Thesis (D. Phil.(Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Summary in English and Afrikaans. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.Tech)--Tshwane University of Technology, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 138-141).

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M. Comm. / The view that some sports receive support from potential sponsor companies more readily than others, were investigated during this study. If this view was not applicable all sports would, for instance, receive equal media coverage, would be financially strong and there would not have been competition for sponsorships. Some sports attract potential sponsor companies more thanother sports. The study focused on this aspect, as well as highlighting the importance of the company identifying itself with a specific sport to ensure an efficient and mutually advantageous relationship to both parties. Companies planning to use sport as marketing medium must make marketing decisions in terms of the type of sport they want to use to market their products. Specific sport organisations do not necessarily know what the company expects from the sport itself. Synchronisation must therefore be reached between the specific sport organisation's needs and the potential sponsor's marketing needs, which should be mutually beneficial. The overall study problem is stated as a question: Which aspects are of importance when a company decides to market its products through sport as a medium? The descriptive research instrument utilised for the aim of this study is the questionnaire. Information was gained by asking subjects to answer questions in writing. The final questionnaire consisted of non-discriminating, precise questions which could be answered frankly by the subjects. The study is structured around the marketing planning process, which emphasise decision making aspects involved in the allocation of sponsorships by companies planning to market their products through sport. From the research it is clear that companies will sponsor sport only if concrete benefits are to he gained from it. It is the responsibility of the sports organisation to emphasise these benefits to the company involved. The benefits mentioned are mainly advertising opportunities, as well as publicity for the company which want to market its product through sport. Furthermore it was found that companies sponsor sport, or use it as a marketing medium, only if the company and the sports organisation have corresponding spheres of influence. In other words the company's target market must to a large extent, correspond with the participants of the sport and its spectators (primary and secondary users). It was also found that sponsorships are mostly given to team sports which are practised on a national level. Sponsoring companies were mostly found to be market leaders. Marketing opportunities offered by sport to a company is compiled by the type of sponsorship the company support. At meeting-, special function-, 'corporate- and facility sponsorships, some of the marketing instruments (with special reference to promotional instruments) can be utilised to convey the company's sponsorship of the sport to the public. It is then for both the sport organisation, who apply for a sponsorship, as well as the company who want to market its product through sport, necessary to research certain aspects concerning the company and the sports organisation. With enough background information, chances increase for a successful symbiosis for both parties.

M.Phil. / Vision is the most dominant of the five senses and plays an important role in our daily lives. The sensory information obtained through vision is of utmost importance in the way we perceive and respond to the world around us. Vision has often been neglected when evaluating the performance of athletes. Would you be able to catch a ball with your eyes closed, more than likely not? This example indicates the necessity of vision to perform specific motor tasks, such as is required in sports. Anatomically there are differences between the male and female body and therefore a variance in performance should be expected. The fact that visual skills can be leamed or even taught brings about the question of what effect age, gender and experience have on the performance of an athlete on these specific visual skills. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the variations between male and female visual skills measured during a sports vision evaluation. A protocol was devised to create a set of norms for the athletes tested and these norms were then compared to previous norms set out for elite athletes. In this study 209 female and 251 male non-elite athletes were tested. The subjects varied between the age of 18 and 19 and were in their first year of study at the then Rand Afrikaans University, now known as the University of Johannesburg. The study indicated that a significant difference in performance between the gender groups does exist and that separate norms should indeed be used when evaluating male and female athletes. The female athletes performed better on the Visual Acuity and Colour vision tests, with the male athletes performing better on the Contrast Sensitivity Row E, Fusion Flexibility, Eye-Hand Coordination Pro and Re Action, Eye-Body Coordination, Visual Reaction Time Right and Left hand, Visual Adjustability Left and Right Base positions and Visualization tests. Equal performance was achieved in the Contrast Sensitivity Row A; B, C and D, Stereopsis and Visual Adjustability Up and Down Base position tests. It is thus clear that the males performed better on most of the tests done.

Exercise is a crucial component in obtaining proper health and fitness objectives in young adulthood. Determination of an optimal resistance load for men and women may aid in physiological function and reduce the likelihood of injury. We tested 32 physically active men (n=14) and women (n=18) between ages 18-25 on Proteus Motion, USA. Proteus applies continuous three-dimensional magnetic resistance loads during exercise. Testing consisted of 2 repetitions of horizontal and vertical push and pull exercises comparing performance of the dominant and non-dominant arm. Each exercise was performed with a resistance of 7lb, 14lb, 21lb, and 28lb for a total of 32 repetitions. Proteus software calculates power, explosiveness, consistency, range of motion, and braking. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures tested differences in results at each resistance load. Power produced between sexes was similar in press motions but differed in pulls.

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