<p>Between 65 – 91 % of elite soccer players have at least one injury / year (Hägglund, 2007). Several researches have established models that specify psychological factors that could predict sport injuries. Two examples are Rogers and Landers (2005) stress – coping model and Williams and Andersen´s (1998) stress – injury model. The main purpose of the study was to single out significant psychological factors that could lead to an increased injury risk among soccer players. The participants were 152 male and female soccer players (m = 17, 6) studying at soccer high schools in southwest Sweden. Five questionnaires were used STAI, SAS, LESCA, ACSI – 28 and SSP. Continuously injury record was collected by athletic trainers at the school, during a period of six months. The result suggested that there are four significant predictors that in all could explain 23 % of the injuries. The main factors are life event stress, somatic trait anxiety, mistrust and negative coping. These findings are in unison with for example Williams and Andersen´s (1998) stress – injury model and should be considered by coaches when it comes to preventing sport injuries among their athletes.</p>

Between 65 – 91 % of elite soccer players have at least one injury / year (Hägglund, 2007). Several researches have established models that specify psychological factors that could predict sport injuries. Two examples are Rogers and Landers (2005) stress – coping model and Williams and Andersen´s (1998) stress – injury model. The main purpose of the study was to single out significant psychological factors that could lead to an increased injury risk among soccer players. The participants were 152 male and female soccer players (m = 17, 6) studying at soccer high schools in southwest Sweden. Five questionnaires were used STAI, SAS, LESCA, ACSI – 28 and SSP. Continuously injury record was collected by athletic trainers at the school, during a period of six months. The result suggested that there are four significant predictors that in all could explain 23 % of the injuries. The main factors are life event stress, somatic trait anxiety, mistrust and negative coping. These findings are in unison with for example Williams and Andersen´s (1998) stress – injury model and should be considered by coaches when it comes to preventing sport injuries among their athletes.

This thesis explores the general public s experiences of sport related injury (SRI) as they utilise Sport and Exercise Medicine services in NHS England. It focuses specifically on: the treatment pathways to, and utilisation of, one Sport and Exercise Medicine (SEM) clinic in NHS England; the social and economic costs incurred as a consequence of SRI; and the extent healthcare utilisation and costs coalesce to structure SRI experience. The study employs a qualitative methodology based on a two phase research design that retrospectively maps the pathways of patients (n=19) up until their treatment at the SEM clinic (focusing on social and economic costs ), and prospectively, as a number of patients (n=4) continue their treatment at the SEM clinic, thus illustrating how pathways and costs feed each other in problematic ways. Findings demonstrate that patient pathways to SEM are relatively lengthy and inefficient due to a lack of knowledge of SEM initiatives for SRI treatment amongst both GPs and patients. This leads to indirect referrals, increased workload in primary care and the utilisation of general orthopaedic secondary care services. It further highlights a number of social and economic costs incurred through SRI, such as diminished social wellbeing, increased emotional labour, poor health behaviours and workplace absenteeism, which are exacerbated through inefficient patient pathways and patient dissatisfaction with general orthopaedic treatment. The thesis is the first study to shed light on the pathways of SRI patients in the NHS and the treatment experience of SEM clinics in NHS England. It demonstrates the extent SEM initiatives justified on the basis of improving the efficiency of pathways and satisfaction of treatment for SRI patients could be more effectively implemented and identifies a number of important implications for the future sustainability of physical activity health promotion policy and the wider social and economic productivity of exercising public populations.

Background: Predictive psychological variables to sport injury have been extensivelyexplored during the last three decades. More recently, sociocultural variables have beenemphasized having a significantly impact in the injury process. Objectives: The objective was (1) systemic review studies investigating psychological, social,and cultural risk factors to acute sports injury, (2) contribute with future methodologicaldevelopment within the field of sport injury prediction. Design: Systematic literature review. Methods: The electronic databases PsychINFO, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science andSPORTDiscus as well as two earlier injury predictive reviews were searched. The inclusioncriteria were (a) prospective designs that continuously monitored injury during the studyperiod, (b) defined injury as acute/traumatic, (c) investigated the relationship or predictiveeffect between psychological and/or sociocultural risk factors and acute injury in sport.Results: In total, the literature review resulted in 65 studies. Most of the studies had aparticular focus on psychological variables, where only a minority investigated socioculturalrisk factors. The studies used mostly one single measurements wave´s for the risk factors,with regression analyses to analyze the result. The result showed that psychological as well associocultural variables can influence the risk of becoming injured. Conclusion: Progress has been made in the field of predictive research on injury. In order tocontinue with an innovative development, four specific needs for future research is proposed:(1) the application of sophisticated analyses investigating how patterns of risk factors, andtheir interrelationship, is related with injury, (2) more regularly use of repeated-measuredesigns (preferable three occasions) combined with person-oriented analyses, (3) expand theknowledge regarding intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural factors as a “third variable”,(4) focus on the sociocultural and behavioral influences in acute injury.The necessity of an integrated and holistic standpoint is warranted for future research, whereresearch based on the inclusion of various theoretical models which seek to explain the injuryprocess will expand the understanding of the complex, interactive, and dynamic conditions.

In the current study, I examined the efficacy of mindful self-compassion, imagery, and goal-setting (i.e., treatment as usual) interventions on athletic identity, knee self-efficacy, subjective knee functioning, and perceived injustice, following ACL surgery. Twenty-nine adolescent and young adult athletes participated in the interventions and completed self-report measures assessing each of these constructs prior to their surgery and over seven weeks post-ACL surgery. HLM analyses demonstrated significant decreases in athletic identity and increases in subjective knee functioning from pre-surgery through seven weeks post-surgery. Intervention group further explained these decreases, though no one intervention clearly emerged as more or less beneficial. No significant changes were observed for athletes' ratings of knee self-efficacy or perceived injustice. Limitations and areas for future research are discussed.

Název: Nejčastější úrazy v judu, jejich prevence a následná rehabilitace. Cíle: Hlavním cílem této práce je zhodnotit nejčastější úrazy judistů České republiky, zjistit mechanismy jejich vzniku a navrhnout systém opatření, který zminimalizuje výskyt zranění. Metody: V této práci byly použita metoda písemného dotazování a metoda korelačně- deduktivní. Metoda písemného dotazování byla použita ke zjištění nejčastějších úrazů, preventivních opatření a následné rehabilitace judistů. Metoda korelačně- deduktivní byla aplikována ke studiu případných korelací mezi charakteristikou úrazů, věkem, pohlavím a technickým stupněm judistů. Výsledky: Nejčastější výskyt úrazů judistů České republiky je v oblasti kolenního, ramenního a hlezenního kloubu. Ve většině přápadů se jedná o poranění měkkých tkání, které vznikají při hodu a boji o úchop převážně během tréninku. S přibývajícím věkem judistů se zvyšuje četnost jejich zranění, přičemž frekvence úrazů u mužů je větší než u žen. S vyšším technickým stupněm judisty roste i celkový výskyt úrazů. Vliv preventivních opatření nebyl na výskytu zranění prokázán. Respondenti, absolvující poúrazovou rehabilitaci, nebo alespoň používající ortopedické pomůcky, včetně tapingu, zaznamenali nižší výskyt úrazů než jedinci, kteří neabsolvovali žádnou z rehabilitačních...

This thesis explored the concept of sport injury-related growth (SIRG). Specifically, the mechanisms through which growth occurs and how it may be promoted for injured athletes. Study 1 used a grounded theory methodology to develop a context-specific theory. Aligning with a Straussian approach, data was collected using semi-structured interviews and analysed using open, axial, and selected coding. Findings revealed that the mechanisms of (a) meta-cognition, (b) positive reappraisal, (c) positive emotions, and (d) facilitative responses are what enable SIRG. These mechanisms are influenced by a combination of internal (e.g., personality) and external (e.g., received social support) factors. These factors enable injured athletes to alter their perception of their injury into an opportunity for growth, and it is by drawing upon and mobilizing a variety of these resources that athletes are able to experience SIRG. Dimensions of growth were psychosocial, physiological, and behavioral. Although this study produced a theory that explains the SIRG process, it does not propose specific techniques or therapies that encourage the development of growth. To address this issue, Study 2 aimed to investigate and identify evidence-based interventions that promote growth after experiencing adversity. To achieve this aim, a systematic review was conducted on literature pertaining to the promotion of growth for populations who have undergone a stressful experience (e.g., medical illness). In total, 34 studies were located and obtained that met the preplanned inclusion criteria. Within these 37 studies, three types of interventions were identified: emotional processing, cognitive processing, and combined techniques. The authors of the studies who successfully demonstrated the promotion of growth either identified or suggested that growth occurs through the mechanisms of cognitive restructuring and/or reappraisal. Other important considerations that were identified through this review were the duration and timing of the intervention in relation to the adverse event, and the importance of the intervention meeting the needs of the participants. Although this study offers valuable insight into how growth may be more successfully nurtured, the studies included within this review did not specifically focus on promoting growth for injured athletes. Consequently, Study 3 sought to complement this study by examining the practice-based experiential knowledge of sport psychologists who have worked with injured athletes in an applied manner. In total, 10 sport psychologists were purposively sampled and interviewed. Data was collected using a semi-structured interview guide and analysed using content analysis. Findings revealed a fluid development framework that consisted of 5 phases: (a) reactionary phase, (b) preparation phase, (c) reflection phase, (d) application phase, and (e) monitoring phase. Within each phase a set of corresponding strategies, skills, and tools were identified that the sport psychologists would utilize to match the needs of the athletes. The sport psychologists also identified a number of personal and environmental factors that either promoted or hindered the development of SIRG. Altogether, this thesis supports and extends research regarding growth and sport injury, as well as offering applied practitioners useful information for promoting SIRG.

<p>Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur manliga elitfotbollspelare (1) upplever stress under sin rehabilitering samt (2) vilka typer av strategier de använder sig av för att minska den upplevda stressen under sin rehabilitering. Elitfotbollspelarna (N=11) med en medelålder på 22 år besvarade en semistrukturerad intervjuguide gällande stress och coping under rehabilitering. Intervjuerna analyserades genom tematisk innehållsanalys. Resultatet visade att elitfotbollspelare upplever störst press och stress från sig själva och att det sociala nätverket är en viktig del för att handskas med upplevd stress. Resultatet visade även att positiv inställning är en viktig komponent för att få ett bra rehabiliteringsutfall. Resultatet från studien diskuterades i relation till relevant litteratur samt fyra utvalda teorier som tar upp de centrala begreppen i studien.</p> / <p>The purpose of this study was to examine how male elite soccer players (1) experience stress during their rehabilitation, and (2) what types of coping strategies they use to reduce the perceived stress during their rehabilitation. Elite soccer players (N = 11) with a mean age of 22 years responded to a constructed interview guide about current stress and coping during rehabilitationperiod. The interviews were analyzed by qualitative content analysis. The results showed that elite soccer players are experiencing the greatest pressure from themselves and to the social network is an important part to deal with the resulting pressure. The results also showed that positive attitudes are an important part leading to adaptive rehabilitation outcome. Results of the study were discussed in relation to relevant literature, and four selected theories that address the key concepts in the study</p>

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur manliga elitfotbollspelare (1) upplever stress under sin rehabilitering samt (2) vilka typer av strategier de använder sig av för att minska den upplevda stressen under sin rehabilitering. Elitfotbollspelarna (N=11) med en medelålder på 22 år besvarade en semistrukturerad intervjuguide gällande stress och coping under rehabilitering. Intervjuerna analyserades genom tematisk innehållsanalys. Resultatet visade att elitfotbollspelare upplever störst press och stress från sig själva och att det sociala nätverket är en viktig del för att handskas med upplevd stress. Resultatet visade även att positiv inställning är en viktig komponent för att få ett bra rehabiliteringsutfall. Resultatet från studien diskuterades i relation till relevant litteratur samt fyra utvalda teorier som tar upp de centrala begreppen i studien. / The purpose of this study was to examine how male elite soccer players (1) experience stress during their rehabilitation, and (2) what types of coping strategies they use to reduce the perceived stress during their rehabilitation. Elite soccer players (N = 11) with a mean age of 22 years responded to a constructed interview guide about current stress and coping during rehabilitationperiod. The interviews were analyzed by qualitative content analysis. The results showed that elite soccer players are experiencing the greatest pressure from themselves and to the social network is an important part to deal with the resulting pressure. The results also showed that positive attitudes are an important part leading to adaptive rehabilitation outcome. Results of the study were discussed in relation to relevant literature, and four selected theories that address the key concepts in the study

Physical activity in youth has many benefits, but parallel to these benefits, sport related injuries pose considerable risks.  It is important to public health to address sport related injuries, particularly those affecting young people, who comprise the majority of participants in organised sport in Sweden.  The first study in this research showed that inspections of local sport environments, where injuries often occur, did not occur uniformly. Two additional studies pointed out the need for better surveillance of injuries, and described the use of ambulance attendance reports as a possible improvement to current surveillance systems, with a possibility to improve safety for youth and other sport participants. Two other studies identify risk factors that were specific to football and climbing sports, which can be used to guide targeted safety interventions for the young participants of these sports.  The studies, taken as a whole, provide new information about the factors associated with sport related injuries, particularly for young people, and point out the need for better sport injury surveillance, improved inspection strategies for fields maintained by organised sport clubs in local communities, and the need to address risk factors specific to different sport activities.