Objectives: The objectives of this research were to describe the interactions (formal and informal) in which macrocognitive functions occur and their location on a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU); describe challenges and facilitators of macrocognition using three constructs of space syntax (openness, connectivity, and visibility); and analyze the health care built environment (HCBE) using those constructs to explicate influences on macrocognition. Background: In high reliability, complex industries, macrocognition is an approach to develop new knowledge among interprofessional team members. Although macrocognitive functions have been analyzed in multiple health care settings, the effect of the HCBE on those functions has not been directly studied. The theoretical framework, “Macrocognition in the Health Care Built Environment” (m-HCBE) addresses this relationship. Methods: A focused ethnographic study was conducted, including observation and focus groups. Architectural drawing files used to create distance matrices and isovist field view analyses were compared to panoramic photographs and ethnographic data. Results: Neighborhoods comprised of corner configurations with maximized visibility enhanced team interactions as well as observation of patients, offering the greatest opportunity for informal situated macrocognitive interactions (SMIs). Conclusions: Results from this study support the intricate link between macrocognitive interactions and space syntax constructs within the HCBE. These findings help to advance the m-HCBE theory for improving physical space by designing new spaces or refining existing spaces, or for adapting IPT practices to maximize formal and informal SMI opportunities; this lays the groundwork for future research to improve safety and quality for patient and family care.

This study examines Istanbul from the late 19th to early 20th century, focusing on its architectural and urban configuration. As the capital of the Ottoman Empire until 1923, Istanbul underwent significant changes that reflected the broader socioeconomic and political shifts of the era. This research primarily utilizes Mir'ât-ı İstanbul (The Mirror of Istanbul) by Kolağası Mehmed Râif Efendi, published in 1898, as a key text for analyzing the city's urban layout and architectural features. Supplementary sources include the 18th century Hadîkatü’l-Cevâmi‘ by Hüseyin Ayvansarâyî and John Murray's guidebook, Handbook for Travellers in Constantinople. The Mir’ât-ı İstanbul is positioned within the travel writing genre as an urban history source, both in global and local contexts. Mehmed Râif defines the work as a guide for those familiar and unfamiliar with Istanbul, presenting the city’s spatial information through systematic and practical details rather than a narrative structure. In this regard, Mir’ât differs from classical travelogues by offering direct and functional information about the city instead of personal experiences or stories. Moreover, the study investigates the reasons behind the creation of Mir'ât, emphasizing the urgency of preserving architectural heritage in the face of frequent natural disasters like fires and earthquakes, which were prevalent in Istanbul during that period. This preservationist impulse is seen as a response to the broader legal and administrative reforms aimed at safeguarding antiquities and historical structures. The study's methodology involves a comparative textual analysis to discern how different authors perceived and documented Istanbul's urban landscape. It integrates digital and spatial humanities tools, notably Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Space Syntax analysis, to spatially reconstruct and analyze the city's historical urban fabric. GIS enable the precise digital visualization of historical landscapes, while Space Syntax offers valuable analysis of historical urban networks, revealing patterns of connectivity and accessibility through the configuration of street layouts. The application of digital methodologies, such as Voronoi mapping, also holds potential for understanding the influence zones of neighborhoods and mosques. Through these methods, the research offers a model for future research that combines close and distant reading methodologies.:TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose and scope of the study 1.2 Methodology 1.3 Biography of Kolağası Mehmed Râif Efendi 1.4 The Source and the Literature Review 1.4.1 Urban Space and Travel Writing: A Theoretical Framework 1.4.2 Locating Mir’ât-ı İstanbul in the Global Context as a Guidebook and a Source of Urban History MİR’ÂT-I İSTANBUL 2.1 Urban Glimpse into Istanbul during the period of Mir'ât-ı İstanbul 2.2 Earthquakes and Fires: Does Mir’ât-ı İstanbul Serve as an Effort to Preserve Istanbul’s Legacy Through Documentation? 2.3 Traveling Istanbul through the lines of Mir’ât: A Close Reading 2.4 Spatial and Thematic Mapping of the Mir’ât-ı İstanbul 2.4.1 WATER STRUCTURES 2.4.1.1 Fountains, Sebils, Baths, Bends, Pools, Aqueducts, Water Gauges, Mills, Wells, Water pumps, Water columns, Water tanks and Ayazmas 2.4.2 RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES 2.4.2.1 Mosques 2.4.2.2 Masjids and Namazgahs 2.4.2.3 Dervish Lodges, Tombs, Dargahs, Zawiyahs, Mevlevi Houses, Hankahs, and Semahanes 2.4.2.4 Churches, Synagogues and Monasteries 2.4.3 OFFICIAL STRUCTURES 2.4.3.1 Police Stations (Karakolhane) 2.4.3.2 Muwaqqitkhanas, Post Offices, Telegraph Offices, Banks, Courthouses, Embassies, Hospitals, Offices and Railway Stations 2.4.4 PRIVATE STRUCTURES 2.4.4.1 Coastal Palaces, Mansions, Palaces, and Pavilions 2.4.5 EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURES 2.4.5.1 Maktabs 2.4.5.2 Madrasas and Darülkurrâs 2.4.5.3 Engineering Schools (Mühendishane) 2.4.5.4 Foreign and Non-Muslim Schools 2.4.6 PUBLIC STRUCTURES AND AREAS 2.4.6.1 Bazaars and Flea Market 2.4.6.2 Garden, Nüzhetgah and Promenades, and Hills 2.4.6.3 Carpentry Shops, Forges, Foundries, Kalhanes, Tanneries, Factories, Copper Mines and Mints 2.4.6.4 Bridges, Dalyans, Gates, Lighthouses, Towers, Wharves, and Ports 2.4.6.5 Casino, Hotels, Imarets, Khans, Libraries, Matbahs, Taamhanes, Printing Houses, and Bakeries 2.4.6.6 Towers, Clock Towers, Columns, Inscriptions, Nişantaşı, Stones, and Kız Kulesi (Maiden's Tower) 2.4.7 MILITARY STRUCTURES 2.4.7.1 Castles, Fortresses, Armories, Barracks, Bastions, Maneges, Tanks and Warehouses 2.4.8 MAHALLE (NEIGHBOURHOODS) AND PLACE NAMES 2.4.9 Conclusion ISTANBUL IN BETWEEN CONTINENTS AND CENTURIES 3.1 A Spatial Comparison of the Mir’ât-ı İstanbul, Hadîkatü’l-Cevâmi‘ and Handbook for Travellers 3.2 A Handbook for Travellers by John Murray Publishing 3.3 Spatial and Thematic Comparison of the Handbook for Travellers and Mir’ât-ı İstanbul 3.3.1 WATER STRUCTURES 3.3.1.1 Fountains, Sebils, Baths, Bends, Aqueducts, Mills, and Ayazmas 3.3.2 RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES 3.3.2.1 Mosques 3.3.2.2 Masjids 3.3.2.3 Dervish Lodges, Dargahs, and Mevlevi Houses 3.3.2.4 Tombs 3.3.2.5 Churches 3.3.3 OFFICIAL STRUCTURES 3.3.3.1 Police Stations 3.3.3.2 Post Offices, Telegraph Offices, Banks, Courthouses, Embassies, Hospitals, Offices, Forwarding Agents, and Railway Stations 3.3.4 EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURES 3.3.4.1 Colleges, Schools, Universities, Institutes, Madrasas, and Maktabs 3.3.5 PUBLIC STRUCTURES 3.3.5.1 Clubs, Shops, Restaurants, Hatters, Tailors, Opticians, Photographers, Gunsmiths, Watchmakers, Shoemakers and Confectioners 3.3.5.2 Bazaars and Flea Market 3.3.5.3 Squares, Gardens, and Forests 3.3.5.4 Coal Merchants, Kaik Khânehs, Mills, Shipyards, and Factories 3.3.5.5 Bridges, Gates, Lighthouses, Wharves, and Ports 3.3.5.6 Hotels, Imarets, Khans, Libraries, Printing Houses 3.3.5.7 Towers, Clock Towers, Columns, Stones 3.3.6 MILITARY STRUCTURES 3.3.6.1 Castles, Fortresses, Barracks, Bastions ISTANBUL'S URBAN PATTERN IN THE LATE 19th AND EARLY 20th CENTURY: A COMPUTATIONAL APPROACH 4.1 The urban pattern and the thematic distribution of architectural structures in the Mir’ât-ı İstanbul: A Distant Reading 4.2 Neighboring Structures: Spatial Relationship Between Masjids and Surrounding Buildings 4.3 Urban Sphere of Influence of Masjids and Neighborhoods through Voronoi Diagram 4.4 The Spatial Distribution of Fountains in Istanbul by Sponsors 4.5 Istanbul's Historical Street Networks: Space Syntax Analysis 4.5.1. Global and Local Axial Integration Analysis of Historical Istanbul 4.5.1.1 Global and Local Integration of Galata Region 4.5.1.2 Global and Local Integration of Suriçi and Eyüp Regions 4.5.1.3 Global and Local Integration of Üsküdar Region 4. 5. 2 Global Axial Integration Analysis of Historical Istanbul as A Wholistic Perspective CONCLUSION REMARKS AND RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES