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The current IT manpower outsourcing business growing soon, this is a case study of a electronic corporate IT department, and understand the current status of IT specialists dispatching and outsourcing in IT department. The main study is Dispatching and Outsourcing IT specialists, in order to explore the work motivation of IT specialists engage in the dispatching and outsourcing job, and the issue and effect in IT departments. Conclusions of this study would like to provide a reference to the IT department of related industries for the application of outsourcing, The main conclusions of the study are as follows: 1. The working motivation of IT specialists mostly based on personal career planning. And the feeling of fairness of the dispatching job and psychological contract breach about transferred to regular works would reduce the IT specialists¡¦ working motivation. 2. IT specialists engaged in outsourcing job were mostly in line with the company's business services, when they got low organization support and coun¡¦t fill the psychological need about ability to be recognized, the working motivation would be reduced. 3. For the long term, IT department hired dispatching IT specialists for saving HR cost, and reach the target in current organization. 4. Based on professional recognition, IT specialists were maladaptive in the human dispatching system that was low unique and value, and companies hired dispatching workers with cognitive bias would cause IT specialists to feel unfair, and created many issues. 5. IT department hired dispatching and outsourcing IT specialists to excute software project, but the requirement change was out of control caused the project scope extended without limitation, schedule delayed and cost raised.

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In this dissertation, through three separately published articles, I interrogate the role of expert knowledge in First Amendment theory and doctrine. I argue that expert knowledge ought to play a prominent role in answering doctrinally relevant empirical questions, as in the case of incorporating a scientifically grounded understanding of visual perception into Establishment Clause inquiries concerning religious symbols. Moreover, the generation and dissemination of expert knowledge itself is worthy of First Amendment protection, for example in protecting professional speech. And expert knowledge should determine the scope of First Amendment protection for professional advice. There is, in other words, a close but often underappreciated connection between expert knowledge and the First Amendment. In Active Symbols, I challenge the assumption sometimes articulated in Establishment Clause case law involving religious symbols that visual representations of religious symbols are merely “passive” as compared to textual (spoken or written) religious references. Drawing on one relevant body of expert knowledge—cognitive neuroscience—I argue that images are at least as “active” as text. The lack of judicial expertise on the empirical question of how visual images, as opposed to spoken or written words, communicate has led to a distortion in the development of Establishment Clause doctrine. This distortion can be remedied by taking relevant expert knowledge into consideration where such knowledge can answer germane empirical questions that are doctrinally relevant but tend to be outside the realm of judicial expertise. Professional Speech argues that the First Amendment protects the communication of expert knowledge by a professional to a client-within a professional-client relationship for the purpose of giving professional advice. The First Amendment thus provides a shield against state interference that seeks to prescribe or alter the content of professional speech. The key to understanding professional speech, I suggest, lies in the concept of the learned professions as knowledge communities. First Amendment protection for professional speech can be justified on all traditional grounds: autonomy interests of the speaker and listener, marketplace interests, and democratic self-government. Unprofessional Advice provides a theory to identify the range of valid professional advice for First Amendment purposes. Building on the concept of the professions as knowledge communities, this article explores the range of professional advice that may be given consistent with the professional knowledge community’s common ways of knowing and reasoning and the respective profession’s agreed upon methodology. Because knowledge communities are not monolithic, there is a range of knowledge that is accepted as good professional advice. Advice falling within this range should receive robust First Amendment protection. Advice not within this range, however, is subject to malpractice liability, and the First Amendment provides no defense.

Despite the recommendation to use both expert and learner feedback during formative evaluation, little research has compared the differences in data produced by these two sources. The presents study examines the differences in feedback produced by experts and learners. Six sessions with experts and six sessions with learners were conducted to obtain feedback about a six page instructional unit. The think-aloud method was used to gather data from experts and the talk-aloud method was used with learners. Comments from experts and learners were transcribed, segmented, and coded according to two coding system which addressed both the amount and type of feedback. Results indicated that when compared to learners, experts identify a higher percentage of problems, make more comments related to their knowledge of the subject matter, provide more revision suggestions, and summarize their comments and actions more often. Learners elaborate more about each problem and focus on issues related to instructional design and language. The findings support the use of both experts and learners to evaluate instruction.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1999. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-146). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1999. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-146). Also available on the Internet.

Si la fécondation in vitro est une innovation biomédicale récente, datant seulement de 1978, le recours à l’Assistance Médicale à la Procréation (AMP) est rapidement entré dans les mœurs, au point que ses procédés participent aujourd’hui à plus de 3 % des naissances françaises. Les cliniciens et les biologistes de la reproduction jouent un rôle incontournable dans ce champ. Chefs d’orchestre de la rencontre des gamètes, ils sont également les principaux acteurs décisionnaires de l’accès et de la poursuite des traitements de l’infertilité. Pourtant, leur pouvoir décisionnel a moins été étudié que les conséquences de leur intervention en termes de vécu de l’infertilité, de parenté, de filiation et de genre. C’est précisément ce manque que cette recherche tente de pallier. Au croisement des sociologies de la santé, des professions, des organisations et de l’action, cette étude vise à éclairer la multiplicité des pratiques et des représentations des spécialistes de l’infertilité à travers le prisme des décisions médicales. Elle repose sur deux enquêtes, menées pendant plus de deux ans au sein de plusieurs centres d’AMP de la région parisienne, comprenant des observations de consultations et de réunions pluridisciplinaires, et des entretiens avec des patients et des spécialistes de l’infertilité. S’appuyant sur ce corpus de données, et guidée par un souci constant d’articuler les dimensions micro et macro sociologiques, cette investigation s’attache d’abord à resituer les contextes globaux et locaux dans lesquels s’inscrivent les choix des professionnels, puis à analyser les décisions relatives à l’accès à l’AMP et aux techniques médicales. In fine, cette recherche montre que la sélection des patients et les stratégies médicales, structurées dans des cultures propres à chaque centre, apparaissent comme des compromis trouvés par les acteurs qui composent avec un ensemble de contraintes pour adopter des pratiques en adéquation avec leurs valeurs et leurs représentations. / The in vitro fertilization is a recent biomedical innovation, dating from 1978. Nevertheless, the use of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs) become widely accepted, to the point where these technics contribute today to more than three per cent of French childbirth. Clinical practitioners and biologists play a key-role in this field. They are in charge of the gametes meeting and they are also the main decision makers on the access and the pursuit of infertility treatments. However, their decisional power has been less studied than the consequences of their intervention in terms of infertility experience, kinship, filiation and gender. This is precisely what this research aims to overcome. At the crossroads of health sociology, sociology of professions, of organizations and of action, the goal of this study is to highlight, through the prism of medical decisions, the multiplicity of practices and the diversity of representations of infertility specialists.This research is build on a two years of qualitative study lead in several ART centres in the Parisian region, including observations of consultations, multidisciplinary staff meetings, and interviews with patients and infertility specialists. Based on this data, and constantly trying to articulate micro and macro sociological dimensions, this investigation is firstly devoted to report the local and global contexts where the professionals’ choices are taken, and then to analyse decisions about ARTs access and medical technics.In fine, this research points out that the patients’ selection and the medical strategies, each different depending on the specific ART centers’ cultures, appear as a compromise made between the different actors, who have to compose with a set of constraints to, in the end, start off practices in adequacy with their own values and representations.

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