京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第21823号 / 農博第2336号 / 新制||農||1067(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H31||N5195(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科生物資源経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 栗山 浩一, 教授 伊藤 順一, 教授 梅津 千恵子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

This paper tests the regional convergence of GDP per capita across 27 Chinese provinces during the period 1961-2018 with considering the spatial interactions. First, this study only finds a slight divergence over the entire period. Furthermore, the flowing research of this paper divides the overall time span into three sub-period based on two major economic policies, namely the “Open Door Policy” and the “Western Development Strategy”. During the period 1961-1977, which is regarded as a phase of planned economy, this paper finds the evidence of regional convergence. Moreover, the results indicate a slight divergence in GDP per capita during the period 1978-1999, proving that the “Open Door Policy” intensifies regional gaps of China. Finally, this study verifies the role of the “Western Development Strategy” in reducing regional differences since a convergence is found during the last period 2000-2018. The outcomes of this research reveal a strong relationship between economic policies and regional convergence, and thus the transition of policies should be considered when investigating the economic convergence. Furthermore, this research also verifies the importance of spatial effects in the process of convergence or divergence. The results are likely to be biased if the spatial dependence is neglected.

The empirical literature and government reports alike indicate methamphetamine poses a great threat to the United States in areas such as crime. However, the current scholarship on drug crime has limited information on issues related to methamphetamine crime. To date, previous works on drug crime have yet to systemically examine the impacts of drug seizure amounts related to drug enforcement actions on methamphetamine crime. Further, we do not know whether the findings of earlier works extend and apply to methamphetamine crime. The present study, built on these earlier studies, proposes to examine the impacts of two different types of methamphetamine seizure incidents, small-scale seizures, which are most likely associated with street-level methamphetamine enforcement actions (i.e., arrests and citations), and large-scale seizure incidents, which are most likely associated with high-level methamphetamine enforcement actions (i.e., preplanned enforcement actions such as raids and long-term narcotics investigations), in and around target locations on later street-level methamphetamine crime incidents in the target location. In other words, the main objective of this study is to measure the spatiotemporal spillover impacts of large-scale and small-scale methamphetamine seizure incidents. Methamphetamine crime incident and seizure data, covering January 1, 2015 through December 31, 2020, was obtained from the Automated Regional Justice Information System (ARJIS), a division of the San Diego Association of Governments. A two-way fixed-effects (2WFE) spatial lag of X (SLX) model was used to test the aforementioned research questions. Nearby areas based on the target location were defined using first- and second-order queen contiguity method. Larger size nearby target locations were defined by combining areas generated by these two queen contiguity methods. The theories of deterrence, spatial diffusion of benefits, and spatial displacement were applied to explain the spatiotemporal dynamics connecting methamphetamine seizure amounts to later street-level methamphetamine crime incidents. Broadly, the results of regression analysis found possible spatial displacement of methamphetamine crime associated with small-scale seizure incidents while spatial diffusion of benefits was associated with large-scale seizure incidents. The impact sizes and statistical significance of these methamphetamine seizure incidents were dependent on space-time combination. The findings have theoretical, practical, and policy implications for both drug crime researchers and policing practitioners concerned with understanding and suppressing methamphetamine crime. / Criminal Justice

This study investigates and quantifies the effect of different specifications of the spatial weights matrix (��) on estimates and inferences in the context of a regression model using the lattice perspective with polygon-type data. The study also investigates an alternative to the specification of �� by estimating a spatial variance-covariance matrix based on known features of the spatial data. Previous literature has addressed the a priori construction of �� and selection criteria but assumes point-type data. This study’s primary contribution is the setup of a true and known benchmark that allows the comparison of the different specifications of ��. This is accomplished by using a disaggregate point-type data generating process which is then aggregated into polygon-type data. Monte Carlo simulations show that current specifications of �� used in maximum likelihood estimation for the spatial error model perform poorly. Additionally, the estimated spatial variance-covariance matrix outperforms the traditional specifications of ��.

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Spatial interaction models of the gravity type are widely used to model origindestination flows. They draw attention to three types of variables to explain variation in spatial interactions across geographic space: variables that characterise an origin region of a flow, variables that characterise a destination region of a flow, and finally variables that measure the separation between origin and destination regions. This paper outlines and compares two approaches, the spatial econometric and the eigenfunction-based spatial filtering approach, to deal with the issue of spatial autocorrelation among flow residuals. An example using patent citation data that capture knowledge flows across 112 European regions serves to illustrate the application and the comparison of the two approaches.(authors' abstract)

This paper concentrates on the central link between productivity and knowledge capital, and shifts attention from firms and industries to regions. The objective is to measure knowledge elasticity effects within a regional Cobb- Douglas production function framework, with an emphasis on knowledge spillovers. The analysis uses a panel of 203 European regions to estimate the effects over the period 1997-2002. The dependent variable is total factor productivity (TFP). We use a region-level relative TFP index as an approximation to the true TFP measure. This index describes how efficiently each region transforms physical capital and labour into outputs. The explanatory variables are internal and out-of-region stocks of knowledge, the latter capturing the contribution of interregional knowledge spillovers. We use patents to measure knowledge capital. Patent stocks are constructed such that patents applied at the European Patent Office in one year add to the stock in the following and then depreciate throughout the patents effective life according to a rate of knowledge obsolescence. A random effects panel data spatial error model is advocated and implemented for analyzing the productivity effects. The findings provide a fairly remarkable confirmation of the role of knowledge capital contributing to productivity differences among regions, and adding an important dimension to the discussion, showing that knowledge spillover effects increase with geographic proximity. (authors' abstract)

Food safety scares affect consumption behavior, and food safety and animal health issues are increasingly impacting international agricultural trade. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral-type disease, and has raised not only the concerns of animal health issue but also food safety issue. Over 58 countries in the world have experienced FMD outbreaks, and pork exports and imports among these countries are largely impacted. This dissertation focuses on how global pork trade is affected by FMD. This dissertation consists of three parts: first, this study specifically focuses on the market of U.S. pork exports. Results show that disease-affected pork importers are potential traders with the U.S., and only importing countries with a vaccination policy are more likely to increase pork imports from the U.S. rather than those importers with a slaughter policy. Second, a further investigation focuses basic hypothesis on import demand of FMD-affected importers by using a gravity model with fixed-effects to show how pork trade is affected by FMD among 186 countries. Results confirm that pork export falls when an exporting country develops FMD. Exporters with a vaccination policy have larger negative impacts than those with a slaughter policy. Further, pork importers that develop FMD and institute a slaughter policy will import more pork, but importers with a vaccination policy import the same level of pork. Third, the findings of part one and two reveal that FMD-free pork exporters face different market opportunities when pork importers have FMD outbreaks. Hence, four major FMD-free pork exporters, such as Canada, U.S., Germany, and Spain, are further investigated. Results confirm that the impacts of foreign FMD have altered pork exporters differently. Germany has gained the most exports during foreign FMD outbreaks in pork importers; the U.S. is second; Spain is third; and Canada is fourth. In sum, this dissertation contributes to the literature of gravity model when endogeneity and heteroskedasticity may coexist, when an extremely large number of zero observations are included, when single commodity for one specific exporter is analyzed, when a spatial econometric approach is compared, and when pork export market has been altered by foreign FMD outbreaks.

This dissertation examines multiple state and local expenditure categories in the United States to expand understanding of fiscal federalism and spatial interactions among governments. First, the author investigates the relationship between police expenditures and crime rates from a spatial perspective. Both police expenditures and crime rates in one state are found to exhibit a similar pattern to that in neighboring states. Spatial correlation is also detected between police expenditures and crime rates. As police of neighbors in fact deter crime at home, there are positive externalities present among the states. Second, the author conducts new tests on the Leviathan hypothesis, i.e., more competition, smaller government. While cost efficiency is used in place of government size to capture the idea that fiscal decentralization reduces wasteful expenditures, spatial interaction is taken as another measure for decentralization. The hypothesis is supported by some evidence from total, police, highway, and welfare expenditures.