<p>In phylogenetic analysis one study the relationship between different species. By comparing DNA from two different species it is possible to get a numerical value representing the difference between the species. For a set of species, all pair-wise comparisons result in a dissimilarity matrix <em>d</em>.</p><p>In this thesis I present a few methods for constructing a phylogenetic tree from <em>d</em>. The common denominator for these methods is that they do not generate a tree, but instead give a connected graph. The resulting graph will be a tree, in areas where the data perfectly matches a tree. When <em>d</em> does not perfectly match a tree, the resulting graph will instead show the different possible topologies, and how strong support they have from the data.</p><p>Finally I have tested the methods both on real measured data and constructed test cases.</p>

Over the last 35 years many adaptive traffic signal control systems have been developed presenting alternative strategies to improve traffic signal operations. However, less than 1% of all traffic signals in the United States are controlled by adaptive systems today. The extensive infrastructure necessary including reliable communication and complex calibration leads to a time consuming and costly process. In addition, the most recent National Traffic Signal Report Card indicated an overall grade of D for the nation’s traffic signal control and operations. Recent economic adversity adds to the already difficult task of proactively managing aged signal timing plans. Therefore, in an attempt to escape the status quo, a flow based adaptive split signal control model is presented, having the principal objective of updating the split table based solely on real-time traffic conditions and without disrupting coordination. Considering the available typical traffic signal control infrastructure in cities today, a non centralized system is proposed, directed to the improvement of National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) based systems that are compliant with the National Transportation Communications for Intelligent Transportation System Protocol (NTCIP) standards. The approach encompasses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) for system communication allowing an external agent to gather flow information directly from a traffic signal controller detector status and use it to better allocation of phase splits. The flow based adaptive split signal control was not able to consistently yield significant lower average vehicle delay than a full actuated signal controller when evaluated on an intersection operating a coordinated timing plan. However, the research proposes the ability of an external agent to seamless control a traffic signal controller using real-time data, suggesting the encouraging results of this research can be improved upon.

<p>Stock splits are supposed to be financial cosmetics. However, this study shows that such corporate events have impact on ownership structure. This study exploits unique data from Swedish Central Security Registration regarding ownership and analyzes the ownership structures in stock splitting firms. Our data consists of exclu-sive semi-annually reported ownership structures of companies listed on Stockholm Stock Exchange. We categorize stock owners as domestic institutional investors, foreign investors and domestic individual investors. The information on ultimate ownership composition in listed companies is rare and more or less exquisite for Sweden.Our results confirm positive abnormal returns surrounding the announcement of stock splits and stock dividends. Moreover, we find evidence on changes in owner-ship structure as well as number of shareholders. The results show evidence on decreasing ownership concentration due to the stock split, which implies a more dispersed ownership structure.</p>

Aspect splits can affect agreement, Case, and even preposition insertion. This paper discusses the functional ‘why’ and the theoretical ‘how’ of aspect splits. Aspect splits are an economical way to mark aspect by preserving or suppressing some independent element in one aspect. In formal terms, they are produced in the same way as coda conditions in phonology, with positional/contextual faithfulness.This approach captures the additive effects of cross-cutting splits. Aspect splits are analyzed here from Hindi, Nepali, Yucatec Maya, Chontal, and Palauan.

In phylogenetic analysis one study the relationship between different species. By comparing DNA from two different species it is possible to get a numerical value representing the difference between the species. For a set of species, all pair-wise comparisons result in a dissimilarity matrix d. In this thesis I present a few methods for constructing a phylogenetic tree from d. The common denominator for these methods is that they do not generate a tree, but instead give a connected graph. The resulting graph will be a tree, in areas where the data perfectly matches a tree. When d does not perfectly match a tree, the resulting graph will instead show the different possible topologies, and how strong support they have from the data. Finally I have tested the methods both on real measured data and constructed test cases.

In an increasingly online world interpersonal interactions become a less integral part of our cultural make-up. The exploration of this phenomenon is the thematic concept that activates Between You and Me - a triptych-split-screen short film and video installation. This text is dedicated to exploring how theme, technique, and theory are considered in the context of the film, and how character and form (more than narrative) illuminate the thematic concept.

With digital technology now dominating the film and photography industry, analog resources are becoming scarce. Simultaneously, memories preserved through personal family archives also are in danger of deterioration. Time, heat and humidity can cause film to decay just as the passage of time and the erosion of memory allows their contents to fade. In Looking Back, my family film and photography archives are exhumed and collectively examined by myself and my family. Reflecting upon this massive accumulation of imagery and their attached memories seems an endless task. However, as expressed in Looking Back, the greater the effort to bring conclusive memories to the surface, the more impossible the task proves to be, and larger questions about the significance of family history result.

This thesis will investigate the possibilities to wireless communicate within time critical applications with the radio protocol IEEE 802.15.4. IEEE 802.15.4 is a very quick protocol so the delays and jitter can be ignored in a small network. The thesis handles the question: Is it possible to split a CAN-bus and send the data via radio to the other side of the CAN-bus? The big problems with this are: • Will it be treated like a transparent link and not disturb the original functionality? • How does a system which is split up by radio treat new nodes on the bus? • What will be the maximum speed and the maximum utilization factor for the split up bus? • What new suitable protocols can be implemented on a higher level to get the split bus to work? This is modeled and discussed, real measurement from a radio link is used in the model to see if it’s possible. The radio communication will satisfy the demands from the company regarding their application. With an efficient error handling and a smart transmission protocol the application can be a very smart way of sending CAN-data via radio. / Denna rapport undersöker möjligheterna med att kommunicera trådlöst i tidskritiska applikationer med hjälp av radioprotokollet IEEE 802.15.4. IEEE 802.15.4 är ett väldigt snabbt protokoll så jitter och fördröjningen i sändningarna kan försummas för så små nätverk som tas upp i denna uppsats. Går det att bryta en CAN-buss och koppla in denna radiolänk så att den uppfattas som transparent? Många problem kommer att dyka upp om detta görs, några av dem är dessa: • Hur behandlar ett system nya noder som kopplas in om CAN-bussen är uppdelad? • Vilken är den maximala hastigheten och utnyttjandefaktor som kan uppnås av den delade CAN-bussen? • Måste ett överliggande protokoll användas för att sköta om datatrafiken mellan bussarna? Detta modelleras och diskuteras efter det att de uppmätta mätvärdena har samlats in och analyserats. Det som framkom var att det fungerar väldigt bra, data kommer fram i tid och felen i radiosändningarna är väldigt små. Med en väl genomtänkt felhantering och ett likaså genomtänkt omsändningsprotokoll kommer detta att fungera väldigt bra beroende på avstånd och antennval.

Many interesting ideas have emerged from research on electromagnetic eld interactions with di erent materials. Analyzing such interactions has extracted some essential proper- ties of the materials. For example, extracting constitutive parameters such as permittivity, permeability, and conductivity, clari es a material's behavior. In general, the electromag- netic eld interacts with materials either in the far- eld or near- eld of a source. This study focuses on the principle of near- eld microwave microscopy for detection purposes. Many studies have focused on the use of an electrically small resonator, such as a split-ring resonator (SRR) and a complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR), to act as a near- eld sensor for material characterization and detection. At the resonance frequency, the electric and magnetic energy densities are enhanced dramatically at certain locations in the resonator. Any disturbance of the eld around such a resonator with a material under test causes the resonance frequencies to exhibit a shift that is used as an indicator of the sensor sensitivity. In this thesis, a single CSRR is used as a sensing element for detecting cracks in metal surfaces. Many microwave techniques have been developed for crack detection. However, these techniques have at least one of the following drawbacks: working at high frequencies, measurement setup complexity and cost, and low sensitivity. The rst part of this thesis presents a new sensor based on the complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) that is used to detect sub-millimeter surface cracks. The sensing mechanism is based on perturbing the electromagnetic eld around an electrically small resonator, thus initiating a shift in the resonance frequency. Investigation of the current distribution on a CSRR at the resonance frequency shows the critical location at which the enhanced energy is concentrated. In addition, the current distribution demonstrates the sensing element in the CSRR. The sensor is simple to fabricate and inexpensive, as it is etched-out in the ground plane of a microstrip-line using printed circuit board technology. The microstrip-line excites the CSRR by producing an electric eld perpendicular to the surface of the CSRR. The sensor exhibits a frequency shift of more than 240 MHz for a 200 m crack. In the second part of this thesis, the sensitivity of the sensor is increased by lling the same crack with a dielectric material such as silicon oil. While using CSRR to scan a block with 200 m wide and 2 mm depth dielectric lled crack, the resonance frequency of the sensor shifts 435 MHz more than a case scanning a solid aluminum. Finally, the total Inductance of a CSRR for miniaturizing purposes is increased using either lumped or distributed elements. In this thesis, the designs and the results are validated experimentally and numerically.

It¡¦s recently with increasing frequency of ¡§divided government¡¨ caused by ¡§split-ticket voting¡¨, the straight- and split-ticket voting acts of electors are set great stores by the studies of voting attitude. The major and councilor elections in the end of 2002 was just right the model of straight- and split-ticket voting study that elector could vote major and councilor, which are with or without the same party. Both the aggregate- and individual-level data were analyzed in this study. The aggregate data announced by Central Election Commission was assay by King EI model to evaluate the ratio of the four voting categories. The individual-level data made after elections was based on the ¡§2002 Taiwan¡¦s Election and Democratization Study¡¨ (TEDS 2002), which was by visiting electors, and the Survey Center of National Sun Yat-sen University (NSYU), which was by phone call. The survey data of Kaohsiung elections was analyzed to find the main factors that influence the straight- and split-ticket voting, and this may help to find the true manner of voting behavior. Based on the unusually political environment, this study defined the particular ¡§general sense¡¨ straight- and split-ticket voting, including ¡§blue¡¨ and ¡§green¡¨ camps. By cross-table and logit model analysis, the properties of split-ticket voters and the recessive voters which were exclude in ¡§narrow sense¡¨ were identified. Finally, the major cause of split-ticket voting is the satisfaction of political affairs, and the principal cause of straight-ticket voting is the identification of political parties.