O objetivo deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento do modelo de uma microturbina a gás do tipo split-shaft com sistema de controle por retro-alimentação. Uma revisão bibliográfica dos trabalhos sobre controle de turbinas a gás indicou que praticamente inexistem trabalhos focando este tipo de turbina. O modelo foi desenvolvido a partir da geometria básica da turbina, aplicando-se os fundamentamentos de termodinâmica, mecânica newtoniana e mecânica dos fluidos mencionando os usos da primeira lei da termodinâmica, teoria de momento angular e atrito viscoso entre outros. O trabalho descreve os componentes, materiais e controles que podem ser usados em uma turbina split-shaft. O modelo foi simulado primeiramente sem controle e posteriormente com controle. Através dos resultados da simulação do modelo sem controle puderam ser vistos fenômenos que podem ocorrer em um sistema desse tipo como picos de temperatura, influência de uma turbina sobre a outra e a variação de injeção de combustível devido à variação de pressão na câmara de combustão entre outros. Para o modelo controlado, foram testados os controles PI, PID, PI-D, I-PD e PI-PD com feedback negativo. A escolha dos parâmetros de cada controle foi determinada pelo método ITAE dentro de um intervalo para cada parâmetro. O controle escolhido foi o PI-D por seu melhor desempenho e maior simplicidade. O controle fez com que as temperaturas de pico abaixassem em relação ao sistema sem controle e a rotação do gerador de energia elétrica foi mantida com uma variação máxima menor que 1% em relação à rotação de referência. Uma modelagem foi feita para um sistema lubrificante seguindo os mesmos princípios da modelagem da turbina split-shaft. Usou-se fundamentos de mecânica newtoniana e mecânica dos fluidos, com o equacionamento da conservação da quantidade de movimento, perdas de pressão localizada e distribuída entre outros. O modelo foi simulado primeiramente sem controle e posteriormente com controle. Através do modelo sem controle viu-se os efeitos do aumento da perda de carga em um dos ramos do sistema e os efeitos de uma entrada de referência em degrau. Esses efeitos são as variações das perdas no sistema e a variação do fluxo nos ramos do sistema. Para o modelo controlado foram testados os controles PI e PI-D com feedback negativo. Utilizou-se o método ITAE dentro de um intervalo para escolha dos parâmetros. O controle escolhido foi o PI porque a diferença de desempenho não foi significativa e a parte derivativa poderia tornar o erro maior devido à forma como o sistema foi modelado. A variável de processo foi controlada e os efeitos da variação de perda de carga em um dos ramos do sistema pôde ser observada. Os modelos são constituídos de várias partes simples, cada qual pode ser substituída por um modelo mais preciso. Assim, a modelagem funciona como um guia, mostrando as partes principais do sistema e podendo fornecer dados para a elaboração de novos modelos. / The objective of the present work is the development of the model of a split-shaft micro gas turbine with feed back control system. A bibliographical review of the works on control of gas turbines indicated that there are very few works dealing this type of gas turbines. The model was developed starting from the basic geometry of the turbine and applying the fundamentals of thermodynamics, newtonian mechanics and fluid mechanics. The components, materials and controls which can be used in a split-shaft turbine are described. The model is simulated firstly without control and later with control. The results showed that, for the uncontrolled model, typical phenomena which may happen in this type of system are seen such as temperature peaks, influence of one turbine on the other and fuel injection variation due to combustion chamber pressure variation amongst others. For the controlled model, the controls PI, PID, PI-D, I-PD and PI-PD with negative feedback are tested. The parameters choice of each control is determined by the ITAE method within an interval for each parameter. The PI-D control was chosen for its best performance and simplicity. The control made the peak temperatures lower than the uncontrolled system and the electricity generator rotation error was kept under 1% with respect to the reference value. A modeling is done for a lubrification system following the same principles of the split-shaft turbine modeling. Conservation laws of mechanics and fluid mechanics are used, such as momentum conservation and energy conservation equations (pressure loss). The model is simulated firstly without control and later with control. For the uncontrolled model, the effects on increasing the head loss in one branch of the system and the effects for a step reference was showed. These effects are the variations of system losses and the flow variation in the system branches. For the controlled model, the PI and PI-D controls with negative feedback were tested. The parameters choice of each control is determined by the ITAE method within an interval for each parameter. The PI control was chosen because the performance difference was not significant and the derivative part could turn the error bigger due to the way the system was modelled. The process variable was controlled and the effects on the variation head loss in one of the system branches was observed. The models have many simple parts; each one can be replaced by a more complex one if necessary. Thus, the present modeling may be used as guide for future improvements.

O objetivo deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento do modelo de uma microturbina a gás do tipo split-shaft com sistema de controle por retro-alimentação. Uma revisão bibliográfica dos trabalhos sobre controle de turbinas a gás indicou que praticamente inexistem trabalhos focando este tipo de turbina. O modelo foi desenvolvido a partir da geometria básica da turbina, aplicando-se os fundamentamentos de termodinâmica, mecânica newtoniana e mecânica dos fluidos mencionando os usos da primeira lei da termodinâmica, teoria de momento angular e atrito viscoso entre outros. O trabalho descreve os componentes, materiais e controles que podem ser usados em uma turbina split-shaft. O modelo foi simulado primeiramente sem controle e posteriormente com controle. Através dos resultados da simulação do modelo sem controle puderam ser vistos fenômenos que podem ocorrer em um sistema desse tipo como picos de temperatura, influência de uma turbina sobre a outra e a variação de injeção de combustível devido à variação de pressão na câmara de combustão entre outros. Para o modelo controlado, foram testados os controles PI, PID, PI-D, I-PD e PI-PD com feedback negativo. A escolha dos parâmetros de cada controle foi determinada pelo método ITAE dentro de um intervalo para cada parâmetro. O controle escolhido foi o PI-D por seu melhor desempenho e maior simplicidade. O controle fez com que as temperaturas de pico abaixassem em relação ao sistema sem controle e a rotação do gerador de energia elétrica foi mantida com uma variação máxima menor que 1% em relação à rotação de referência. Uma modelagem foi feita para um sistema lubrificante seguindo os mesmos princípios da modelagem da turbina split-shaft. Usou-se fundamentos de mecânica newtoniana e mecânica dos fluidos, com o equacionamento da conservação da quantidade de movimento, perdas de pressão localizada e distribuída entre outros. O modelo foi simulado primeiramente sem controle e posteriormente com controle. Através do modelo sem controle viu-se os efeitos do aumento da perda de carga em um dos ramos do sistema e os efeitos de uma entrada de referência em degrau. Esses efeitos são as variações das perdas no sistema e a variação do fluxo nos ramos do sistema. Para o modelo controlado foram testados os controles PI e PI-D com feedback negativo. Utilizou-se o método ITAE dentro de um intervalo para escolha dos parâmetros. O controle escolhido foi o PI porque a diferença de desempenho não foi significativa e a parte derivativa poderia tornar o erro maior devido à forma como o sistema foi modelado. A variável de processo foi controlada e os efeitos da variação de perda de carga em um dos ramos do sistema pôde ser observada. Os modelos são constituídos de várias partes simples, cada qual pode ser substituída por um modelo mais preciso. Assim, a modelagem funciona como um guia, mostrando as partes principais do sistema e podendo fornecer dados para a elaboração de novos modelos. / The objective of the present work is the development of the model of a split-shaft micro gas turbine with feed back control system. A bibliographical review of the works on control of gas turbines indicated that there are very few works dealing this type of gas turbines. The model was developed starting from the basic geometry of the turbine and applying the fundamentals of thermodynamics, newtonian mechanics and fluid mechanics. The components, materials and controls which can be used in a split-shaft turbine are described. The model is simulated firstly without control and later with control. The results showed that, for the uncontrolled model, typical phenomena which may happen in this type of system are seen such as temperature peaks, influence of one turbine on the other and fuel injection variation due to combustion chamber pressure variation amongst others. For the controlled model, the controls PI, PID, PI-D, I-PD and PI-PD with negative feedback are tested. The parameters choice of each control is determined by the ITAE method within an interval for each parameter. The PI-D control was chosen for its best performance and simplicity. The control made the peak temperatures lower than the uncontrolled system and the electricity generator rotation error was kept under 1% with respect to the reference value. A modeling is done for a lubrification system following the same principles of the split-shaft turbine modeling. Conservation laws of mechanics and fluid mechanics are used, such as momentum conservation and energy conservation equations (pressure loss). The model is simulated firstly without control and later with control. For the uncontrolled model, the effects on increasing the head loss in one branch of the system and the effects for a step reference was showed. These effects are the variations of system losses and the flow variation in the system branches. For the controlled model, the PI and PI-D controls with negative feedback were tested. The parameters choice of each control is determined by the ITAE method within an interval for each parameter. The PI control was chosen because the performance difference was not significant and the derivative part could turn the error bigger due to the way the system was modelled. The process variable was controlled and the effects on the variation head loss in one of the system branches was observed. The models have many simple parts; each one can be replaced by a more complex one if necessary. Thus, the present modeling may be used as guide for future improvements.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / In this research, a Split-Shaft Wind Energy Conversion System (SS-WECS) is investigated to improve the performance and cost of the system and reduce the wind power uncertainty influences on the power grid. This system utilizes a lightweight Hydraulic Transmission System (HTS) instead of the traditional gearbox and uses a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) instead of a synchronous generator. This type of wind turbine provides several benefits, including decoupling the shaft speed controls at the turbine and the generator. Hence, maintaining the generator’s frequency and seeking maximum power point can be accomplished independently. The frequency control relies on the mechanical torque adjustment on the hydraulic motor that is coupled with the generator. This research provides modeling of an SS-WECS to show its dependence on mechanical torque and a control technique to realize the mechanical torque adjustments utilizing a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). To this end, a vector control technique is employed, and the generator electrical torque is controlled to adjust the frequency while the wind turbine dynamics influence the system operation. The results demonstrate that the generator’s frequency is maintained under any wind speed experienced at the turbine. Next, to reduce the size of power converters required for controlling DFIG, this research introduces a control technique that allows achieving MPPT in a narrow window of generator speed in an SS-WECS. Consequently, the size of the power converters is reduced significantly. The proposed configuration is investigated by analytical calculations and simulations to demonstrate the reduced size of the converter and dynamic performance of the power generation. Furthermore, a new configuration is proposed to eliminate the Grid- Side Converter (GSC). This configuration employs only a reduced-size Rotor-Side Converter (RSC) in tandem with a supercapacitor. This is accomplished by employing the hydraulic transmission system (HTS) as a continuously variable and shaft decoupling transmission unit. In this configuration, the speed of the DFIG is controlled by the RSC to regulate the supercapacitor voltage without GSC. The proposed system is investigated and simulated in MATLAB Simulink at various wind speeds to validate the results. Next, to reduce the wind power uncertainty, this research introduces an SS-WECS where the system’s inertia is adjusted to store the energy. Accordingly, a flywheel is mechanically coupled with the rotor of the DFIG. Employing the HTS in such a configuration allows the turbine controller to track the point of maximum power (MPPT) while the generator controller can adjust the generator speed. As a result, the flywheel, which is directly connected to the shaft of the generator, can be charged and discharged by controlling the generator speed. In this process, the flywheel energy can be used to modify the electric power generation of the generator on-demand. This improves the quality of injected power to the grid. Furthermore, the structure of the flywheel energy storage is simplified by removing its dedicated motor/generator and the power electronics driver. Two separate supervisory controllers are developed using fuzzy logic regulators to generate a real-time output power reference. Furthermore, small-signal models are developed to analyze and improve the MPPT controller. Extensive simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of such a system and its improved quality of power generation. Next, an integrated Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) is developed to support the new DFIG excitation system in the SS-WECS. The goal is to improve the power quality while significantly reducing the generator excitation power rating and component counts. Therefore, the rotor excitation circuit is modified to add the storage to its DC link directly. In this configuration, the output power fluctuation is attenuated solely by utilizing the RSC, making it self-sufficient from the grid connection. The storage characteristics are identified based on several system design parameters, including the system inertia, inverter capacity, and energy storage capacity. The obtained power generation characteristics suggest an energy storage system as a mix of fast-acting types and a high energy capacity with moderate acting time. Then, a feedback controller is designed to maintain the charge in the storage within the required limits. Additionally, an adaptive model-predictive controller is developed to reduce power generation fluctuations. The proposed system is investigated and simulated in MATLAB Simulink at various wind speeds to validate the results and demonstrate the system’s dynamic performance. It is shown that the system’s inertia is critical to damping the high-frequency oscillations of the wind power fluctuations. Then, an optimization approach using the Response Surface Method (RSM) is conducted to minimize the annualized cost of the Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS); consisting of a flywheel, supercapacitor, and battery. The goal is to smooth out the output power fluctuations by the optimal size of the HESS. Thus, a 1.5 MW hydraulic wind turbine is simulated, and the HESS is configured and optimized. The direct connection of the flywheel allows reaching a suitable level of smoothness at a reasonable cost. The proposed configuration is compared with the conventional storage, and the results demonstrate that the proposed integrated HESS can decrease the annualized storage cost by 71 %. Finally, this research investigates the effects of the reduced-size RSC on the Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) capabilities required from all wind turbines. One of the significant achievements of an SS-WECS is the reduced size excitation circuit. The grid side converter is eliminated, and the size of the rotor side converter (RSC) can be safely reduced to a fraction of a full-size excitation. Therefore, this low-power-rated converter operates at low voltage and handles the regular operation well. However, the fault conditions may expose conditions on the converter and push it to its limits. Therefore, four different protection circuits are employed, and their effects are investigated and compared to evaluate their performance. These four protection circuits include the active crowbar, active crowbar along a resistorinductor circuit (C-RL), series dynamic resistor (SDR), and new-bridge fault current limiter (NBFCL). The wind turbine controllers are also adapted to reduce the impact of the fault on the power electronic converters. One of the effective methods is to store the excess energy in the generator’s rotor. Finally, the proposed LVRT strategies are simulated in MATLAB Simulink to validate the results and demonstrate their effectiveness and functionality.

Följande examensarbete handlar om att ta fram konstruktionsförslag för en kopplingsmekanism som möjliggör delning av SverigeGrepens stallgrep. Produkten SverigeGrepen är med sin särskilda utformning och låga vikt ett ergonomiskt mockningsredskap. På grund av dess längd och form tillkommer en avgift för skrymmande paket vilket resulterar i en hög fraktkostnad. En lösning på detta problem är att skaftet delas itu, vilket tillåter produkten att fraktas i ett mindre paket. Vid ankomst hos kund monteras produkten med hjälp av kopplingsmekanismen. Lösningen ska innebära en minimal påverkan på egenskaper jämfört med hur produkten ser ut idag, som vikt och hållfasthet. För att erhålla ett teoretiskt underlag för problemet genomfördes en litteraturstudie. Denna behandlade områden som formsprutning och konstruktionsregler, finita elementmetoden, material, konceptval samt tidigare studier. Studien fortsatte med benchmarking och framställandet av en produktkravspecifikation. Dessa användes som grund för att generera olika koncept, där de mest lovande konstruerades i CAD. Metoder för konceptval applicerades, där slutligen två av koncepten valdes att kombineras inför en vidareutveckling. Resultatet av arbetet är ett konstruktionsförslag för en pluggliknande kopplingsmekanism som monteras på skaftets insida. Denna lösning har en låg vikt, klarar vardaglig belastning och tillåter montering av SverigeGrepens delade skaft. / This thesis aim is to develop a design proposal for a coupling mechanism for SverigeGrepen’s mucking tool which enables a splitting of its shaft and thus subsequently offer the ability to reliably mount them back together. SverigeGrepen is a lightweight product with a special design that makes it an ergonomic mucking tool. Due to the products length and shape a package fee is added in conjunction with its shipping which results in a high delivery cost. A proposal to solve this problem is a splitting of its shaft, which allows the product to be shipped in a smaller package. The product is assembled upon arrival at the customer. The solution should also have a minimal negative impact on SverigeGrepen’s existing product, such as its weight and strength. A literature study was conducted to obtain a theoretical basis. The study treated areas such as injection molding and rules for plastic design, as well as the finite element method, materials, concept selection and previous research. The study continued with market research and the development of a product requirement specification. These were used as a basis for generating product concepts, of which the most promising drafts were designed in CAD. Methods for concept selection were applied, where finally two of the concepts were chosen to be combined for further development. The result is a design proposal for a plug-like coupling mechanism that is mounted on the inside of the products shaft parts. The proposed solution offers a low total weight, endure the stress associated with everyday usage and allows the assembly of SverigeGrepen’s splitted shaft parts.