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With the years ahead promising few certainties, limited growth and challenges from every direction to the investment assumptions of old, commercial real estate is taking on new relevance. Both listed and unlisted commercial real estate investments have come of age. This thesis will look at the opportunities which direct property and REITs offer to investors, and consider the wide-ranging contribution the sector makes to society and the entire economy. The dissertation consists of a general introduction and three independent but relevant chapters to deeply analyze the Spanish and the Chinese cross-border real estate investment issues from diversified perspectives. The thesis involves both listed and unlisted real estate questions that are unexplained well in existing literature yet. The general introduction broadly presents a big picture of the globe, the Spanish, and the Chinese real estate investment environments and status, respectively. Also, the research background and significance, as well as the theoretical foundation for this study and methodologies adopted for each chapter are lined out here. Chapter 1 aims to figure out those potential determinants for international capital flow towards the Spanish unlisted real estate and construction sectors. By applying the Stock-adjustment model developed by William H. Branson in 1968, and via the Vector Autoregression (VAR), Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), as well as the Pooled Engle and Granger Least Square (Pooled-EGLS) regression method, the empirical results demonstrated that the Spanish GDP growth rate, the M3 money supply, housing prices, country risk, as well as interest rates have a strong correlation with foreign real estate capital flow towards the Spanish property sector. Besides, cross-border capital flows into the Spanish construction sector is also estimated by utilizing the same indicators for real estate study. But less evidence is found through the same pattern. Chapter 2 focuses on the analyses of risk and returns relationship far the Spanish REITs. The celebrated Fama and French Three-Factor (FF3) model developed by Eugene Fama and Kenneth French in 1993 is applied in this case. Based on the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL), the results indicate that the Spanish REITs yields can be explained well by the Market, Size, and Value three standard Fama-French factors, which are in line with the previous research on common shares. By comparison purposes, the Carhart four factors model that expanded from the FF3 model also employed. However, the momentum indicator is not significant in this case. Chapter 3 analyzes what drivers that likely drive the Chinese real estate capital outflows to the main European cities. This article adopts the Gravity Model of trade to do the research, which has been extensively utilizing far FDI studies. Due to the zero-investment issue that exists during the sample period, the Heckman model is utilized to avoid the sample selection bias. Both Maximum Likelihood and Two-Step regression methods are run but paying attention to the results from the ML method. The first-step regression results indicating that push factors such as China's foreign exchange reserves and the Chinese government investment policy (Belt & Road lnitiative), as well as a set of pull factors including the host cities inflation, real estate transparency, housing prices index, and the total resident population, affecting the probability that China sends its real estate capital to the recipient cities. For the gravity model that corrected by the lnverse Mills Ration, the second-step regression results tell that only the Chinese GDP affects the real estate capital outflows in the destinations in this case.

In many cases in the past fish bones recovered during archaeological excavations at Upper Palaeolithic sites were often assumed to result from human activity without any consideration for alternate accumulation processes. Many of these assemblages had not been analysed in a scientifically rigorous manner, with some receiving no consideration at all. A review of current evidence and results of new analyses indicate that salmonids (salmon and trout) are the most frequently recorded fish at the European Palaeolithic cave sites. Two potential accumulation agents for fish remains were explored: brown bears (Ursus arctos) and eagle owls (Bubo bubo). Controlled feeding experiments integrated with ecological studies indicate that salmonid remains survive the digestive systems of both species and result in distinctive patterning in assemblage characteristics. Post-depositional taphonomic processes, such as trampling, also produce distinct taphonomic signatures and are an agent of differential inter-species preservation. A thorough consideration of depositional and post-depositional processes of archaeological assemblages in central Italy (Grotta di Pozzo, Maritza, La Punta and Ortucchio) and Spain (El Juyo, Altamira, Salitre, Castillo and Rascaño) shows that the fish remains from these sites result from human activity. The overrepresentation of cranial elements at the Italian sites suggest that fish were processed by removing the head to perhaps smoke or dry before transportation to other locations for consumption. This research lead to improved methods of analysis, and thus enhanced understanding of the role of fishing and fish consumption in Upper Palaeolithic hunter-gatherer societies.

Castilian law developed during the Reconquest of Spain. Women received certain legal rights to persuade them to move to the villages on the expanding frontier. These legal rights were codified in Las Siete Partidas, the monumental work of Castilian law, compiled in the thirteenth century. Under Queen Isabella, Castilian law became the law of all Spain. As Spain discovered, explored, and colonized the New World, Castilian law spread. The Recopilacidn de Los Leyes de Las Indias complied the laws for all the colonies. Texas, as the last area in North America settled by Spain, retained Castilian law. Case law from the Bexar Archives proves this for the Villa of San Fernando(present-day San Antonio). Castilian laws and customs persisted even on the Texas frontier.

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Thesis advisor: Owen Stanwood / This dissertation is a history of the First Irish Diaspora and its relationship to the Spanish Empire’s eighteenth-century Bourbon Reforms. Although there is a long history of Irish migration to Spain, I argue that the conjuncture of the War of the English Succession (1688-1695) and the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713) foreclosed hopes of a reversal of the seventeenth century Irish land-confiscations which defined the English conquest and colonization of Ireland, pushing thousands of Irish Catholics into exile near-simultaneous to the ascension of a reform-minded Bourbon monarchy to the Spanish thrown which opened new opportunities for useful subjects. At the same time, these wars established the emergent British Empire as a rising Atlantic hegemon and exposed the fragility of a Spanish Empire widely viewed by contemporaries as in decline. In such a context, Irish familiarity with British methods of empire-making made them ideal imperial translators for the Spanish Crown precisely as the empire embarked on its Bourbon Reform program. Genealogy and religion formed the foundations of Irish assimilation into the Spanish Empire – the Irish became Hiberno-Spaniards because of the “genealogical fiction” that the Irish sliocht (“race,” literally “seed”) descended from Spaniards and because they were Catholic. In Spain, the impact of this Hiberno-Spanish diaspora on the Bourbon Reforms began following the War of the Spanish Succession and reached its crescendo in the aftermath of Spain’s disastrous defeat in the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763). Specifically, Hiberno-Spanish imperialists in the metropole were important participants in the debates and decisions that promoted liberalizing national-colonial trade, investments in infrastructure, the emulation of foreign practices such as British and Irish economic societies, and more; i.e. the emulation of British political economy. Their principal contribution to the empire was the translation of political economic statecraft and a cosmopolitanism of exile that honed their ability to translate foreign ideas in an age of imperial emulation and made them especially effective imperial intermediaries in polyglot and liminal spaces such as the Gulf Coast borderlands. There, in Cuba, Texas, Louisiana, and Florida, Hiberno-Spanish slavers, governors, merchants, and imperialists were important contributors to Spain’s real but ephemeral resurgence in colonial North America and the Atlantic world. The Spanish Empire collapsed and Irish emigration patterns rerouted to North America, but Hiberno-Spaniards and the Bourbon Reforms first accelerated the processes of colonization and slavery that transformed Cuba and the Gulf Coast into the world’s capital of cotton, sugar, and slavery in the nineteenth century. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2022. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History.

Thesis. 1978. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Earth and Planetary Science. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science. / Bibliography: leaves 264-283. / Ph.D.

Modernization theory hypothesizes that ethnicity and ethnic activism will diffuse and dissipate following industrialization because in industrial economies class will replace ethnicity as the basis for individual and group identity. However, the persistence of ethnic activism, including autonomist and separatist movements in Western European countries. challenges the validity of that hypothesis. Equally significant, many attempts, historical and contemporary, to suppress ethnicity and ethnic activism have failed. Neither class consciousness nor nationalist consciousness has transcended or displaced ethnic and regional identity. Such is the case for Spain. This study attempts to show that suppressive action by the state, not change in the economy, is the independent variable that explains contemporary ethnicity and ethnic activism. Suppressive action is defined as any policy, repression, or other activity by the state aimed at suppressing ethnic identity and autonomy. / Master of Arts