Split-mouth trials are a design of randomized controlled trial in dentistry in which divisions of the mouth are the units of randomization. Since there is more than one tooth in each mouth division, the structure of the data is complex, which can create difficulties in the statistical analysis. The aim of this study was to determine what is the most appropriate method to analyze split-mouth trials with continuous outcomes, with regards to the treatment effect estimates, power, type-I error, confidence interval coverage and confidence interval width. A superiority split-mouth trial in the field of periodontology was simulated, using two mouth divisions and varying underlying study characteristics such as correlation among teeth, treatment effects and sample size. Twenty-four statistical methods were compared across 315 scenarios. The performance of the statistical methods depended mainly on the correlation among the data, and a paired t-test performed the best across the different scenarios.

Split-mouth trials are a design of randomized controlled trial in dentistry in which divisions of the mouth are the units of randomization. Since there is more than one tooth in each mouth division, the structure of the data is complex, which can create difficulties in the statistical analysis. The aim of this study was to determine what is the most appropriate method to analyze split-mouth trials with continuous outcomes, with regards to the treatment effect estimates, power, type-I error, confidence interval coverage and confidence interval width. A superiority split-mouth trial in the field of periodontology was simulated, using two mouth divisions and varying underlying study characteristics such as correlation among teeth, treatment effects and sample size. Twenty-four statistical methods were compared across 315 scenarios. The performance of the statistical methods depended mainly on the correlation among the data, and a paired t-test performed the best across the different scenarios.

Hintergrund Die Gesundheit und Attraktivität eines Lächelns hängt zum einen von der Beschaffenheit und Form der Zahnhartsubstanz (weiße Ästhetik) ab. Maßgeblich wird sie aber auch durch einen harmonischen Verlauf des Zahnfleisches (rote Ästhetik) geprägt. Dieser Verlauf kann durch Asymmetrien und Zahnfleischrückgang (Rezessionen) gestört werden. Neben dem subjektiven vom Patienten empfundenen, ästhetischen Einbußen können Rezessionen auch ein medizinisches/ funktionelles Risiko für z.B. überempfindliche Zahnhälse, rezidivierende oder dauerhafte mukosale Entzündungen darstellen. Die Prävalenz gingivaler Rezessionen liegt bei Kindern in etwa bei 8% und erhöht sich beim Erwachsenen bis zum Alter von 50 Jahren auf nahezu 100%. Als therapeutische Maßnahmen kann zum einen der entstandene Weichgewebsverlust durch non-chirurgische, konservative Maßnahmen, wie Komposit- Restaurationen(Schmelzlift mittels Schmelz-Ätz-Technik) ausgeglichen werden. 3 4 Ist der Verlust an Weichgewebe zu groß, oder kann der Verlust durch konservative Maßnahmen nicht ästhetisch befriedigend ausgeglichen werden, besteht die Möglichkeit durch einen parodontalchirurgischen Eingriff die verloren gegangene Symmetrie der "rote Ästhetik" wieder herzustellen. Ziel Diese prospektive randomisierte split-mouth Studie vergleicht die Effektivität der Deckung gingivaler Rezessionen mittels koronalem Verschiebelappen mit subepithelialem Bindegewebe (BGT) im Vergleich zur Deckung mit koronalem Verschiebelappen mit Schmelz-Matrix-Proteinen (EMD).Als Zielparameter wurden die Verringerung der Rezessionstiefe und /-breite und der Gewinn an keratinisierter Gingiva erfasst. Alle Parameter wurden zum Zeitpunkt Baseline nach 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 und 60 Monaten dokumentiert. Methode Insgesamt wurden 102 Rezessionen an einwurzeligen Zähnen von 21 Patienten behandelt. Die Auswertung erfolgte patientenbasiert. Ergebnisse Beide Verfahren führten zu signifikanten Verringerungen der Rezessionstiefen von Baseline zur Messung nach 48 Monaten. Zwischen 48 und 60 Monaten konnte eine Zunahme der Rezessionstiefen beobachtet werden. Zu den Untersuchungszeitpunkten von initial 2.8mm bei SCTG und 2.9mm bei EMD kann nach 6 (0.9mm/1.1mm), 12 (0.8mm/0.8mm), 24 (1.0mm/0.9mm), 36 (0.9mm/1.3mm) und 48 Monaten (0.7mm/1.0mm) eine signifikante Reduktion der Rezessionen für beide Behandlungsprocedere nachgewiesen werden. Zum letzten Untersuchungszeitpunkt nach 60 Monaten wurde eine Zunahme der Rezessionstiefe (1.5mm/1.9mm) beobachtet. Die Rezessionsbreite verringerte sich ebenfalls in beiden Gruppen signifikant: EMD von 4.6mm auf 3.2mm (p=0.002), BGT von 4.5mm auf 2.5mm (p<0.001). Alle Vergleiche zwischen beiden Gruppen ergaben keine signifikanten Unterschiede. Die Breite der keratinisierten Gingiva veränderte sich in beiden Gruppen während des Studienverlaufs in beiden Gruppen nicht Fazit Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass beide Verfahren erfolgreich zur Therapie von Rezessionen der Miller Klasse I und II eingesetzt werden können. / Background The health and attractiveness of a smile depends not only on nature and shape of the tooth-hard substance (white aesthetics), but is significantly influenced by a harmonious course of the gums (red aesthetics). This course can be disrupted by asymmetries and gum decline (recessions). In addition to the subjective aesthetic loss perceived by the patient, recessions can also represent a medical/functional risk for e.g. over-sensitive root, recurrent or permanent mucosal inflammation. The prevalence of gingival recessions in children is about 8% and increases in adults up to the age of 50 years to almost 100%.As therapeutic measures, the resultant soft tissue loss can be compensated by non-surgical, conservative measures such as composite restorations (melting lift using melting etching technology). If loss of soft tissue is too large, or if loss cannot be compensated aesthetically satisfactorily by conservative measures, it is possible to restore the lost symmetry of "Red Aesthetics“. Aim This prospective randomized split-mouth study compares the effectiveness of covering gingival recessions by means of coronally advanced flap with either subepithelial connective tissue graft (BGT) or coronally advanced flap with enamel matrix proteins (EMD). The target parameters were the reduction of recession depth and wide as also the gain of Keratinized Gingiva. All parameters to baseline are documented after 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months. Method A total of 102 recessions were treated on single root teeth in 21 patients. The evaluation was based on patients. Conclusion Both procedures led to significant reductions in the depth of recession from baseline to measurement according to 60 months see below. The range of recessions also decreased significantly in both groups: EMD from 4.6 mm to 3.2 mm (P = 0.002), BGT from 4.5 mm to 2.5 mm (p < 0.001). All comparisons between the two groups showed no significant differences. The width of Keratinized Gingiva did not change in both groups during the course of study. Results The results show that both methods can be successfully used for the treatment of recessions of the Miller Class I and II

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Submitted by LAURA CELIA FERNANDES MEIRELLES ELIA null (laurameirelles@gmail.com) on 2018-01-16T18:46:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Final Laura Meirelles 16 01.pdf: 3014979 bytes, checksum: 73aa3f21d558282a53b7357e56dea35a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Silvana Alvarez null (silvana@ict.unesp.br) on 2018-01-18T15:37:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Elia_lcfm_dr.sjc.pdf: 3014979 bytes, checksum: 73aa3f21d558282a53b7357e56dea35a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-18T15:37:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elia_lcfm_dr.sjc.pdf: 3014979 bytes, checksum: 73aa3f21d558282a53b7357e56dea35a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-12-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo desse estudo clínico randomizado boca dividida foi avaliar longitudinalmente a efetividade de restaurações de resina composta de lesões cervicais não cariosas realizadas pelas técnicas direta e semidireta. Foram selecionados 30 pacientes voluntários com necessidade de restaurações cervicais do tipo classe V. Cada paciente recebeu duas restaurações, uma realizada pela técnica direta e outra através da técnica semidireta, totalizando 60 restaurações. Após a realização das restaurações, foi feita uma avaliação inicial imediata (baseline), após 7 dias, 6, 12 e 24 meses, por meio dos critérios USPHS modificado. Cada paciente foi avaliado a cada retorno por dois examinadores calibrados. A análise dos dados foi realizada através de estatística descritiva por meio de porcentagem de sucesso das restaurações de acordo com os critérios estudados e os escores obtidos. Para análise inferencial foi realizado o teste T Student para avaliar as diferenças entre extensão, profundidade e tempo. Os testes Qui-Quadrado/Fisher foram utilizados para comparação das taxas entre os grupos após cada período (p<0,05). Os resultados obtidos foram avaliados por testes de sobrevida e taxa anual de falha (Kaplan-Meier). Em relação ao tempo, foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante, sendo a técnica direta 21,8 min (± 14,50) mais rápida que a técnica semi direta 35,3 min (± 19,89). Das 60 restaurações realizadas, 1 restauração direta foi perdida por falha de retenção e nenhum paciente faltou ao retorno em 7 dias. Com 6 meses, 4 restaurações foram perdidas por falta de retenção na técnica direta e 5 restaurações foram perdidas pelo mesmo motivo na técnica semi-direta. Somente 1 paciente se ausentou. No retorno de 12 meses, 2 restaurações foram perdidas e 2 pacientes ausentaram-se em ambas as técnicas. E com 24 meses, 2 pacientes não compareceram ao retorno e nenhuma restauração falhou pelo critério retenção pela técnica direta. Na técnica semi-direta, 1 paciente ausentou-se e 1 restauração foi perdida por falta de retenção. O sucesso cumulativo da técnica direta foi de 99%, 93,1%, 88,5% e 88,5% nos períodos de 7 dias, 6, 12 e 24 meses respectivamente. Na técnica semi-direta o sucesso cumulativo foi de 100%, 92,8%, 88,4% e 83,7% nos períodos de 7 dias, 6, 12 e 24 meses respectivamente. Conclui-se que, independente da técnica empregada, ambas são boas opções restauradoras e possuem altas taxas de sucesso cumulativo nos períodos estudados. O tempo de trabalho foi superior na técnica semidireta que na técnica direta. Com o passar do tempo houve redução da sensibilidade dental em ambas as técnicas. Houve trauma gengival imediatamente após os procedimentos restauradores realizados com as duas técnicas, porém houve redução do mesmo no decorrer dos períodos avaliados. / The purpose of this randomized split-mouth clinical study was to longitudinally evaluate the effectiveness of composite resin restorations of non-carious cervical lesions performed by direct and semi-direct techniques. A total of 30 volunteers with a need for class V cervical restorations were selected. Each patient received two restorations, one performed by the direct technique and the other by the directindirect technique, totaling 60 restorations. Assessment at baseline, 7 days, 6, 12 and 24 months, we performed using the modified USPHS criteria. Each patient was evaluated at return by two calibrated examiners. Data analysis was performed through descriptive statistics analysis using percentage of success of the restorations according to the criteria studied and scores obtained. For inferential analysis, the Student T test was used to evaluate the differences between extension, depth and time. Chi-Square/Fisher tests were used to compare rates between groups after each period (p <0.05). The results were evaluated by survival and annual failure rates (Kaplan-Meier). Differences were detected regarding to time, in which direct and direct-indirect procedures last 21.8(± 14.50) and 35.3 (± 19.89) minutes, respectively. Of the 60 restorations performed, 1 direct restoration was lost due to retention failure and no patient was missing the return in 7 days. At 6 months, 4 restorations were lost due to lack of retention in the direct technique and 5 restorations were lost for the same reason in the direct-indirect technique. Only 1 patient was absent. At 12 months return, 2 restorations were lost and 2 patients were absent in both techniques. And at 24 months, 2 patients did not attend the return and no restoration failed by the retention criterion by the direct technique. In the direct-indirect technique, 1 patient was absent and 1 restoration was lost due to lack of retention. The cumulative success of the direct technique was 99%, 93.1%, 88.5% and 88.5% in the 7-day, 6th, 12th and 24thmonths periods respectively. In the direct-indirect technique, cumulative success was 100%, 92.8%, 88.4% and 83.7% in the 7-day, 6, 12 and 24-month periods, respectively. It is concluded that, regardless of the technique employed, both are good restorative options and have high cumulative success rates in the studied periods. Working time was longer in the direct-indirect technique than in the direct technique. There was reduction of dental sensitivity in both techniques. There was gingival trauma immediately after the restorative procedures performed by the two techniques, with trauma reduction with the along the evaluated periods.

Les essais randomisés split-mouth, sont fréquents en médecine buccodentaire. Cependant, certains auteurs ont suggéré que les effets traitement estimés différaient de ceux fournis par les essais en bras parallèles. Par ailleurs, l'enregistrement prospectif des essais est actuellement la meilleure solution pour lutter contre le biais de publication. Premièrement, nous avons comparé les effets traitement estimés entre essais split-mouth et en bras parallèles par une étude méta-épidémiologique. Nous n'avons pas mis en évidence de différence statistiquement significative dans l'estimation de l'effet traitement entre essais randomisés split-mouth et en bras parallèles à question clinique identique. Ces résultats suggèrent que les auteurs de revues systématiques devraient exploiter toutes les preuves disponibles, et qu'en particulier les essais randomisés split-mouth devraient être inclus dans les méta-analyses avec une analyse appropriée.Deuxièmement, nous avons évalué l'enregistrement prospectif sur des registres publics des essais randomisés split-mouth et en bras parallèles publiés en 2013 dans un échantillon de revues de médecine bucco-dentaire. Sur un échantillon de 317 essais randomisés, nous avons montré que seuls 23% des essais étaient enregistrés. Parmi les essais enregistrés, 91% étaient enregistrés rétrospectivement. Nous n'avons pas mis en évidence de différence statistiquement significative entre essais split-mouth et essais en bras parallèles.En conclusion, nous avons proposé des recommandations relatives à l'intégration des essais randomisés split-mouth au sein de la recherche, tant du point de vue du chercheur que de celui des éditeurs de revue médicale. / Split-mouth RCTs are common in oral health medicine. However, some authors have suggested that intervention effect estimates from split-mouth and parallel-arm RCTs may differ. Besides, prospective registration of RCTs is currently the best solution to reporting bias. First, we performed a meta-epidemiological study to compare intervention effect estimates between split-mouth RCTs and parallel-arm RCTs. There was no sufficient evidence for a difference in intervention effect estimates derived from split-mouth and parallel-arm RCTs investigating the same clinical question. Our results support the use of all available evidence in systematic reviews, including that from split-mouth and parallel-arm RCTs, and authors should consider including split-mouth RCTs in their meta-analyses with suitable and appropriate statistical analysis. Second, we assessed how many split-mouth and parallel-arm RCTs with results published in 2013 in a sample of oral health journals had been prospectively registered in trial registries. Of 317 identified RCTs, we showed that only 23% of RCTs were registered. Among those, 91% were registered retrospectively. We did not find any statistically significant difference between split-mouth and parallel-arm RCTs. In conclusion, we have proposed recommendations regarding the integration of splitmouth RCTs in research, from the point of view of researchers and of medical journal editors.