Fluxos de dados são usualmente caracterizados por grandes quantidades de dados gerados continuamente em processos síncronos ou assíncronos potencialmente infinitos, em aplicações como: sistemas meteorológicos, processos industriais, tráfego de veículos, transações financeiras, redes de sensores, entre outras. Além disso, o comportamento dos dados tende a sofrer alterações significativas ao longo do tempo, definindo data streams evolutivos. Estas alterações podem significar eventos temporários (como anomalias ou eventos extremos) ou mudanças relevantes no processo de geração da stream (que resultam em alterações na distribuição dos dados). Além disso, esses conjuntos de dados podem possuir características espaciais, como a localização geográfica de sensores, que podem ser úteis no processo de análise. A detecção dessas variações de comportamento que considere os aspectos da evolução temporal, assim como as características espaciais dos dados, é relevante em alguns tipos de aplicação, como o monitoramento de eventos climáticos extremos em pesquisas na área de Agrometeorologia. Nesse contexto, esse projeto de mestrado propõe uma técnica para auxiliar a análise espaço-temporal em data streams multidimensionais que contenham informações espaciais e não espaciais. A abordagem adotada é baseada em conceitos da Teoria de Fractais, utilizados para análise de comportamento temporal, assim como técnicas para manipulação de data streams e estruturas de dados hierárquicas, visando permitir uma análise que leve em consideração os aspectos espaciais e não espaciais simultaneamente. A técnica desenvolvida foi aplicada a dados agrometeorológicos, visando identificar comportamentos distintos considerando diferentes sub-regiões definidas pelas características espaciais dos dados. Portanto, os resultados deste trabalho incluem contribuições para a área de mineração de dados e de apoio a pesquisas em Agrometeorologia. / Data streams are usually characterized by large amounts of data generated continuously in synchronous or asynchronous potentially infinite processes, in applications such as: meteorological systems, industrial processes, vehicle traffic, financial transactions, sensor networks, among others. In addition, the behavior of the data tends to change significantly over time, defining evolutionary data streams. These changes may mean temporary events (such as anomalies or extreme events) or relevant changes in the process of generating the stream (that result in changes in the distribution of the data). Furthermore, these data sets can have spatial characteristics such as geographic location of sensors, which can be useful in the analysis process. The detection of these behavioral changes considering aspects of evolution, as well as the spatial characteristics of the data, is relevant for some types of applications, such as monitoring of extreme weather events in Agrometeorology researches. In this context, this project proposes a technique to help spatio-temporal analysis in multidimensional data streams containing spatial and non-spatial information. The adopted approach is based on concepts of the Fractal Theory, used for temporal behavior analysis, as well as techniques for data streams handling also hierarchical data structures, allowing analysis tasks that take into account the spatial and non-spatial aspects simultaneously. The developed technique has been applied to agro-meteorological data to identify different behaviors considering different sub-regions defined by the spatial characteristics of the data. Therefore, results from this work include contribution to data mining area and support research in Agrometeorology.

A cidade que mais cresce no mundo. São Paulo não pode parar... São Paulo deve parar! Mais do que slogans que marcam a história da maior metrópole brasileira, essas frases revelam uma capital marcada por mudanças e manifestações sociais típicas de grandes centros urbanos. O presente trabalho visa compreender essas mudanças por intermédio de uma das manifestações que melhor distingue o território paulistano: os homicídios dolosos, um dos principais problemas sociais desta metrópole. Para tanto, conceitos e concepções presentes na literatura que aborda o movimento da criminalidade urbana paulista são debatidos, utilizados como fundamento teórico e hipóteses a serem testadas. Além disso, técnicas estatísticas e geoestatísticas são empregadas como ferramentas analíticas do material empírico, obtido de diversas fontes. O trabalho é composto por estudos descritivo-exploratórios e análises em escala intraurbana. Congregando um amplo número de pesquisas cientificas, esses estudos buscam esclarecer por que, em um determinado período e local, as taxas de homicídios dolosos apresentam estabilidade, crescimento ou retração. Já as análises avaliam esse fenômeno do ponto de vista dos diversos padrões de urbanização e de homicídios que configuram a cidade de São Paulo. De modo geral, as investigações são consideradas em perspectiva longitudinal, o que possibilita uma observação mais adequada das nuances e variações dos homicídios, assim como melhor contextualização das matrizes teóricas que sustentam ou contestam os resultados obtidos. Entretanto, mais do que considerar o movimento dos homicídios dolosos por intermédio de suas taxas e das condicionantes que explicam sua variabilidade no tempo e no espaço, avalia-se o efeito destas entre si, sob um ponto de vista sócio-histórico e, em sentido amplo, dialético e plural. Considerando o desenvolvimento da cidade, buscou-se apresentar as transformações ocorridas na urbe e como elas se associam às taxas de homicídios. Essas transformações são vistas tanto em nível macrossociológico como microssocial. No primeiro, focaliza-se o movimento dos homicídios dolosos tendo em vista fatores históricos, econômicos, políticos e sociais que aparecem direta ou indiretamente associados com esse movimento. No segundo nível, em cada uma das milhares de partes em que a cidade é dividida são verificadas características econômicas, infraestruturais, demográficas e sociais, entre outras, que se mostraram significativas para explicar a variabilidade dos homicídios. Ambos os níveis são articulados durante todo o trabalho, sendo as conclusões alcançadas oriundas desta articulação condutoras da reflexão acerca das principais conclusões deste estudo. Essas conclusões contrariam a noção de que o movimento dos homicídios pode ser explicado por teorias universais e atemporais, apontando para a importância de uma avaliação científica da área e do período de estudo, das teorias sobre crimes urbanos e das mudanças sociais capazes de alterar esse movimento. / The world´s fastest growing city. Sao Paulo cant stop Sao Paulo must stop! More than slogans that marked the history of the biggest Brazilian metropolis; these sentences reveal a city characterized by change and social manifestations distinctive of large urban centers. The present work aims to comprehend these changes through one of the manifestations that best distinguishes the city area; homicides, one of the metropolis main social problems. For this purpose, the concepts and conceptions present in the literature that approaches the citys urban criminality movement are addressed, and used as theory basis and hypothesis to be tried. Also, the statistical and geostatistical techniques are employed as analytical tools to study the empirical data obtained through several sources. This work is composed of descriptive exploratory studies and assessments on intraurban scales. The studies gathered a wide number of scientific researches that seek to clarify why, in a certain period and location, the homicide rates present stability, growth or retraction. On the other hand the analysis approaches this phenomenon through the point of view of several urbanization and homicidal patterns that characterize Sao Paulo city. Overall, the research is taken into consideration on a longitudinal perspective, what enables a more suitable observation of homicide shades and variations, as a better contextualization of the theoretical matrices that support or challenge the obtained results. However, more than considering the movement of homicide by its rates and conditionings, that explain their variations in time and space, it was also assessed the effects among each other, under a sociohistorical point of view and, in a wider perspective, dialectical and plural as well. Taken into account the citys development, it was soughed to present the transformations that occur in the city and how they are related to the homicide rates. Those transformations can be seen in a macrosociological and microsocial levels. At the first, it was focused on the movement of homicide taken into historic, economic, politic and social account factors that show directly or indirectly associated with this movement. At the second level, in each of the thousand parts that composed the city it is verified economic, infrastructural, demographical and social characteristics, among others, that were found to be significant to explain the variability of homicide. Both levels are articulated throughout this work, and these conclusions reached arising of this articulation lead to reflection on the main conclusions of this work. These conclusions contradict the notion that the homicide movement can be explained by universal and timeless theories that show the importance of scientific assessments over place and time the study took place, of urban crime theories and the social changes capable of altering that movement.

A modelagem de processos espaço-temporais é de suma importância para dados climatológicos, visto que o clima sofre influência temporal e espacial. A classe de modelos STARMA, autorregressivo e de médias móveis espaço-temporal, adequa-se a esses processos, porém, não há, na literatura, um estudo sobre o melhor método para quantificar a dependência espacial, e não é sabido se há uma diferença entre os métodos para esses modelos. Logo, neste trabalho, é realizado um estudo de simulações do modelo STAR, utilizando-se diferentes formas para obter os pesos espaciais. Após concluir as simulações é realizado o ajuste de um modelo STARIMA para um conjunto de dados de médias mensais de temperaturas mínimas diárias coletadas em uma mesorregião localizada no Oeste do Estado do Paraná. Este trabalho é separado em dois artigos e ambos são realizados utilizando-se o programa R. O primeiro é o estudo de simulações, chegando-se à conclusão de que o método para determinar a dependência espacial interfere no resultado da modelagem e depende da região em estudo. No segundo artigo, conclui-se que o inverso da distância é a melhor opção para a matriz de pesos e um modelo STARIMA sazonal tem o melhor ajuste para o conjunto de dados em questão. / Process modeling spatio-temporal is of great importance for climatological data, once that the climate undergoes spatial and temporal influence. The class of models STARMA, autoregressive models and spatio-temporal moving averages, are suitable to the these processes, however, for these models, there is not a study about the best method to quantify the spatial dependence, and/or it is not known whether there is a difference between the methods for these models. In this thesis, a study simulations of the STAR model using different forms for the spatial weights is performed. After the simulation procedure, the STARIMA model is fitted to the real dataset of monthly mean daily minimum temperatures collected in a mesoregion located to the west of the state of Paraná. This thesis is separated into two papers and both are performed using the statistical software R. The first one is the simulation study that concludes that the method for determining the spatial dependence interferes with results of the modeling and depends on the region under study. In the second paper, it is concluded that the inverse distance is the best option for the weight matrix and a seasonal STARIMA model has the best fit for the data set.

Objetivo: Este estudo tem por objetivo apresentar diferenciais inter-municípios e temporais dos padrões de mortalidade fetal no estado de São Paulo (SP) e identificar indicadores municipais associados. Métodos: Estudo ecológico com uso de análises exploratórias espaciais e modelagem bayesiana espacial e espaço-temporal utilizando histórico de dados do estado de SP entre 2005 e 2016. Foram calculadas as taxas brutas e bayesianas empíricas de mortalidade fetal considerando município como unidade de análise e, em seguida, foram calculados os índices globais de Moran e Geary para testar a hipótese de autocorrelação espacial. Os indicadores municipais testados como covariáveis do modelo bayesiano espacial foram selecionados por uma combinação de métodos de Análise de Componentes Principais e critério Deviance Information Criterion. Foram calculdas as taxas totalmente bayesianas de mortalidade fetal pelos modelos bayesianos espacial com e sem covariáveis. A identificação de padrões espaço-temporais foi realizada pela modelagem bayesiana espaço-temporal. Resultados: A autocorrelação espacial foi evidenciada pelos índices de Moran e Geary, não havendo evidências de aleatoriedade em sua distribuição. A seleção de indicadores municipais resultou como finalistas cinco variáveis e o modelo bayesiano espacial com quatro indicadores municipais foi eleito o modelo com melhor ajuste, apontando relação de aumento da taxa de mortalidade fetal nos municípios que apresentam as seguintes características: baixo percentual de crianças entre 4 e 5 anos na escola; alto percentual de adolescentes entre 15 e 17 anos no ensino médio com 2 anos de atraso; alto percentual da população em domicílios com densidade superior a 2 pessoas por dormitório. A amplitude das taxas empíricas bayesianas e totalmente bayesianas foram reduzidas em relação à taxa bruta, de tal modo que as taxas bayesianas empíricas global e local apresentaram a menor e a maior variabilidade entre as taxas calculadas, respectivamente. A região intermediária de São José dos Campos e da Baixada Santista apresentaram altas taxas de mortalidade fetal e relação geral de indicadores municipais que indicavam piores condições. A região de Marília obteve maiores taxas de mortalidade fetal segundo o modelo eleito apesar da relação de indicadores apresentarem boas condições. O modelo bayesiano espaço-temporal identificou leve tendência de redução da taxa de mortalidade ao longo dos anos no SP. Conclusões: Os achados do estudo apontam a necessidade de intensificação de políticas públicas que gerem maior atenção à saúde das gestantes que residem em locais com alta vulnerabilidade social e baixo rendimento médio per capita, que são locais de maior risco para mortalidade fetal. / Objective: This study aims to assess differential inter-urban and temporal stillbirth patterns in the state of São Paulo (SP), as well as identify possible associated municipal indicators. Methods: This is an ecological study applying exploratory spatial analyses, using SP data history between 2005 and 2016. Crude and empirical Bayes stillbirth rates were calculated considering municipality as the analysis unit, followed by global Moran and Geary index calculations to test the spatial autocorrelation hypothesis. The municipal indicators tested as Bayesian spatial model covariates were selected by a combination of a Principal Components Analysis and Deviance Information Criterion criteria. Bayesian rates of stillbirth were calculated using Bayesian spatial models with and without covariates. The identification of spatio-temporal patterns was carried out using Bayesian spatio-temporal modeling. Results: Spatial autocorrelation was evidenced by the Moran and Geary indices, with no evidence of random distribution. The selection of municipal indicators resulted in five variables as finalists and the Bayesian spatial model comprising four municipal indicators was chosen as the best fit model, indicating a relation of increase of the fetal mortality rate in the municipalities that present the following characteristics: low percentage of children between 4 and 5 years attending school, high percentage of adolescents between 15 and 17 years old attending high school with up to a 2-year delay, high percentage of the population in households with a density over 2 people per dormitory and high percentage of the population exposed to very high social vulnerability. The amplitude of the Bayes empirical rates and Bayesian rates were reduced in relation to the gross rate, so that the global and local empirical Bayes rates presented the lowest and the highest variability among the calculated rates, respectively. The intermediate region of São José dos Campos and Baixada Santista presented high rates of fetal mortality and general relation of municipal indicators that indicated worse conditions. The region of Marília obtained higher rates of stillbirth according to the model chosen, despite the ratio of indicators showing good conditions. The Bayesian space-time model pointed to low and high-risk clusters and the Bayesian parametric temporal model presented a slight trend for decreased mortality rates over the years in SP. Conclusions: The findings obtained herein point out the need for intensification of public policies that generate greater attention to the health of pregnant women living in places with high social vulnerability and low per capita income, which are higher risk places for fetal mortality.

Submitted by Jadson Francisco de Jesus SILVA (jadson@uefs.br) on 2018-04-11T23:46:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_LuizFelipeNaziazeno.pdf: 1544725 bytes, checksum: 715a0d41004634943067cd177b927c35 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-11T23:46:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_LuizFelipeNaziazeno.pdf: 1544725 bytes, checksum: 715a0d41004634943067cd177b927c35 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-04 / It is increasingly common to find large databases with textual and spatial (latitude and longitude) information. Therefore, there is great interest in new strategies to efficiently retrieve relevant information from these datasets. One solution, which has attracted the attention of the research community, is the use of the Top-k Spatial- Textual Query. This query returns the best k spatio-textual documents considering the spatial distance between the query location and the documents and the textual relevance between the query keywords and the text associated with the documents. This work, however, studies the Top-k Spatial-Textual Query from a qualitative perspective, proposing a methodology for creating test collections using metrics to evaluate the quality of the results of the two existing ranking functions, from a textual and spatial perspective. The generated collections have a great diversity of spatial-textual data, which is vital for a qualitative study. The gained knowledge in this research provides an important source for those interested in evaluating information retrievals systems with spatio-textual characteristics. / ? cada vez mais comum encontrar grandes bancos de dados com informa??es textual e espacial (latitude e longitude). Portanto, existe um grande interesse por novas estrat?gias para recuperar eficientemente informa??es relevantes a partir destes conjuntos de dados. Uma solu??o, que tem atra?do a aten??o da comunidade cient?fica, ? a utiliza??o da Consulta Espa?o Textual Top-k. Esta consulta retorna os k melhores documentos espa?o textuais considerando a dist?ncia espacial entre o local da consulta e os documentos e a relev?ncia textual entre as palavras-chave da consulta e o texto associado aos documentos. As pesquisas anteriores concentram-se nos aspectos de performance dessa consulta, como a redu??o do tempo de resposta e I/O. Este trabalho, no entanto, estuda a Consulta Espa?o Textual Top-k a partir de uma perspectiva qualitativa, propondo uma metodologia para cria??o de cole??es de teste espa?o textuais, utilizando m?tricas para avaliar a qualidade dos resultados das duas fun??es de ranqueamento existente, sob a perspectiva textual e espacial. As cole??es geradas proporcionaram uma grande diversidade de dados espa?o textuais, o que ? vital para uma an?lise qualitativa. O conhecimento adquirido, nesta pesquisa, proporciona uma fonte importante aos interessados em avaliar sistemas de recupera??o com caracter?sticas espa?o textuais.

A cidade que mais cresce no mundo. São Paulo não pode parar... São Paulo deve parar! Mais do que slogans que marcam a história da maior metrópole brasileira, essas frases revelam uma capital marcada por mudanças e manifestações sociais típicas de grandes centros urbanos. O presente trabalho visa compreender essas mudanças por intermédio de uma das manifestações que melhor distingue o território paulistano: os homicídios dolosos, um dos principais problemas sociais desta metrópole. Para tanto, conceitos e concepções presentes na literatura que aborda o movimento da criminalidade urbana paulista são debatidos, utilizados como fundamento teórico e hipóteses a serem testadas. Além disso, técnicas estatísticas e geoestatísticas são empregadas como ferramentas analíticas do material empírico, obtido de diversas fontes. O trabalho é composto por estudos descritivo-exploratórios e análises em escala intraurbana. Congregando um amplo número de pesquisas cientificas, esses estudos buscam esclarecer por que, em um determinado período e local, as taxas de homicídios dolosos apresentam estabilidade, crescimento ou retração. Já as análises avaliam esse fenômeno do ponto de vista dos diversos padrões de urbanização e de homicídios que configuram a cidade de São Paulo. De modo geral, as investigações são consideradas em perspectiva longitudinal, o que possibilita uma observação mais adequada das nuances e variações dos homicídios, assim como melhor contextualização das matrizes teóricas que sustentam ou contestam os resultados obtidos. Entretanto, mais do que considerar o movimento dos homicídios dolosos por intermédio de suas taxas e das condicionantes que explicam sua variabilidade no tempo e no espaço, avalia-se o efeito destas entre si, sob um ponto de vista sócio-histórico e, em sentido amplo, dialético e plural. Considerando o desenvolvimento da cidade, buscou-se apresentar as transformações ocorridas na urbe e como elas se associam às taxas de homicídios. Essas transformações são vistas tanto em nível macrossociológico como microssocial. No primeiro, focaliza-se o movimento dos homicídios dolosos tendo em vista fatores históricos, econômicos, políticos e sociais que aparecem direta ou indiretamente associados com esse movimento. No segundo nível, em cada uma das milhares de partes em que a cidade é dividida são verificadas características econômicas, infraestruturais, demográficas e sociais, entre outras, que se mostraram significativas para explicar a variabilidade dos homicídios. Ambos os níveis são articulados durante todo o trabalho, sendo as conclusões alcançadas oriundas desta articulação condutoras da reflexão acerca das principais conclusões deste estudo. Essas conclusões contrariam a noção de que o movimento dos homicídios pode ser explicado por teorias universais e atemporais, apontando para a importância de uma avaliação científica da área e do período de estudo, das teorias sobre crimes urbanos e das mudanças sociais capazes de alterar esse movimento. / The world´s fastest growing city. Sao Paulo cant stop Sao Paulo must stop! More than slogans that marked the history of the biggest Brazilian metropolis; these sentences reveal a city characterized by change and social manifestations distinctive of large urban centers. The present work aims to comprehend these changes through one of the manifestations that best distinguishes the city area; homicides, one of the metropolis main social problems. For this purpose, the concepts and conceptions present in the literature that approaches the citys urban criminality movement are addressed, and used as theory basis and hypothesis to be tried. Also, the statistical and geostatistical techniques are employed as analytical tools to study the empirical data obtained through several sources. This work is composed of descriptive exploratory studies and assessments on intraurban scales. The studies gathered a wide number of scientific researches that seek to clarify why, in a certain period and location, the homicide rates present stability, growth or retraction. On the other hand the analysis approaches this phenomenon through the point of view of several urbanization and homicidal patterns that characterize Sao Paulo city. Overall, the research is taken into consideration on a longitudinal perspective, what enables a more suitable observation of homicide shades and variations, as a better contextualization of the theoretical matrices that support or challenge the obtained results. However, more than considering the movement of homicide by its rates and conditionings, that explain their variations in time and space, it was also assessed the effects among each other, under a sociohistorical point of view and, in a wider perspective, dialectical and plural as well. Taken into account the citys development, it was soughed to present the transformations that occur in the city and how they are related to the homicide rates. Those transformations can be seen in a macrosociological and microsocial levels. At the first, it was focused on the movement of homicide taken into historic, economic, politic and social account factors that show directly or indirectly associated with this movement. At the second level, in each of the thousand parts that composed the city it is verified economic, infrastructural, demographical and social characteristics, among others, that were found to be significant to explain the variability of homicide. Both levels are articulated throughout this work, and these conclusions reached arising of this articulation lead to reflection on the main conclusions of this work. These conclusions contradict the notion that the homicide movement can be explained by universal and timeless theories that show the importance of scientific assessments over place and time the study took place, of urban crime theories and the social changes capable of altering that movement.

Cette thèse présente une étude détaillée de la composition des fluides de haute température du champ hydrothermal de Lucky Strike (37°N, dorsale médio atlantique) s'appuyant sur 3 campagnes d'échantillonnage réalisées dans le cadre de l'observatoire fond de mer EMSO-Açores. Ce champ hydrothermal s'est développé autour d'un lac de lave fossile bordé au Nord-Ouest, Nord Est et Sud Est par des cônes volcaniques plus anciens. En 2013, la découverte du site hydrothermal de Capelinhos à l'Est, et présentant des compositions de fluides inédites à Lucky Strike (concentration faible en Cl et forte en Fe et Mn), nous permet de proposer un nouveau modèle de circulation hydrothermale basé sur l'application de géothermobaromètres (Si ; Si-Cl ; Fe-Mn) chimiques sur 13 évents hydrothermaux. Nous avons défini 5 groupes de sites selon leur chlorinité et leur position par rapport au lac de lave. Les fluides de Capelinhos, dominés par la phase vapeur, sont rapidement extraits de la zone de séparation de phase (estimée à 2600 m sous le plancher océanique). Les fluides à proximité du lac de lave, avec des chlorinités variables, suggèrent un rééquilibrage à des pressions et températures plus faibles qu'à Capelinhos, cohérent avec des processus de refroidissement conductif et/ou d'entrainement de saumures prenant place lors de la remontée des fluides jusqu'à la base de la couche 2A. La fluctuation de la chlorinité témoigne de la variabilité du temps de résidence du fluide dans la zone de remontée, et ses relations avec les caractéristiques physiques de la croûte océanique. Nous avons évalué la variabilité temporelle de la composition des fluides collectés au cours des campagnes effectuées entre 2009 et 2015. Deux échelles de temps sont mises en évidence. (1) l'échelle de l'échantillonnage, i.e. de l'heure, répond à des phénomènes de subsurface, et révèle qu'un fluide hydrothermal refroidi conductivement (T<150°C) est stocké dans la roche poreuse entourant le site de décharge. (2) l'échelle de temps pluri-annuelle montre une fluctuation des conditions de P et T apparentes de la zone de séparation de phase et du degré d'altération du substratum dans la zone de réaction. Les variations intersites du rapport Ca/Na (indicateur du degré d'albitisation) sont dues à la séparation de phase, à l'exception des sites du Sud-Est du lac de lave qui indiquent un degré d'altération plus élevé. La concentration en Li et sa composition isotopique indiquent que le basalte du substratum est relativement frais avec des rapports W/R proches de 1 pour tous les groupes, avec des d7Li du fluide identiques au substratum. Pour le Sr nous calculons des rapports W/R plus élevés, autour de 7-8, qui sont dus au Sr de l'eau de mer initiale qui est partiellement stocké et à la formation de minéraux secondaires(l'albite et l'anhydrite) lors des interactions eau-roche dans le faciès schiste vert. La faible teneur en métaux des fluides situés autour du lac de lave est probablement due à un piégeage en subsurface, équivalent à ~65% du Fe mobilisé dans la zone de réaction (basé sur les teneurs des fluides de Capelinhos). La variabilité de chlorinité des fluides de Lucky Strike offre l'opportunité d'étudier le comportement des terres rares à l'échelle d'un site hydrothermal. Ainsi, nous montrons l'effet de la séparation de phase sur les terres rares légères et lourdes ainsi que le lien entre l'Eu et le cycle géochimique du Sr. Les terres rares dissoutes dans le panache hydrothermal montrent une perte au cours du mélange ainsi que des phénomènes de redissolution visible via la signature isotopique en Nd. Cette modification des compositions isotopiques en Nd de l'eau de mer profonde est similaire au " boundary exchange " observé aux interfaces océan-plateforme continentale. Au vue de la répartition des champs hydrothermaux sur les dorsales océaniques, ce phénomène pourrait avoir un impact sur le bilan océanique du Nd et donner lieu à un phénomène de " ridge exchange ". / This thesis present a detailed study of the composition of high temperature fluid from the Lucky Strike hydrothermal field (37°N, Mid Ocean Ridge) collected during three sampling campaigns within the framework of the deep sea observatory EMSO-Azores. The hydrothermal field has developped around a fossil lava lake framed by three ancient volcanic cones. In 2013, the discovery of a new active site to the East of the system, and presenting an unprecedented fluid composition at Lucky Strike (low Cl concentration and high Fe and Mn concentration), lead to a new model of hydrothermal circulation based on chemical geothermobarometer (Si; Si-Cl) and geothermometer (Fe-Mn) applied to 13 venting sites. We defined 5 groups of sites based on their chlorinity and location around the lava lake. It appears that vapor-dominated Capelinhos fluids were extracted relatively fast from the phase separation zone (estimated at ~2600mbsf). Nevertheless, fluids in the vicinity of the lava lake, both vapor and brine dominated, display P and T conditions of equilibration lower than for Capelinhos fluids. This highlights on-going equilibration process through conductive cooling and/or brine entrainment in the upflow zone up to the layer 2A of the oceanic crust. Chlorinity variations highlight the varying residence time in the upflow of the fluids between vents which depends on physical characteristics of the crust. We studied the temporal variability of fluid composition collected between 2009 and 2015. Two time scales have been evidenced. The first is the sampling scale, i.e. ~1h, and corresponds to subsurface processes indicating that a hydrothermal fluid, conductively cooled (T<150°C), was stored in the porous substratum close to the discharge. The second is at the scale of the year. It shows fluctuations of P and T conditions in the phase separation and different degree of alteration of the substratum in the reaction zone. Intersites variations of Ca/Na ratios (proxies for albitisation) are related to phase separation expected the South Eastern sites that display a more altered substratum. To avoid this issue, we use Li and Sr isotopes which are not affected phase separation. Li concentration and isotopic composition indicates that basalt substratum is relatively fresh with W/R ratio close to 1 calculated for all groups with d7Li of fluid equivalent to substratum. Sr concentration and isotopic composition suggest higher W/R ratio (~7-8) because of seawater Sr partially removed in the recharge. Moreover, other parameters are at play such as secondary mineral formation (albite, anhydrite) during water rock interaction in the greenschist facies. Because the basalt is relatively fresh, the low metal content in the fluid around the lava lake is due to storage, in the subsurface, of approximately ~60-70% of Fe that is mobilized in the reaction zone compared to Fe-Mn rich Capelinhos fluids. Furthermore, the Cl variability from the fluids at Lucky Strike brings a unique opportunity to study the REE distribution from the reaction zone to the discharge into the deep ocean. We show that the LREE are preferentially concentrated into the brine phase. Furthermore, the Eu is linked to the Sr geochemical cycle. Dissolved REE from buoyant plume fluids highlight a scavenging effect. The Nd isotopic compositions indicate redissolution process. This Nd isotopes modification of the deep seawater is similar to the process of "boundary exchange" that occurs at the ocean/continents interface. Considering the global distribution of submarine hydrothermalism, the Nd modification at the ridge could have an impact on the global Nd cycle in the oceans and act as a "ridge exchange".

De nos jours, on a de plus en plus de capteurs qui ont tendance à apporter confort et facilité dans notre vie quotidienne. Ces capteurs sont faciles à déployer et à intégrer dans une variété d’applications (monitoring de bâtiments intelligents, aide à la personne,...). Ces milliers (voire millions)de capteurs sont de plus en plus envahissants et génèrent sans arrêt des masses énormes de données qu’on doit stocker et gérer pour le bon fonctionnement des applications qui en dépendent. A chaque fois qu'un capteur génère une donnée, deux dimensions sont d'un intérêt particulier : la dimension temporelle et la dimension spatiale. Ces deux dimensions permettent d'identifier l'instant de réception et la source émettrice de chaque donnée. Chaque dimension peut se voir associée à une hiérarchie de granularités qui peut varier selon le contexte d'application. Dans cette thèse, nous nous concentrons sur les applications nécessitant une conservation à long terme des données issues des flux de données capteurs. Notre approche vise à contrôler le stockage des données capteurs en ne gardant que les données jugées pertinentes selon la spécification des granularités spatio-temporelles représentatives des besoins applicatifs, afin d’améliorer l'efficacité de certaines requêtes. Notre idée clé consiste à emprunter l'approche déclarative développée pour la conception de bases de données à partir de contraintes et d'étendre les dépendances fonctionnelles avec des composantes spatiales et temporelles afin de revoir le processus classique de normalisation de schéma de base de données. Étant donné des flux de données capteurs, nous considérons à la fois les hiérarchies de granularités spatio-temporelles et les Dépendances Fonctionnelles SpatioTemporelles (DFSTs) comme objets de premier ordre pour concevoir des bases de données de capteurs compatibles avec n'importe quel SGBDR. Nous avons implémenté un prototype de cette architecture qui traite à la fois la conception de la base de données ainsi que le chargement des données. Nous avons mené des expériences avec des flux de donnés synthétiques et réels provenant de bâtiments intelligents. Nous avons comparé notre solution avec la solution de base et nous avons obtenu des résultats prometteurs en termes de performance de requêtes et d'utilisation de la mémoire. Nous avons également étudié le compromis entre la réduction des données et l'approximation des données. / Nowadays, sensors are cheap, easy to deploy and immediate to integrate into applications. These thousands of sensors are increasingly invasive and are constantly generating enormous amounts of data that must be stored and managed for the proper functioning of the applications depending on them. Sensor data, in addition of being of major interest in real-time applications, e.g. building control, health supervision..., are also important for long-term reporting applications, e.g. reporting, statistics, research data... Whenever a sensor produces data, two dimensions are of particular interest: the temporal dimension to stamp the produced value at a particular time and the spatial dimension to identify the location of the sensor. Both dimensions have different granularities that can be organized into hierarchies specific to the concerned context application. In this PhD thesis, we focus on applications that require long-term storage of sensor data issued from sensor data streams. Since huge amount of sensor data can be generated, our main goal is to select only relevant data to be saved for further usage, in particular long-term query facilities. More precisely, our aim is to develop an approach that controls the storage of sensor data by keeping only the data considered as relevant according to the spatial and temporal granularities representative of the application requirements. In such cases, approximating data in order to reduce the quantity of stored values enhances the efficiency of those queries. Our key idea is to borrow the declarative approach developed in the seventies for database design from constraints and to extend functional dependencies with spatial and temporal components in order to revisit the classical database schema normalization process. Given sensor data streams, we consider both spatio-temporal granularity hierarchies and Spatio-Temporal Functional Dependencies (STFDs) as first class-citizens for designing sensor databases on top of any RDBMS. We propose a specific axiomatisation of STFDs and the associated attribute closure algorithm, leading to a new normalization algorithm. We have implemented a prototype of this architecture to deal with both database design and data loading. We conducted experiments with synthetic and real-life data streams from intelligent buildings.

A tuberculose é uma das dez principais causas de morte dentre as doenças infecciosas no mundo, o que evidencia a doença como um problema de saúde pública. A redução da mortalidade por tuberculose em 95% até 2035, proposta pela Estratégia End TB, tem sido desafiadora para o Brasil devido sua extensão territorial, variações culturais e desigualdades na distribuição dos recursos de proteção social e de saúde. Assim, buscou-se analisar a relação espacial e espaço-temporal dos determinantes sociais e o risco de mortes por tuberculose em Cuiabá. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico, realizado na cidade de Cuiabá, capital do estado de Mato Grosso. As unidades de análise do estudo foram as Unidades de Desenvolvimento Humano (UDHs) e a população foi constituída por casos de óbitos que apresentaram como causa básica a TB registrados no Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) entre 2006 a 2016, residentes na zona urbana do município. Para identificação das áreas de risco das mortes por tuberculose, utilizou-se a estatística de varredura. Em seguida, recorreu-se à técnica da Análise de Componentes Principais que permitiu a elaboração das dimensões dos determinantes sociais. A associação entre os determinantes sociais e as áreas de risco das mortes por tuberculose foi obtida, por meio da regressão logística binária. As modelagens Bayesianas foram empregadas, por meio da abordagem Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA), para verificar os riscos relativos temporais e espaciais e avaliar sua a relação com covariáveis representativas dos determinantes sociais. Nesse período foram registradas 225 mortes por tuberculose, identificou-se aglomerado de risco para a mortalidade por tuberculose, com RR = 2,09 (IC95% = 1,48-2,94; p = 0,04). No modelo logístico, os determinantes sociais relacionados ao déficit escolar e pobreza estiveram associados ao aglomerado de risco de mortes por tuberculose (OR=2,92; IC95% = 1,17-7,28), a renda apresentou uma associação negativa (OR=0,05; IC95% = 0,00 - 0,70). O valor da curva ROC do modelo foi de 92,1%. Em relação aos modelos Bayesianos observou-se redução do risco de morte por tuberculose entre 2006 (RR=1,03) e 2016 (RR=0,98) e ainda áreas de risco que persistem por mais de uma década. Dentre os determinantes sociais, a renda foi um importante fator associado ao risco de morte por tuberculose, sendo que o aumento de um desvio padrão na renda correspondeu à diminuição de 31% no risco de mortalidade por tuberculose. Os resultados do estudo apontam que existe associação entre os determinantes sociais e o risco de mortalidade por tuberculose no município investigado, sendo este um fenômeno que persiste no tempo. O investimento em políticas públicas de melhoria de distribuição de renda pode favorecer a mudança dessa realidade. Espera-se que os achados possam nortear gestores e trabalhadores no âmbito local e regional / Tuberculosis is one of the top 10 causes of death among infectious diseases in the world, which shows the disease as a public health problem. The reduction of tuberculosis mortality by 95% up to 2035, proposed by the End TB Strategy, has been challenging for Brazil due to its territorial extension, cultural variations and inequalities in the distribution of social protection and health resources. Thus, we sought to analyze the spatial and spatial-temporal relationship of social determinants and the risk of deaths from tuberculosis in Cuiabá.This is an ecological study conducted in the city of Cuiaba, capital of Mato Grosso. The units of analysis of the study were the Human Development Units (UDHs) and the population was constituted by cases of deaths that presented the basic cause of TB registered in the Mortality Information System (SIM) between 2006 and 2016, of the municipality.To identify the risk areas for tuberculosis deaths, the scan statistic was used. Next, we used the technique of Principal Component Analysis that allowed the elaboration of the dimensions of social determinants. The association between social determinants and risk areas for tuberculosis deaths was obtained through binary logistic regression. Bayesian modeling was used, through the Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA) approach, to verify temporal and spatial relative risks and to evaluate its relationship with covariables representative of social determinants. During this period, there were 225 deaths due to tuberculosis and a risk cluster was identified for tuberculosis mortality, with RR = 2.09 (IC95% = 1.48-2.94, p = 0.04). In the logistic model, the social determinants related to school deficit and poverty were associated with the risk cluster of deaths due to tuberculosis (OR = 2.92, IC95% = 1.17-7.28), income had a negative association (OR = 0.05, IC95% = 0.00 - 0.70). The value of the ROC curve of the model was 92.1%. In relation to Bayesian models, there was a reduction in the risk of death due to tuberculosis between 2006 (RR = 1.03) and 2016 (RR = 0.98), as well as risk areas that persisted for more than a decade. Among the social determinants, income was an important factor associated with the risk of death due to tuberculosis, and the increase of a standard deviation in the income corresponded to a 31% decrease in the risk of mortality due to tuberculosis. The results of the study indicate that there is an association between the social determinants and the risk of mortality due to tuberculosis in the municipality under investigation, which is a phenomenon that persists over time. Investment in public policies to improve income distribution may favor a change in this reality. It is hoped that the findings will guide managers and workers at local and regional levels

This dissertation focuses on the further development of creating accurate numerical models of complex dynamical systems using the holistic discretisation technique [Roberts, Appl. Num. Model., 37:371-396, 2001]. I extend the application from second to fourth order systems and from only one spatial dimension in all previous work to two dimensions (2D). We see that the holistic technique provides useful and accurate numerical discretisations on coarse grids. We explore techniques to model the evolution of spatial patterns governed by pdes such as the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation and the real-valued Ginzburg-Landau equation. We aim towards the simulation of fluid flow and convection in three spatial dimensions. I show that significant steps have been taken in this dissertation towards achieving this aim. Holistic discretisation is based upon centre manifold theory [Carr, Applications of centre manifold theory, 1981] so we are assured that the numerical discretisation accurately models the dynamical system and may be constructed systematically. To apply centre manifold theory the domain is divided into elements and using a homotopy in the coupling parameter, subgrid scale fields are constructed consisting of actual solutions of the governing partial differential equation(pde). These subgrid scale fields interact through the introduction of artificial internal boundary conditions. View the centre manifold (macroscale) as the union of all states of the collection of subgrid fields (microscale) over the physical domain. Here we explore how to extend holistic discretisation to the fourth order Kuramoto-Sivashinsky pde. I show that the holistic models give impressive accuracy for reproducing the steady states and time dependent phenomena of the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation on coarse grids. The holistic method based on local dynamics compares favourably to the global methods of approximate inertial manifolds. The excellent performance of the holistic models shown here is strong evidence in support of the holistic discretisation technique. For shear dispersion in a 2D channel a one-dimensional numerical approximation is generated directly from the two-dimensional advection-diffusion dynamics. We find that a low order holistic model contains the shear dispersion term of the Taylor model [Taylor, IMA J. Appl. Math., 225:473-477, 1954]. This new approach does not require the assumption of large x scales, formerly absolutely crucial in deriving the Taylor model. I develop holistic discretisation for two spatial dimensions by applying the technique to the real-valued Ginzburg-Landau equation as a representative example of second order pdes. The techniques will apply quite generally to second order reaction-diffusion equations in 2D. This is the first study implementing holistic discretisation in more than one spatial dimension. The previous applications of holistic discretisation have developed algebraic forms of the subgrid field and its evolution. I develop an algorithm for numerical construction of the subgrid field and its evolution for 1D and 2D pdes and explore various alternatives. This new development greatly extends the class of problems that may be discretised by the holistic technique. This is a vital step for the application of the holistic technique to higher spatial dimensions and towards discretising the Navier-Stokes equations.