Temat för denna studie är tätorters utveckling och regionala rumsliga inordning. Med utgångspunkt i det amerikanska begreppet sprawl, som brukar användas för att beskriva hur framför allt nordamerikanska städer har utvecklas, har statistik över tätorter i Örebros lokala arbetsmarknadsregion bearbetats och analyserats. Syftet med undersökningen har varit att relatera begreppet sprawls innebörder till de befolknings-, yt- och täthetsmässiga förändringar som tätorterna i Örebros lokala arbetsmarknadsregion genomgår under perioden 1980-2005 och den rumsliga formering som härmed genereras baserat på dem. Genom att utforska vad som avses med begreppet sprawl erhålls en tämligen klar bild av den stadsutveckling som begreppet beskriver. Denna beskrivning ligger sedan till grund för hur det statistiska materialet kan analyseras. Som sprawl förstås i denna undersökning befolknings- och yttillväxt i en central större ort där befolkningstätheten huvudsakligen kommer att öka, samt att närliggande system av tätorter också ökar sin befolkning och yta. Sammantaget ger detta en typ av sprawl som är rumsligt diskontinuerlig till sin karaktär genom att den består av flera från varandra fysiskt åtskilda platser som skiljer ut sig från andra tätorter genom att de ökar både sin befolkning och yta, alternativt har en variabel oförändrad medan den andra ökar. Analysen av det statistiska materialet över tätorterna i Örebro LA visar att sprawl förstådd på detta sätt återfinns i och runt Örebro tätort, medan mönstret inte går att finna hos övriga större tätorter i regionen.

Lack of access to adequate housing in Mexico City's urban core and sprawling settlement patterns have led to numerous social and environmental issues. Current development patterns sharpen social fragmentation and segregation, create imbalances in the provision of infrastructure and services, and encourage human occupation of high-risk and environmentally susceptible areas. Furthermore, expansive urbanization has become increasingly expensive, both at the individual and collective level. This has happened because private interests often overshadow public ones; economic growth rather than equitable and sustainable development has been the mark of success. Thus, commercial uses have displaced residential uses, particularly low-income housing, to remote areas of the metropolitan region. Local government efforts, albeit significant in comparison to other parts of the country, have been unable to adequately address this issue. Government inefficiency, lack of inter-institutional coordination, corruption, and lack of resources, among other factors, have hindered the success of housing and densification projects. The present research evaluates recent densification efforts and their goals to increase housing access and repopulate the urban core. Some of the individual benefits enjoyed by residents of densification projects, such as access to infrastructure and services, as well as some of the difficulties experienced by them in the process of obtaining government credits and access to housing are also identified. The conclusion is that only the rigorous integration of environmental and social planning agendas and the renegotiation of concepts of spatial justice will lead to more effective policies and housing programs, and a just, accessible, and sustainable city, region and country. / text

abstract: After a relative period of growth (2000-06), the U.S. economy experienced a sharp decline (2007-09) from which it is yet to recover. One of the primary factors that contributed to this decline was the sub-prime mortgage crisis, which triggered a significant increase in residential foreclosures and a slump in housing values nationwide. Most studies examining this crisis have explained the high rate of foreclosures by associating it with socio-economic characteristics of the people affected and their financial decisions with respect to home mortgages. Though these studies were successful in identifying the section of the population facing foreclosures, they were mostly silent about region-wide factors that contributed to the crisis. This resulted in the absence of studies that could identify indicators of resiliency and robustness in urban areas that are affected by economic perturbations but had different outcomes. This study addresses this shortcoming by incorporating three concepts. First, it situates the foreclosure crisis in the broader regional economy by considering the concept of regional economic resiliency. Second, it includes the concept of housing submarkets, capturing the role of housing market dynamics in contributing to market performance. Third, the notion of urban growth pattern is included in an urban sprawl index to examine whether factors related to sprawl could partly explain the variation in foreclosures. These, along with other important socio-economic and housing characteristics, are used in this study to better understand the variation in impacts of the current foreclosure crisis. This study is carried out for all urban counties in the U.S. between 2000 and 2009. The associations between foreclosure rates and different variables are established using spatial regression models. Based on these models, this dissertation argues that counties with higher degree of employment diversity, encouragement for small business enterprises, and with less dependence on housing related industries, experienced fewer foreclosures. In addition, this thesis concludes that the spatial location of foreclosed properties is a function of location of origination of sub-prime mortgages and not the spatial location of the properties per se. Also importantly, the study found that the counties with high number of dissimilar housing submarkets experienced more foreclosures. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Environmental Design and Planning 2012

Submitted by Lucienne Costa (lucienneferreira@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-12T18:03:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FÁBIO LUIZ BEZERRA DE OLIVEIRA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGRN) 2018.pdf: 9453519 bytes, checksum: f73d944a24b1f8b13852091e0606e2d2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-12T18:03:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FÁBIO LUIZ BEZERRA DE OLIVEIRA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGRN) 2018.pdf: 9453519 bytes, checksum: f73d944a24b1f8b13852091e0606e2d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-10 / A cidade é consequência de uma série de implicações sociais, econômicas, culturais, ambientais e políticas que estão associadas a processos demográficos existentes que podem gerar vulnerabilidades e riscos. Portanto, o estudo da vulnerabilidade socioambiental no contexto urbano foi fundamental para analisar os fatores relacionados à qualidade e às condições de vida nas cidades. Este trabalho de pesquisa objetivou analisar as contribuições do processo de expansão urbana para o nível de vulnerabilidade socioambiental da cidade de Solânea - PB, para isso, foi importante a utilização da metodologia que possibilitou a mensuração de vulnerabilidade socioambiental. Para esse trabalho foi utilizado o Índice Geral de Vulnerabilidade Socioambiental por Bairro – IGVSB, metodologia desenvolvida por Maior (2014), com adaptação para os setores censitários do IBGE para atender a realidade da cidade de Solânea. O método empregado constituiu de pesquisa bibliográfica agregada a uma investigação exploratória, levantamentos de dados e aplicação do IGVSSC. O IGVSSC utilizou três linguagens: a quantitativa, a cartográfica e a qualitativa. Para geração do IGVSB, produziu previamente os dois índices base da metodologia: o de Vulnerabilidade Socioeconômico por Bairros - IVSB e o de Vulnerabilidade Ambiental por Bairros – IVAB. Os resultados da pesquisa consideraram que esta relação entre a dinâmica social e sua localização na cidade influência de forma direta na capacidade de resposta da população urbana de Solânea aos eventos socioambientais danosos. A segregação socioespacial direcionou a população mais fragilizada para setores com riscos de deslizamento, erosão e alagamento como demonstrado no resultado da vulnerabilidade socioambiental da cidade de Solânea. A adaptação do IGVSB para os setores censitários do IBGE possibilita a aplicação Índíce Geral de Vulnerabilidade Socioambiental para todos os municípios brasileiros. / The city is the consequence of a series of social, economic, cultural, environmental and political implications that are associated with existing demographic processes that can generate vulnerabilities and risks. Therefore, the study of socio-environmental vulnerability in the urban context is fundamental to analyze factors related to quality and living conditions in cities. This work aims to analyze the contributions of the process of urban expansion to the level of socio - environmental vulnerability of the city of Solânea - PB, for this, it is important to use methodologies that allow the measurement of social and environmental vulnerability. For this work was used the General Index of Socioenvironmental Vulnerability by Neighborhood - IGVSB, methodology developed by Mayor (2014), with adaptation for the IBGE census sectors to meet the reality of the city of Solânea. The method employed consists of bibliographic research aggregated to an exploratory investigation, data surveys and application of the IGVSSC. The IGVSSC uses three languages: the quantitative, the cartographic and the qualitative. For IGVSB generation, it has previously produced the two basic indices of the methodology: the Socioeconomic Vulnerability by Neighborhoods - IVSB and the Environmental Vulnerability by Neighborhoods - IVAB. The results of the research considered that this relationship between the social dynamics and its location in the city, directly influence the response capacity of the urban population of Solânea to harmful socioenvironmental events. Socio-spatial segregation directed the most vulnerable population to sectors with risks of landslides, erosion and flooding as demonstrated by the socio-environmental vulnerability of the city of Solânea. The adaptation of the IGVSB to the census tracts of IBGE makes it possible to apply the General Index of Social and Environmental Vulnerability to all Brazilian municipalities.

Physical-spatial and social configuration at neighborhood level, the Raval (Barcelona), an urban evaluation according with the Compact City Model Edwin Javier Azofeifa Valverde ABSTRACT In urban areas, economic development and efforts for improving the quality of citizens' lives, instead of complementing each other and contributing to the advancement of the city, both of them generate and accentuate the processes of physical and social fragmentation in cities. This thesis describes and evaluates the physical-spatial and social configuration in the neighbourhood of Raval in Barcelona, with a particular focus on the role played in that configuration by the immigrant population. The aim is to identify how those processes in which social inequality and a lack of access to certain services and facilities manifest themselves. In order to illustrate this reality and understand the configuration of Raval, population data and information regarding services, facilities, and urban furniture were gathered. The concept of compact urban development (the compact city model) was used in order to interpret the potential weaknesses in the neighbourhood, which hinder its functionality. The main drawbacks are the predominance of population groups occupying certain spaces hindering their potential integration in the...

The degree of connectivity and proximity that results from the configuration of land uses and associated transport networks is an important concept in much of the transportation research agenda. A substantial body of work has developed around the idea that compact, mixed-use development with multimodal transport options will shape travel behavior, increasing the use of transit, walking, and cycling for routine travel. Yet empirical evidence is somewhat mixed. One of the reasons for this uncertainty is the difficulty of defining and measuring sprawl in a meaningful way for use in quantitative analyses, rather than using regionally idiosyncratic or mono-dimensional definitions of sprawl. A recently released national dataset measuring multiple dimensions of urban form offers an opportunity to explore the relationship between transportation and sprawl. This study uses a series of spatial regressions to model effects on the share of a county's workers who commute by driving alone. The results for income are found to be robust across various model specifications, confirming the well-established, positive relationship between income and d riving to work. The results for the Street Accessibility Factor suggest characteristics of the street network are related to the choice to commute by driving alone, with more compact street networks and greater connectivity associated with reduced driving alone. The Land Use Mixing Factor has little power in explaining travel behavior, despite its intuitive appeal as the land use component of the commute mode decision. / Series: SRE - Discussion Papers

Charles University in Prague Faculty of Science Department of Social Geography and Regional Development URBANIZATION AND SUBURBANIZATION IN URBAN REGIONS OF PRAGUE AND VIENNA Summary of the PhD Thesis Mgr. Darina Posová Praha 2010 Supervisor: doc. RNDr. Luděk Sýkora, Ph.D. Supervisor - consultant: Ass.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Walter Matznetter, M.Sc. INTRODUCTION This PhD thesis is focused on study of urbanization and urbanization processes in urban regions of Prague and Vienna. The thesis has two major parts. In the first part, general approaches to urbanization and suburbanization research are introduced and results of an analysis of Prague and Vienna urban regions are summarized. The second part consists of six publisher or submitted papers analyzing spatial distribution of population, housing, new housing construction in Prague urban region as well as comparing urbanization in Prague and Vienna urban regions in 1980s and 1990s. In the introductory chapter, I focus of the thesis and development of my approach to research on suburbanization within the post-socialist urban development context. Chapter on general perspectives summarizes the state of art in the field and shows the application of such approaches on the case of Prague and Vienna. The last chapter focuses on comparison between Prague and Vienna,...

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Conventionally geographic data produced and disseminated by the national mapping agencies are used for studying various urban issues. These data are not commonly available or accessible, but also are criticized for being expensive. However, this trend is changing along with the rise of Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI). VGI, known as user generated content, is the geographic data collected and disseminated by individuals at a voluntary basis. So far, a huge amount of geographic data has been collected due to the increasing number of contributors and volunteers. More importantly, they are free and accessible to anyone.   There are many formats of VGI such as Wikimapia, Flickr, GeoNames and OpenStreetMap (OSM). OSM is a new mapping project contributed by volunteers via a wiki-like collaboration, which is aimed to create free, editable map of the entire world. This thesis adopts OSM as the main data source to uncover the hidden patterns around the urban systems. We investigated some fundamental issues such as city rank size law and the measurement of urban sprawl. These issues were conventionally studied using Census or satellite imagery data.   We define the concept of natural cities in order to assess city size distribution. Natural cities are generated in a bottom up manner via the agglomeration of individual street nodes. This clustering process is dependent on one parameter called clustering resolution. Different clustering resolutions could derive different levels of natural cities. In this respect, they show little bias compared to city boundaries imposed by Census bureau or extracted from satellite imagery. Based on the investigation, we made two findings about rank size distributions. The first one is that all the natural cities in US follow strictly Zipf’s law regardless of the clustering resolutions, which is different from other studies only investigating a few largest cities. The second one is that Zipf’s law is not universal at the state level, e.g., Zipf’s law for natural cities within individual states does not hold valid.   This thesis continues to detect the sprawling based on natural cities. Urban sprawl devours large amount of open space each year and subsequently leads to many environmental problems. To curb urban sprawl with proper policies, a major problem is how to objectively measure it. In this thesis, a new approach is proposed to measure urban sprawl based on street nodes. This approach is based on the fact that street nodes are significantly correlated with population in cities. Specifically, it is reported that street nodes have a linear relationship with city sizes with correlation coefficient up to 0.97. This linear regression line, known as sprawl ruler, can partition all cities into the sprawling, compact and normal cities. This study verifies this approach with some US census data and US natural cities. Based on the verification, this thesis further applies it to three European countries: France, Germany and UK, and consequently categorizes all natural cities into three classes: sprawling, compact and normal. This categorization provides a new insight into the sprawling detection and sets a uniform standard for cross comparing sprawling level across an entire country. / QC 20101206

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