Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 142-155).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 1974. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-147). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

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The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is the primary global organization responsible for implementing rules against doping in sport. A central element of its mission is the requirement that elite athletes submit their whereabouts information for every day of the year to their relevant Anti-Doping Organization (ADO), in order to facilitate no advance notice out-of-competition doping testing. These requirements have attracted considerable criticism, including the claim that they invade elite athlete privacy in a legally or ethically unacceptable manner. The validity of these claims is threatened by the contestedness of the concept of privacy, which arises from the many different uses to which the concept is put, including in legal and philosophical contexts. Resolving this conceptual confusion requires taking an explicit position on various questions of philosophical methodology, themselves subject to contention. As an alternative to such abstraction, and particularly given the need for a philosophically defensible yet pragmatic policy application, I argue that privacy is best conceived of as the absence of certain contextually relevant harms to the person, which arise in relation to such underlying normative values as fairness between competing athletes. In the specific context of elite athlete whereabouts requirements, I maintain that privacy concerns arise principally in relation to surveillance, intrusion, and breaches of confidence. Of these, the first and second face legal difficulties in the UK, on the basis of European legislation concerning human rights and maximum working time. Ethical problems also arise due to WADAs undifferentiated application of the whereabouts requirements, which ignores the heterogeneity of different types of sports and their respective vulnerabilities to doping. I argue that WADAs whereabouts requirements ought therefore to be revised to (a) ensure that they do not conflict with established law, and (b) respect the very different sets of circumstances entailed by the heteroge­neous world of elite sports.

Cognitive effort has been identified as the basis of the contectual interference (Cl) effect (Lee, Swinnen, & Serrien, 1994). It has been argued that higher levels of cognitive activity related to either the evaluation of movement information (encoding) or the retrieval of movement plans are demanded by the conditions of random rather than blocked practice. Current theories of skill acquisition appear to more heavily emphasize evaluative/encoding than retrieval processes. Furthermore, a review of evidence from research on the knowledge of results (KR) and observational learning implicates the critical role of evaluative processes as well. A series of three experiments was designed to (a) test the isomorphism of evaluative processes and cognitive effort within the contextual interference paradigm, and (b) use the Cl phenomenon as a way to explore the more general role of evaluative processes in motor skill acquisition. The typical Cl effect was replicated in Experiment 1 using three spatial variations of a multi-segment arm movement task. However, this experiment featured the co-occurrence of differential demands for both encoding variability and retrieval practice. In Experiment 2, one of the variations from Experiment 1 was practiced within the context of two unrelated video games. The results showed that no acquisition or retention performance differences emerged between blocked and random practice groups. These results suggest that the role of retrieval practice as the basis of the Cl effect should be questioned. Experiment 3 A replicated Experiment 1 with pans of blocked and random groups. In Experiment 3B, using a second set of three spatial variations, an attempt was made to reduce differential encoding variability while keeping differential retrieval practice intact between one pair of blocked and random groups (verbalize groups). The blocked group was required to evaluate and associate the features of each pattern variation during the acquisition phase, and to verbalize their thoughts. A random group was also required to verbalize the cognitive strategies they used to learn the patterns. The co-occurrence of differential encoding variability and retrieval was maintained for the remaining pair of blocked and random groups (control groups). The results of Experiment 1 were replicated in Experiment 3A and by the control groups in Experiment 3B. In Experiment 3B, relative retention and retention performance improved to a greater extent for the blocked verbalize than the blocked control group. However, relative retention and retention performance were not similar between the blocked verbalize and random groups, indicating that the evaluation of pattern variations in isolation does not appear to be an effective intervention with which to reduce the demands for differential encoding variability between blocked and random groups. Analysis of qualitative data obtained in Experiment 3B indicated differences between blocked and random groups in the degree to which the features of the spatial patterns were compared, suggesting that information derived from single task evaluation may not be equivalent to the information derived from multiple task comparison. Results are discussed within Glenberg's (1979) component levels theory. Insight into the nature of the cognitive processes underlying the Cl effect may have implications for a general explanation of motor skill acquisition. The relationship between cognitive effort, the development of knowledge, and skill acquisition is outlined in a preliminary framework for a unified theory of skill acquisition. The ability of the proposed framework to incorporate a range of experimental data and theoretical views is discussed. / Graduate

World records in athletics capture the attention of both the general public and the academic community. Athletics records provide a wealth of quantifiable data, which represent the pinnacle of human ability at the time of the record. This research discusses modelling the progression of athletics world records using a compound distribution model which is found in actuarial statistics. Compound distributions allow for the simultaneous modelling of the frequency of record breaking and of the amount by which the record is improved at each record-breaking performance. A number of assumptions accompany the use of the compound distribution model. This research evaluates the athletics data for adherence to these assumptions, before carrying out distribution-fitting and goodnessof-fit testing. Forecasts of future performance are obtained by means of a simulation method. The forecasts obtained from the compound model are compared to forecasts obtained from non-linear models which have been proposed in literature. This research focuses on short-term forecasts, however, a modification to the compound model which allows for longer-term forecasts is also illustrated.

The women’s intramural program at the University of British Columbia is comprised of two divisions; the university section and the physical education section. Physical education major students generally compete in the physical education section. The university section is composed of clubs, sororities, residences and faculties. In team activities of the university section, one physical education major student may compete for each team. In individual or dual activities of the university section, physical education students may not participate. The purpose of this thesis was to examine and assess the program of intramurals for women at the University of British Columbia. The writer made no attempt to generalize about the intramural programs at other universities. The interview and questionnaire methods of gathering data were used. Five student groups; the organization manager, the student executive, the student participants, the non-participating students, and the physical education major students were contacted. As well as this, three faculty members; the present intramural administrator, a past intramural administrator and the Director of the School of Physical Education and Recreation were interviewed. Visiting students and coaches were contacted to determine how intramural programs functioned at their respective universities. The participation statistics were checked to determine the actual number of participants and the number of games played during the fall term. The data was then compiled to indicate common trends. This was not meant to be a statistical study as it was felt that the ideas of those involved were more important than just the number of participants. It was found that the total intramural program is functioning slightly better than the students and faculty estimated when they were interviewed. An increase in publicity might, however, enhance the program and increase participation. It was agreed that a shift in emphasis in the physical education section might benefit the physical education major students. The philosophy and administration closely parallel those discussed in the review of literature and recommended by the Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, although there were some expected differences due to the unique situation at the University of British Columbia. While the intramural program is functioning relatively well, activities should not be allowed to be repeated without close scrutiny each year. There is still room for improvement. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

Leadership in sport is a very important aspect in sport and is an aspect that can have a big role in determining whether a team is successful or not. Different bodies within a team setting all need to work together and have to be aligned the same way in order for the leadership to have a positive effect on the team (Believe perform, 2013). At the spearhead of the leadership structure of a team is the captain of the team that leads the team into battle when competing against other opponents. The importance of a sport captain has to be recognized as a good captain can lead their team to success and victory whereas, a weak captain that has poor leadership abilities can deteriorate the team`s chance of success and victory (Hsin-Yi Cohen BSc, 2016). Sport captaincy is a much coveted position in sport teams and is also regarded as the most important position in the team. However, with the prestige of being captain come added roles and responsibilities. The additional leadership responsibility does not necessary ensure that the overall performance of an athlete will remain at a preselected level. There is a complex relationship between factors impacting on whether captaincy will improve or deteriorate performance. Some of these factors can be the fact that the captain has to divide his attention in a game situation while at the same time still having to perform well him or herself. The captain also has to manage the behavioral issues of the players in the team, on and off the field, and also has to manage the referee during game situations so that certain decisions will go the way of his/her team. These factors can help to improve the performance of a captain while others factors will lead to the captain`s performance deteriorating. 10 In taking all of the factors into consideration it can be asked that, if all the added pressure that goes with being the captain and leader of a team and having to set the example for the rest of the team have an impact on the overall performance of the athlete. Will the added roles and responsibilities associated with being the leader of the team hamper the performance of a captain as player, or will it provide the athlete with the necessary boost to perform even better in his/her sporting code? The study posed the following question: ‘How does the role of sport captaincy impact on the overall performance of an athlete?’ The study utilised a qualitative research approach to data collection and analysis. Research participants were selected through a process of non-probability key informant sampling. Data was analysed according to themes that surfaced throughout the data collection phase. The study found that, even though the role of captain of a sport team carries additional responsibility, players perceive the additional responsibility to be a motivating factor. The function of the captain as bridge between the coach and the players surfaced as an important role played by the respective captains. It was further emphasised that this leadership role should not be shouldered alone and that the responsibility must be shared with peer leaders in the team. Clear communication was also highlighted as important ingredient in achieving team cohesion and, as a result, to be successful as team. / Dissertation (MA (Sport and Recreation Management))--University of Pretoria, 2018. / Humanities Education / MA (Sport and Recreation Management) / Unrestricted

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