para o efeito benéfico no metabolismo lipídico foram investigados. A digestibilidade verdadeira do IP foi igual à da caseína, enquanto a do feijão integral foi menor. A excreção de ácidos biliares e colesterol foi inversamente proporcional aos níveis plasmáticos do colesterol dos animais submetidos às diferentes dietas. Os animais com a dieta de feijão integral apresentaram a maior excreção de ácidos biliares e colesterol nas fezes; valores estatisticamente diferentes aos dos animais da dieta com caseína. Conclusões - O feijão caupi e sua proteína isolada reduzem o colesterol plasmático e proporcionam efeito hepatoprotetor. A digestibilidade, excreção de ácidos biliares e colesterol não estão relacionados com a redução do colesterol provocada pelo IP. O mecanismo envolvido na redução do colesterol nestes experimentos ainda não está totalmente elucidado, sugerindo que a proteína isolada do feijão caupi atue na síntese de colesterol, pois não foi observado aumento na sua excreção. / Introduction - Soya and other legume seeds are considered functional food because of their hypocholesterolemic properties. This property, however, is not reported yet for cowpea. A possible component present in this grain that could respond for the hypocholesterolemic effect is the protein fraction. Objective - To produce protein isolate of cowpea and to verify the influence of the whole seed and its isolated protein on the lipid metabolism of diet hypercholesterolemized hamsters. Methods - The cowpea protein isolate was prepared by isoelectric precipitation, using pH 8.5 for solubilization and pH 4.5 for protein precipitation. The isolate obtained presented protein content of about 92%. The protein isolate (PI) and cowpea whole seed (CWS) were used as protein source in experimental diets fed to hamsters that previously had their blood cholesterol increased by a diet containing 20 % of casein, 13,5 % of saturated fat and 0,1 % of cholesterol during 3 weeks. Animals were divided into 3 groups and fed on diets containing: 20 % casein (control), 20 % isolate protein of cowpea and 20 % of cowpea whole seed for 4 wks. Results - The results showed that for hamster that fed on diets containing PI and CWS occurred a significant decrease in total cholesterol (49 % and 20 %, respectively) and non-HDL cholesterol (54 % and 22 %, respectively), as compared to casein group. Histological analysis of hepatic tissue was performed and showed that PI and CWS presented reduction in hepatic lipotoxicity as compared to the casein group. Therefore, the group that received casein presented steatosis widely distributed throughout the hepatic lobule, while whole seed cowpea and protein isolate meal groups produced only focal steatosis and, in some cases, it was absent. Some mechanisms involved in lowering plasma cholesterol were investigated. Digestibility for PI was equal for casein group, while it was significantly lower for CWS group. The bile acids and cholesterol excretion in the feces were inversely proportional to plasma cholesterol levels. Animals on CWS presented higher levels of feces bile acids and cholesterol; these values were statistically different from animals on casein diet. Conclusions - Whole seed cowpea and its protein isolate reduce plasma cholesterol and hepatic lipotoxicity. Digestibility, the bile acids and cholesterol excretion are not related to hypocholesterolemic effect of protein isolate of cowpea. The mechanisms involved cholesterol reduction in these experiments is not yet fully elucidated. It is suggested that protein isolate of cowpea is related to the cholesterol syntheses, as it was not verified any increase in cholesterol excretion in the animals on protein isolate diet.

Introdução - A soja e outras leguminosas são consideradas como alimentos funcionais por apresentarem propriedades hipocolesterlemizantes. Esta propriedade, porém, ainda não foi relatada para o feijão caupi. Um possível componente deste grão responsável pelo feito redutor de colesterol é sua proteína. Objetivo - Produzir isolado protéico de feijão caupi e verificar a influência do grão integral e de sua proteína isolada no metabolismo lipídico de hamsters hipercolesterolemizados pela dieta. Métodos - O isolado protéico de feijão caupi foi produzido por precipitação isoelétrica, utilizando-se pH 8,5 para solubilização da proteína e 4,5 para a sua precipitação, obtendo-se um isolado com 92 % de proteína. O isolado protéico (IP) e o feijão caupi integral (FCI) foram utilizados como fonte protéica em dietas experimentais para hamsters que tiveram hipercolesterolemia induzida por dieta contendo 20 % de caseína, 13,5 % de gordura saturada e 0,1 % de colesterol, por 3 semanas. Os animais foram distribuídos em três grupos, recebendo cada grupo dieta com 20 % de caseína (controle), dieta com 20 % de proteína de isolado de feijão caupi e dieta com 20% de proteína de feijão caupi integral, por 4 semanas. Resultados - Comparando-se à dieta controle, a dieta com FCI e IP provocaram reduções significativas no colesterol total (49 % e 20 %, respectivamente) e colesterol não-HDL (54 % e 22 %, respectivamente). Análises histológicas do fígado foram realizadas e observou-se que IP e o FCI proporcionaram efeito hepatoprotetor comparado à caseína, pois o grupo que recebeu caseína apresentou em média esteatose difusa e intensa, enquanto grupo com feijão e isolado apresentaram esteatose focal e, em alguns casos, ausentes. Alguns possíveis mecanismos envolvidos para o efeito benéfico no metabolismo lipídico foram investigados. A digestibilidade verdadeira do IP foi igual à da caseína, enquanto a do feijão integral foi menor. A excreção de ácidos biliares e colesterol foi inversamente proporcional aos níveis plasmáticos do colesterol dos animais submetidos às diferentes dietas. Os animais com a dieta de feijão integral apresentaram a maior excreção de ácidos biliares e colesterol nas fezes; valores estatisticamente diferentes aos dos animais da dieta com caseína. Conclusões - O feijão caupi e sua proteína isolada reduzem o colesterol plasmático e proporcionam efeito hepatoprotetor. A digestibilidade, excreção de ácidos biliares e colesterol não estão relacionados com a redução do colesterol provocada pelo IP. O mecanismo envolvido na redução do colesterol nestes experimentos ainda não está totalmente elucidado, sugerindo que a proteína isolada do feijão caupi atue na síntese de colesterol, pois não foi observado aumento na sua excreção. / Introduction - Soya and other legume seeds are considered functional food because of their hypocholesterolemic properties. This property, however, is not reported yet for cowpea. A possible component present in this grain that could respond for the hypocholesterolemic effect is the protein fraction. Objective - To produce protein isolate of cowpea and to verify the influence of the whole seed and its isolated protein on the lipid metabolism of diet hypercholesterolemized hamsters. Methods - The cowpea protein isolate was prepared by isoelectric precipitation, using pH 8.5 for solubilization and pH 4.5 for protein precipitation. The isolate obtained presented protein content of about 92%. The protein isolate (PI) and cowpea whole seed (CWS) were used as protein source in experimental diets fed to hamsters that previously had their blood cholesterol increased by a diet containing 20 % of casein, 13,5 % of saturated fat and 0,1 % of cholesterol during 3 weeks. Animals were divided into 3 groups and fed on diets containing: 20 % casein (control), 20 % isolate protein of cowpea and 20 % of cowpea whole seed for 4 wks. Results - The results showed that for hamster that fed on diets containing PI and CWS occurred a significant decrease in total cholesterol (49 % and 20 %, respectively) and non-HDL cholesterol (54 % and 22 %, respectively), as compared to casein group. Histological analysis of hepatic tissue was performed and showed that PI and CWS presented reduction in hepatic lipotoxicity as compared to the casein group. Therefore, the group that received casein presented steatosis widely distributed throughout the hepatic lobule, while whole seed cowpea and protein isolate meal groups produced only focal steatosis and, in some cases, it was absent. Some mechanisms involved in lowering plasma cholesterol were investigated. Digestibility for PI was equal for casein group, while it was significantly lower for CWS group. The bile acids and cholesterol excretion in the feces were inversely proportional to plasma cholesterol levels. Animals on CWS presented higher levels of feces bile acids and cholesterol; these values were statistically different from animals on casein diet. Conclusions - Whole seed cowpea and its protein isolate reduce plasma cholesterol and hepatic lipotoxicity. Digestibility, the bile acids and cholesterol excretion are not related to hypocholesterolemic effect of protein isolate of cowpea. The mechanisms involved cholesterol reduction in these experiments is not yet fully elucidated. It is suggested that protein isolate of cowpea is related to the cholesterol syntheses, as it was not verified any increase in cholesterol excretion in the animals on protein isolate diet.

Air pollutant exposure poses a health risk to humans and impacts negatively on agriculture. High levels of air pollution resulted in extensive crop damage and yield reduction in Europe and USA. The Highveld region in South Africa, a very important area for maize and soya production, has already been declared an air pollution hot spot, with SO2 being the most concerning air pollutant. Most of the SO2 over the Highveld originates from the burning of coal for power generation. Developing countries, such as South Africa, are highly dependent on agriculture for food security and high levels of air pollution pose serious risks to the agricultural industry. Currently very little information is available on the effects of air pollution on crop production in South Africa. This study aimed to establish exposure-response relationship for SO2 on soybean and the quantification thereof on the morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics. Two soybean cultivars were used, namely: LS 6164 and PAN 1666. The plants were fumigated for 7 hours, 7 days a week with 0 (carbon filtered control; CF), 25, 75 and 150 ppb SO2. The effect of SO2 was investigated on the growth, photosynthetic capabilities, photosynthetic gas exchange, peroxidase activity and lipoxygenase activity of the cultivars. Foliar injuries and interveinal chlorosis were visible with increasing levels of SO2 as well as a decrease in biomass accumulation, especially in root biomass; a more prominent feature of LS 6164. The number of nodules of both cultivars decreased insignificantly as the levels of SO2 increased. The number of pods per plant and the average weight of 30 seeds indicated a downward trend with an increase in SO2 concentration. The chlorophyll content of PAN 1666 was lower compared to LS 6164. PAN 1666 had the largest reduction in stomatal conductance at 150 ppb SO2 fumigation. The photosynthetic vitality index indicated that LS 6164 was more sensitive to SO2 inhibition from 25 ppb SO2 and higher, whereas PAN 1666 mostly became sensitive to SO2 from 75 ppb SO2. A decrease in the ability to absorb light energy, the trapping of excitation energy to transfer electrons beyond QA-, and the reduction of end electron acceptors all contributed to the decline in the vitality index. Sulphur content increased significantly in the 75 ppb and 150 ppb treatments of both cultivars. Induced peroxidase and lipoxygenase activity was seen in both cultivars, especially at higher concentrations of SO2 treatments. PAN 1666 had a higher rate of peroxidase and lipoxygenase activity compared to LS 6164. The implication for SO2 on crop production in the highly industrial Highveld area was demonstrated to be potentially of great concern. The dose-response relationships plotted for OJIP parameters emphasized that SO2 is an inhibitor of photosynthesis and phytotoxic of nature. Both cultivars experienced limitations from 75 ppb, especially at the 150 ppb SO2 concentration. From these results it appears that PAN 1666 is more adapted to SO2 compared to LS 6164 and levels of 75 ppb SO2 and higher become toxic to these plants. / Thesis (Master of Environmental Sciences)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Air pollutant exposure poses a health risk to humans and impacts negatively on agriculture. High levels of air pollution resulted in extensive crop damage and yield reduction in Europe and USA. The Highveld region in South Africa, a very important area for maize and soya production, has already been declared an air pollution hot spot, with SO2 being the most concerning air pollutant. Most of the SO2 over the Highveld originates from the burning of coal for power generation. Developing countries, such as South Africa, are highly dependent on agriculture for food security and high levels of air pollution pose serious risks to the agricultural industry. Currently very little information is available on the effects of air pollution on crop production in South Africa. This study aimed to establish exposure-response relationship for SO2 on soybean and the quantification thereof on the morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics. Two soybean cultivars were used, namely: LS 6164 and PAN 1666. The plants were fumigated for 7 hours, 7 days a week with 0 (carbon filtered control; CF), 25, 75 and 150 ppb SO2. The effect of SO2 was investigated on the growth, photosynthetic capabilities, photosynthetic gas exchange, peroxidase activity and lipoxygenase activity of the cultivars. Foliar injuries and interveinal chlorosis were visible with increasing levels of SO2 as well as a decrease in biomass accumulation, especially in root biomass; a more prominent feature of LS 6164. The number of nodules of both cultivars decreased insignificantly as the levels of SO2 increased. The number of pods per plant and the average weight of 30 seeds indicated a downward trend with an increase in SO2 concentration. The chlorophyll content of PAN 1666 was lower compared to LS 6164. PAN 1666 had the largest reduction in stomatal conductance at 150 ppb SO2 fumigation. The photosynthetic vitality index indicated that LS 6164 was more sensitive to SO2 inhibition from 25 ppb SO2 and higher, whereas PAN 1666 mostly became sensitive to SO2 from 75 ppb SO2. A decrease in the ability to absorb light energy, the trapping of excitation energy to transfer electrons beyond QA-, and the reduction of end electron acceptors all contributed to the decline in the vitality index. Sulphur content increased significantly in the 75 ppb and 150 ppb treatments of both cultivars. Induced peroxidase and lipoxygenase activity was seen in both cultivars, especially at higher concentrations of SO2 treatments. PAN 1666 had a higher rate of peroxidase and lipoxygenase activity compared to LS 6164. The implication for SO2 on crop production in the highly industrial Highveld area was demonstrated to be potentially of great concern. The dose-response relationships plotted for OJIP parameters emphasized that SO2 is an inhibitor of photosynthesis and phytotoxic of nature. Both cultivars experienced limitations from 75 ppb, especially at the 150 ppb SO2 concentration. From these results it appears that PAN 1666 is more adapted to SO2 compared to LS 6164 and levels of 75 ppb SO2 and higher become toxic to these plants. / Thesis (Master of Environmental Sciences)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

The Amadumbe crop [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott] is a traditional Southern African tuber crop which is rich in starch, mucilage and micronutrients. Amadumbe tubers have limited amount of proteins and as a result, amadumbe-processed foods lack adequate protein. The purpose of this study was therefore to develop protein-rich amadumbe-soya composite biscuits, which would be acceptable to consumers. Biscuits were prepared by combining amadumbe and soya flours at ratios: 90:10, 70:30 and 50:50. Functional properties of composite flours and the physical properties of composite biscuits were determined. The proximate composition, amino acid composition and protein digestibility of composite biscuits were determined. Consumer acceptability test of biscuits was performed using nine-point hedonic scale. The results indicated that the 90% amadumbe and 10% soya composite biscuits had high significant values of moisture, ash, carbohydrates contents and energy values. The 50% amadumbe and 50% soya composite biscuits had significantly high values of fat, crude protein contents and acid detergent fibre (ADF). The protein digestibility, amino acid contents, especially the lysine contents of composite biscuits increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) with an increase in the percentage of soya. The mineral contents of composite biscuits; Ca, Mg, P, Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) with the increase of soya in the composite biscuits. There was a significant difference in the mean taste acceptability and mean overall acceptability when the soya concentration was increased to 50%. Soya was successfully used to produce amadumbe composite biscuits with better nutritional quality with respect to protein content, amino acid profile and selected mineral contents and which were acceptable to consumers. / National Research Foundation (South Africa) / Life and Consumer Science / M.Sc. (Agriculture)

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-12T17:32:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LUZIENE DANTAS DE MACEDO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGERR 2003..pdf: 17972708 bytes, checksum: 5b09694f58d050dba125eda0404b028e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-12T17:32:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LUZIENE DANTAS DE MACEDO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGERR 2003..pdf: 17972708 bytes, checksum: 5b09694f58d050dba125eda0404b028e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a inserção competitiva do complexo soja brasileiro no mercado mundial e os efeitos da taxa de câmbio real brasileira sobre os preços desses produtos. Através de um método estatístico de decomposição dos preços dos produtos em moeda nacional constatou-se que o Brasil, ao longo do período em estudo, tem buscado uma verdadeira fonte empreendedora para a busca de receitas de exportação, através do desenvolvimento da cadeia agro-industrial da soja. Outrossim, o ambiente internacional competitivo no qual essa cadeia se insere, torna o país um tomador de preços desses produtos no mercado mundial e apresenta desafios que envolvem desde uma adequação aos padrões concorrenciais vigentes na economia mundial, até a busca de uma maior valorização do produto em termos de aumento de valor agregado, no sentido de aumentar a sua competitividade no cenário internacional. / The present work has as aim to analyse the competitive insertion of the brazilian soybean complex in world market and the effects of brazilian real exchange rate on the prices of these products. Employing a statistical method of decomposition of these prices in national currency, one perceived that Brazil, during ali the period under study, is searching for a trully enterprising source to look for export receipts, through the development of the soybean agro-industrial chain. Concomitantly, the competitive intemational environment in which this chain is inserted makes the country a price taker in these products in world market and presents challenges that involves since an arrangement to the existing competitive patterns in world economy, till the search for a greater valorization of the product in aggregate value, to increase the competitiveness in intemational scene.

Submitted by Maria Beatriz Vieira (mbeatriz.vieira@gmail.com) on 2017-03-06T15:22:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_maria_estela_ojeda_gamarra.pdf: 1360614 bytes, checksum: b3d4e546803e9a784cec95c3e6d44df9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-09T20:18:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_maria_estela_ojeda_gamarra.pdf: 1360614 bytes, checksum: b3d4e546803e9a784cec95c3e6d44df9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-09T20:19:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_maria_estela_ojeda_gamarra.pdf: 1360614 bytes, checksum: b3d4e546803e9a784cec95c3e6d44df9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-09T20:19:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_maria_estela_ojeda_gamarra.pdf: 1360614 bytes, checksum: b3d4e546803e9a784cec95c3e6d44df9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-06 / Sem bolsa / La producción de soja en Paraguay junto con los demás productos del sector agrícola, como la ganadería y la producción forestal han llevado a generar el mayor crecimiento de la economía en los últimos tiempos, siendo las previsiones de crecimiento para el 2013 de 13%. Si bien la producción de soja se inicia en la década de 1970 como complemento del programa de trigo, no es hasta finales de 1.990 que se produce una gran expansión del área de producción con la adopción de la siembra directa y la soja RR. Este trabajo tiene por objetivo hacer una revisión de la información existente sobre la producción de soja y su relación con la comercialización de semilla en el periodo de 1997 a 2013. En el 2004 se aprueba el uso comercial por primera vez de variedades de soja transgénica, soja RR, pero anteriormente ya se reporta datos de introducción de soja RR sin autorización legal, razón por la cual no se cuenta con datos de las primeras introducciones al sistema productivo, estos se tienen a partir recién del 2005. La línea de tendencia de la comercialización de semillas nos muestra una tendencia alcista, pero aún no satisface las necesidades de semillas. La ley 385/94 de Semillas y Protección de Cultivares y la aprobación comercial del evento de soja RR, junto con el acuerdo de toda la cadena de producción de reconocer los derechos de propiedad intelectual de la tecnología de soja RR, fueron incentivos para que empresas dueñas de germoplasmas se establecieran en el país y fueran las responsables de la introducción de variedades cada vez mejor adaptadas a las condiciones climáticas locales y a la tecnología de producción de los agricultores. En cuanto a la industria semillera nacional, la misma lentamente va aumentado su participación en el comercio de semillas e invirtiendo en tecnologías que permiten mejorar la calidad de las semillas ofertadas al mercado. / Soya production in Paraguay, together with other products coming from the agricultural sector such....

Submitted by Maria Beatriz Vieira (mbeatriz.vieira@gmail.com) on 2017-03-14T13:16:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_amanda_cabral_calusci_vedan.pdf: 553351 bytes, checksum: e9db2f06da169b1ff0d461afa08a0396 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-17T21:18:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_amanda_cabral_calusci_vedan.pdf: 553351 bytes, checksum: e9db2f06da169b1ff0d461afa08a0396 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-17T21:21:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_amanda_cabral_calusci_vedan.pdf: 553351 bytes, checksum: e9db2f06da169b1ff0d461afa08a0396 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-17T21:22:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_amanda_cabral_calusci_vedan.pdf: 553351 bytes, checksum: e9db2f06da169b1ff0d461afa08a0396 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-10 / Sem bolsa / A soja, Glycine max, é a menina dos olhos da exportação no Brasil, sendo no processo produtivo, a semente tem papel de destaque, pois além de ser o promotor do estabelecimento da nova lavoura, leva consigo um pacote tecnológico de alta eficiência e baixo custo que, em função da sua compreensão em si e, pela inserção de genes específicos, abrem campo à diferenciação de praticas agronômica. Neste contesto, sementeiras necessitam reavaliar o processo produtivo tornando-o mais eficiente, com maior aproveitamento. Por isso o presente trabalho é um estudo de caso de três safras, comparando a eficiência do controle de qualidade pós-colheira, no processo de produção de semente. Tendo como objetivo determinar a eficiência nos processo de produção, buscando determinar o aproveitamento da semente referente a qualidade pós-colheita. O estudo de caso fói desenvolvido no Laboratório de Analise Sementes da Nidera Sementes, Uberlândia – MG. Foram avaliados três safras, 2011/2012, 2012/2013, 2013/2014, todas as cultivares produzidas em cada uma destas, sendo que a Cultivar que se repetiu em todas foi a NA 5909 RG, sendo que sobre esta pode-se comprar seu aproveitamento por qualidade em pós-colheita em cada safra.Considerou-se a média por cultivar do total beneficiado e a média do total aprovado. Também observou em sacos de 40 kg a média do descarte e fez-se a porcentagem de aproveitamento por cultivar. Conclui-se que a eficiência na produção de semente de soja difere acentuadamente entre cultivares e entre safras e que o processo tem que ser reavaliado, para que esses números de descartes sejam baixados, pois os custos agregados são elevados, necessitando de um melhor planejamento. / Soybean, Glycine max, is the apple of the eyes of exports in Brazil, where seeds have an important role to promote the establishment of a new crop. Seed must have quality and be produced in an efficient way in order to have an adequate price and availability to the farmer.This paper is a case study of three harvesting season comparing the efficiency in quality control at post harvesting. The case study was conducted at the seed analysis laboratory of a seed company of central part of Brazil. The crop years were, 2011/2012, 2012/2013, 2013/2014 and in all years cultivars were compared as the range of the germination test. It was concluded that the efficiency in soybean seed production differs markedly among cultivars and crop years where the process has to be reevaluated, considering the high discharge rate due to low germination after seed processing.

Thesis (MScAgric (Animal Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A growth and digestibility trial was conducted comparing the effect of an experimental enzyme at three different inclusions. A negative control containing no enzyme additions and a positive control containing a proven commercial enzyme were compared in a maize-soybean diet noting the performance of broilers and the digestibility of the grower feed. The commercial enzyme was a granular product with a xylanase activity of 38114.29 nkat/g and the second enzyme (ABO374) was a liquid experimental product with a xylanase activity of 1426.86 nkat/ml. Five diets were used i.e. control basal diet without enzyme supplementation (negative control), basal diet supplemented with the commercial enzyme (positive control) and three basal diets supplemented with the test enzyme at various inclusion levels (ABO 50, ABO 100 and ABO 200). The positive control was supplemented with 200 g/ton of the commercial enzyme; ABO 50 was supplemented with ABO374 at an inclusion level of 2671 ml/ton, ABO 100 with 5342 ml/ton and ABO 200 with 10684 ml/ton. Supplementation with the test enzyme (ABO 50) significantly improved BW at 23 days of age by 4.6 % (1107.4 g vs 960.96 g) and at 37 days of age by 3.2 % (2311.75 g vs 2237.81 g) over the negative control. Body weight gain for the total period of the trial was significantly improved by 3.24 % (64.32 g/bird/day vs 62.24 g/bird/day) the test enzyme supplementation (ABO 50) when compared to the negative control. During the starter phase, test enzyme supplementation (ABO 50) led to an improvement of 4.58 % (1.25 vs 1.31) in FCR in comparison with the negative control. The FCR for the total trial obtained by the test enzyme supplementation was significantly lower than the FCR obtained by the positive control. The highest EPER obtained for this trail was by the test enzyme supplemented diets and this was significantly higher than the EPER obtained by the positive control. It is clear from this growth trial that the test enzyme (ABO374) at an inclusion level of 2671 ml/ton outperformed the commercial enzyme and that it has the potential to improve the production performance of broilers on a maizeSBM based diet. The total tract digestibility method and total collection method was used to conduct the digestibility trial. The total tract digestibility method measures the difference between the amounts of each nutrient consumed from the amounts of each nutrient excreted in faeces. Only apparent digestibilities are reported for the digestibility trial. Apparent digestibility does not take the endogenous protein fraction in the faeces into account. The endogenous protein fraction is derived from digestive enzymes and proteins from the intestinal walls that are secreted into the digestive tract. The grower negative control, positive control, ABO 50, ABO 100 and ABO 200 diets used in the production trial were also used in the digestibility trial. Supplementation with the test enzyme showed no significant improvements on the apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic material, ash, crude protein, metabolisable energy or crude fibre. No significant improvements in the apparent digestibility of the amino acids (threonine, arginine, valine, lysine, methionine, cysteine and isoleucine) were noticed either and thus the digestibility of the grower feed were not influenced by the addition of enzymes due to the supplementation of the test enzyme ABO374. Pelletisation of the grower diets could have lead to the inactivation of the enzyme due to the high temperature at which pelletisation takes place. Another possible reason why enzyme supplementation did not increase nutrient digestibility, may be that the breakdown of non-starch polysaccharides by the enzymes led to an increase in the concentration of oligosaccharides in the small intestine of the birds, thus leading to the decrease in nutrient absorption Key words: body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, European production efficiency ratio, maize, soybean meal, apparent digestibility, dry matter, organic material, ash, crude protein, metabolisable energy, crude fibre, xylanase, pellitisation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ‘n Groei en vertering studie was uitgevoer om die effek van ‘n eksperimentele ensiem wat teen drie verskillende insluitingsvlakke by ‘n basale dieët bygevoeg is te vergelyk met ‘n negatiewe kontrole wat geen ensiem bevat het nie en met ‘n positiewe kontrole wat ‘n kommersiële ensiem bevat in ‘n mielesojaboon oliekoek dieët op die produksie vermoë van braaikuikens en die verteerbaarheid van die groei voer. Die kommersiële ensiem was ‘n granulêre produk met ‘n xylanase aktiwiteit van 38114.29 nkat/g en die eksperimentele ensiem (ABO374) was ‘n vloeistof produk met ‘n xylanase aktiwiteit van 1426.86 nkat/ml. Vyf diëte was gebruik nl. ‘n basale dieët met geen ensiem byvoeging (negatiewe kontrole), basale dieët met die byvoeging van die kommersiële ensiem (positiewe kontrole) en drie basale diëte wat met die byvoeging van die eksperimentele ensiem teen drie verskillende insluitings vlakke (ABO 50, ABO 100 and ABO 200). Die kommersiële ensiem was by die positiewe kontrole bygevoeg met ‘n insluitings vlak van 200 g/ton, ABO374 was bygevoeg by ABO 50 met ‘n insluitings vlak van 2671 ml/ton, ABO 100 met 5342 ml/ton en ABO 200 met 10684 ml/ton. Die byvoeging van die eksperimentele ensiem (ABO 50) het gelei tot die betekenisvolle verbetering van die liggaamsmassa van die voëls by die ouderdom van 23 dae met 4.6 % (1107.4 g teenoor 960.96 g) en by die ouderdom van 37 dae met 3.2 % (2311.75 g teenoor 2237.81 g) teenoor die negatiewe kontrole. Liggaams massa toename vir die hele periode van die studie was betekenisvol verhoog met 3.24 % (64.32 g/kuiken/dag teenoor 62.24 g/kuilen/dag) met die byvoeging van die eksperimentele ensiem (ABO374) teenoor die negatiewe kontrole. Voeromset verhouding was betekenisvol verbeter met 4.58 % (1.25 teenoor 1.31) toe die kommersiële ensiem bygevoeg was teenoor die negatiewe kontrole. Die hoogste europese produksie effektiwiteits verhouding wat verkry is vir die hele studie periode is deur die byvoeging van die eksperimentele ensiem (ABO374). Hierdie groei studie dui dus duidelik aan dat die gebruik van die eksperimentele ensiem (ABO374) baie beter resultate as die kommersiële ensiem opgelewer het teen ‘n insluitings vlak van 2671 ml/ton, dus het ABO374 die potensiaal om die produksie potensiaal van braaikuikens op ‘n mielie-sojaboonoliekoek dieët te verbeter. Die totale spysverteringskanaal verteerbaarheid metode was gebruik om die verteerbaarheid studie uit te voer. Die totale spysverteringskanaal verteerbaarheid metode meet die verskil tussen die nutriënt inhoud van die voer en die nutriënt inhoud van die mis. Slegs die skynbare verteerbaarheid van nutriënte word vir hierdie verteerbaarheidstudie gerapporteer. Skynbare verteerbaarheid sluit nie die endogene proteïenfraksie wat afkomstig is van verteringsensieme of die proteïene afkomstig vanaf die spysverteringskanaal se intestinale wande af in nie. Die negatiewe kontrole, positiewe kontrole, ABO 50, ABO 100 en ABO 200 groei diëte gebruik in die produksie studie is gebruik vir die verteringsstudie. Die byvoeging van die eksperimentele ensiem het geen betekenisvolle resultate opgelewer ten opsigte van droë materiaal, organiese material, as, ru-proteïen, ru-vesel of metaboliseerbare energie nie. Daar was ook geen betekenisvolle resultate opgelewer wanneer die eksperimentele ensiem bygevoeg was nie ten opsigte van die verteerbaarheid vir aminosure (treonien, arginien, valien, metionien, sisteïen en isoleosien) nie en dus is die verteerbaarheid van die groeivoer glad nie beïnvloed deur die byvoeging van die eksperimentele ensiem nie. Die verpilling van die groei voer mag dalk gelei het tot die inaktivering van die eksperimentele ensiem deur dat dit blootgestel was aan hoë temperature. ‘n Ander moontlike rede vir die mislukking van die ensiem kon gewees het dat die afbreking van die nie-stysel polisakkariedes deur die ensiem kon gelei het tot die verhoging van die oligosakkariede konsentrasie in die laer spysverterings kanaal en dus kon dit lei tot ‘n verhoogde deurvloeitempo, gevolg deur ‘n afname in die absorpsie van nutriënte. Sleutel woorde: Liggaamsmassa, liggaamsmassa toename, voeromsetverhouding Europese produksie effektiwiteits verhouding, mielie, sojaboonoliekoek, skynbare verteerbaarheid, droëmaterial, organiesematerial, as, ru-proteïen, ru-vesel, metaboliseerbare energie, verpilling.

À partir d'un modèle existant de dynamique de populations de pucerons, nous avons développé une méthode permettant de quantifier la contribution de parasitoïdes à la réduction du maximum de densité de pucerons. La méthode a été validée, sur deux ans en champ de soya, en utilisant le modèle biologique composé du puceron du soya (Aphis glycines Matsumura) et de Aphelinus certus Jasnosh, son parasitoïde le plus abondant au nord-est de l'Amérique du Nord. La méthode a estimé que les densités naturelles de A. certus n'avait réduit les pics de densités de pucerons que de 1-6%. La cause de cette faible régulation est associée à un établissement tardif des populations de A. certus en champ de soya, mais les mécanismes sous-jacents restent inconnus. À cet effet, les proportions d'hyperparasitisme sur A. certus, avant le pic de densité de pucerons, étaient trop faible pour que l'hyperparasitisme puisse en être tenu responsable. Concernant la dynamique des populations de pucerons, nous avons proposé une re-paramétrisation du modèle mentionné précédemment afin de faciliter l'interprétation de ses paramètres lorsque la colonisation des champs par les pucerons n'était pas simultanée. Cette stratégie nous a permis d'établir que l'occurrence du pic de densité de puceron du soya est facilement prédictible de sa date de colonisation en champ. Nous recommandons l'utilisation de modèles afin de prédire les pics de densité de pucerons et d'utiliser la méthode d'estimation de l'impact afin d'incorporer des stratégies de relâchers augmentatifs de parasitoïdes aux programmes de lutte existants contre les pucerons. / Building upon an existing aphid population dynamics model, we develop a method to quantify the contribution of parasitoids in reducing the maximum aphid density. We validated the method, over a two years study in soybean fields, using the biological model made of the soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) and Aphelinus certus Jasnosh, its most abundant parasitoid in north-eastern North America. The method estimated that natural populations of A. certus reduced peak soybean aphid densities by only 1-6%. The cause of this low regulation is associated to the late establishment of A. certus population in soybean field, although the underlying mechanisms remains unknown. Proportion hyperparasitism on A. certus, before peak soybean aphid densities, were too low for hyperparasitism to be accounted for the poor efficacy of A. certus in regulating the soybean aphid. Regarding aphid population dynamics, we proposed a re-parameterisation of the aforementioned model to facilitate the interpretation of its parameters when field colonization by aphids is not simultaneous. This allowed us to identify a high predictability in peak aphid densities from colonization time for the soybean aphid. We recommend using models to forecast peak aphid densities and to use the impact assessment method to incorporate augmentative parasitoid release strategies into aphid management programmes.