Resumo: A cultura do café (Coffea arabica L.) é de grande importância para a economia do Brasil, que é o maior produtor mundial de café, exportando 1,44 milhão de tonelada por ano. Dentre as pragas de importância na cultura está o ácaro Brevipalpus phoencicis, relatado em cafeeiros desde a década de 1950, sendo relacionado posteriormente com a doença mancha-anular, como vetor do vírus. Esta praga, devido à sua biologia e comportamento na planta, não é atingida facilmente pelas pulverizações, exigindo estudos e critérios na tecnologia de aplicação empregada. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a mortalidade de B. phoenicis em função da cobertura proporcionada pela calda aplicada em plantas de café, com dois tipos de ramais utilizados em pulverizadores de jato transportado e quatro volumes de aplicação. O experimento foi realizado em área de plantio comercial do café, no município de Altinópolis-SP, onde foram avaliados os efeitos do acaricida no controle do ácaro. Foi realizada uma aplicação com pulverizadores montados no terceiro ponto do trator, equipados com dois diferentes ramais de bicos, utilizando pontas de cerâmica da série JA. Os tratamentos utilizados foram a aplicação do acaricida abamectina, nos volumes de 250, 400, 550 e 700 L/ha, com dois ramais de bicos, totalizando 36 parcelas experimentais. Foram avaliadas a mortalidade do ácaro, a deposição e a cobertura da calda nas plantas de café. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com oito tratamentos mais uma testemunha e quatro repetições. A análise estatística foi feita no esquema fatorial 2x4+1 (2 ramais de bicos, 4 volumes de aplicação e uma testemunha). Verificou-se que não houve diferença significativa na análise estatística para o número de ácaros encontrados. Para os resultados de deposição, observa-se um aumento da deposição... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The crop of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) has been economically important in Brazil which is the biggest world producer, exporting 1.43 million ton per year. Among the important pests in the culture is the mite Brevipalpus phoencicis, reported in coffee since 1950's, which was associated to the ring-spot disease as a virus vector. Due to the behavior of the pest and plant configuration this mite is not reached by spraying on the plant that needs establishment of the criteria for the pesticide application. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the mortality of B. phoenicis due obtained by coverage spray liquid applied on coffee plants, with two types of branches used in air assisted sprayers and of volumes from application. The experiment was carried out in area of commercial field of coffee, in Altinópolis-SP-Brazil, where the effect of the mitecide on the control of the mite had been evaluated. An application with two branches of mounted sprayers was carried out, using ceramics nozzles model JA. The treatments were the application of the mitecide abamectin, in the volumes of 250, 400, 550 and 700 L per hectare, with two branches of nozzles, totalizing 36 experimental plots. The mortality of the mite, the deposition and the coverage by spray liquid on the coffee plants had been evaluated. The experimental delineation was as randomized blocks, with eight treatments plus a check plot in four replications. The statistical analysis was in the factorial scheme 2x4+1 (2 branches of nozzles, 4 volumes of application and a check). It was no significant difference in the statistical analysis for the number of found mites. We verified an increase of deposition due the volume of application, and the top of the plants had more deposition of spray liquid. The average of efficiency for the branch duplicate was bigger (70%) than the conventional branch (50%). We concluded that the efficiency... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Marcelo da Costa Ferreira / Coorientador: Carlos Amadeu Leite de Oliveira / Banca: Nilza Maria Martinelli / Banca: José Roberto Scarpellini / Mestre

Thesis (MScAgric (Plant Pathology))--Stellenbosch University, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Sufficient fungicide deposition on the target site is an essential requirement for effective chemical management of fruit- and foliar diseases such as grey mould of grapevines. Control failure is often attributed to insufficient quantitative deposition on susceptible grapevine tissue. However, in high disease pressure situations control failure might also be attributed to poor qualitative deposition. The primary objective of spray technology is to optimise deposition, of which the plant surface is a critical component in the spray application process, specifically in the retention of spray droplets. Adjuvant technology is reported to improve the wettability and spread of droplets by surface-acting-agents on the target surface and thereby improve deposition and retention of the fungicide active ingredient. However, this relatively new spray technology on viticulture and horticultural crops, and possible effects of adjuvants on epicuticular wax affecting plant disease development, needs to be investigated. Moreover, the development of useful prescriptions for adjuvants by determining water volumes and adjuvant dosages is required for different pesticide tank mixes. The aims of this study were, firstly to determine the effect of selected adjuvants on quantitative and qualitative spray deposition on grapevine leaves and subsequent biological efficacy of a fungicide, and secondly to evaluate selected adjuvants under field conditions and determine the effects of adjuvant dosage and spray volume on deposition. Leaves were sprayed under similar laboratory conditions to pre-run-off with 1 mL of a mixture of fenhexamid (Teldor® 500 SC, Bayer) at recommended dose, a fluorescent pigment (SARDI Fluorescent Pigment, 400 g/L EC; South Australian Research and Development Institute) at 0.2 L/100 L, as well as 15 selected commercial adjuvants to manipulate the deposition quality of a given quantity of deposited spray. Spray deposition on leaves was illuminated under black light (UV-A light in the 365 nm region) and visualised under a stereo microscope (Nikon SMZ800) at 10× magnification. Photos of sprayed leaf surfaces were taken with a digital camera (Nikon DMX 1200). Digital images were quantitatively and qualitatively analysed with Image-Pro Discovery version 6.2 for Windows (Media Cybernetics) software, to determine spray deposition. The sprayed leaves were inoculated with 5 mg dry airborne conidia of Botrytis cinerea in a spore settling tower and incubated for 24 h at high relative humidity (≥ 93%). Leaf discs were isolated onto Petri dishes with paraquat-amended water agar and rated 11 days later for development of B. cinerea from isolated leaf discs. B. cinerea incidence on the upper and lower surfaces of water sprayed leaves averaged 90.4% and 95.8%, respectively. Despite full spray cover of leaves, applications with fenhexamid alone did not completely prevent infection and resulted in 34.6% and 40.8% B. cinerea incidence on the upper and lower surfaces of leaves, respectively. Through the addition of certain adjuvants, B. cinerea incidences were significantly lower (2.9-17.1% and 10.0-30.8%, respectively), while some adjuvants did not differ from the fungicide-only treatment, even though they might have improved spray deposition. The effects of Hydrosilicote and Solitaire alone and in combination with fenhexamid on germinating Botrytis conidia on leaf surfaces were studied in a histopathology study using epifluorescence microscopy. Distinct differences were observed in conidium mortality, germination and germ tube lengths between adjuvants alone and in combination with the fungicide, which might be attributed to indirect effects of the adjuvant mode of action on B. cinerea. The laboratory study clearly demonstrated the potential of adjuvants to improve the bio-efficacy of a fungicide directly through improved deposition on grapevine leaf surfaces. For the vineyard evaluations, the same fluorometry, photomicrography and digital image analysis protocol were used to assess quantitative and qualitative spray deposits under varying adjuvant dosage and volume applications. The Furness visual droplet-rating technique was initially included to determine optimum spray volume with a STIHL SR400 motorised backpack mistblower by assessment of pigment deposition on Chardonnay leaves under illuminated black light. Both assessment protocols showed that quantitative spray deposition increased with increasing spray volume applications of 40 L/ha to 750 L/ha, but decreased at 900 L/ha, possibly due to run-off. The addition of selected adjuvants at recommended dosage and at 600 L/ha demonstrated the potential of adjuvants to increase quantitative and qualitative deposition significantly on upper and lower leaf surfaces. Agral 90, BB5, Nu-film-P, and Solitaire significantly improved deposition on upper and lower leaf surfaces compared with the fenhexamid only and water sprayed control. Break-thru S 240 and Villa 51 did not improve quantitative deposition, although remarkably better qualitative deposition was obtained. An adjuvant dosage effect (within the registered dosage range) was evident, especially those retained on the upper leaf surfaces. Agral 90 and Nu-film-P affected significant improvement of spray deposition at the higher, but not at the lower dosage tested. Solitaire improved deposition at the lower dosage tested, whereas reduced deposition at the higher dosage was attributed to excessive spray run-off. No significant improvement of spray deposition was observed for both dosages tested with Villa 51. Spray mixtures with adjuvants Agral 90 and Solitaire yielded similar deposition values at 600 L/ha compared with the fenhexamid only control at 900 L/ha, but reduced deposition at the higher spray volume, possibly due to spray run-off. This study clearly demonstrated the potential of adjuvants to improve quantitative and qualitative deposition, but highlights the necessity to match adjuvant dosages and application volumes on the spray target to achieve maximum spray deposition. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Effektiewe beheer van vrug- en blaarsiektes soos vaalvrot op wingerde benodig voldoende deponering van die swamdoder op die teikenoppervlak. Verlies aan beheer word gewoonlik aan onvoldoende kwantitatiewe deponering op vatbare wingerddele toegeskryf. Onder ‟n hoë siektedruk kan mislukte beheer ook moontlik toegeskryf word aan swak kwalitatiewe deponering. Die primêre doelwit van spuittegnologie is om deponering te optimaliseer met die plantoppervlak as ‟n belangrike komponent in die spuittoedieningsproses, spesifiek in die retensie van spuitdruppels. Byvoemiddel tegnologie het bewys dat oppervlak-aktiewe-agente verbeterde benatting en verspreiding van druppels op die teiken oppervlakte tot gevolg kan hê, en verder ook die deponering en retensie van die aktiewe fungisied bestanddele kan verbeter. Hierdie relatiewe nuwe spuittegnologie op wingerd- en hortologiese verbouing, asook die moontlike effekte van byvoegmiddels op epikutikulêre waks om siekte ontwikkeling te beïnvloed, moet ondersoek word. Verder word nuttige aanbevelings benodig vir byvoegmiddel toedienings by verskillende spuitvolumes en dosisse van die betrokke spuitmengsel. Die doelwit van hierdie studie was, eerstens om die effek van sekere byvoegmiddels op kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe spuitbedekking van wingerdblare te bepaal en dan te vergelyk met die biologiese effektiwiteit van ‟n fungisied, en tweedens om van die byvoegmiddels onder veldtoestande te evalueer, asook die effek van byvoegmiddel dosisse en spuitvolumes te bepaal. Blare is onder dieselfde laboratorium toestande tot net voor-afloop met 1 mL van ‟n spuitmengsel, bestaande uit fenhexamied (Teldor® 500 SC, Bayer) teen die aanbevole dosis, ‟n fluoreserende pigment (400 g/L EC; Suid Australiese Navorsing en Ontwikkeling Instituut) teen 0.2 L/100 L, sowel as 15 geselekteerde kommersiële byvoegmiddels gespuit om die kwalitatiewe deponering, vir ‟n gegewe kwantiteit van spuitdeponering, te manipuleer. Die fluoreserende pigment is op die blaaroppervlak belig met ‟n swart lig (UV-A ligbron in die 365 nm golflengte) en deponering is onder ‟n stereo mikroskoop (Nikon SMZ800) teen 10× vergroting waargeneem. Die gespuite blaaroppervlaktes is op die manier met ‟n digitale kamera afgeneem (Nikon DMX 1200), waarna die digitale foto‟s kwantitatief en kwalitatief deur die gebruik van „Image-Pro Discovery version 6.2 for Windows (Media Cybernetics)‟ sagteware geanaliseer is om spuitbedekking te bepaal. Na elke blaarspuit is die blare met 5 mg droë konidia van B. cinerea in ‟n inokulasietoring geïnokuleer en daarna vir 24 h onder hoë relatiewe humiditeit (≥ 93%) geïnkubeer. ‟n Aantal skyfies vanuit elke blaar is op Petri bakkies met paraquat medium geïsoleer en 11 dae later is die persentasie van B. cinerea ontkieming bepaal. Die gemiddelde voorkoms van B. cinerea op die blare wat slegs met water gespuit is, was 90.4% op die boonste en 95.8% op die onderste blaaroppervlaktes. Spuitbehandelings met slegs fenhexamied, ongeag goeie blaarspuitbedekking, kon nie die B. cinerea infeksie ten volle voorkom nie, en infeksie van gemiddeld 34.6% en 40.8% is onderskeidelik op die boonste- en op die onderste blaaroppervlaktes waargeneem. Met die byvoeging van sekere byvoegmiddels het die voorkoms van B. cinerea betekenisvol verminder (2.9-17.1% en 10.0-30.8%, onderskeidelik), terwyl ander byvoegmiddels nie van die fenhexamied behandeling verskil het nie, hoewel hierdie middels meestal wel spuitdeponering verbeter het. Die effek van slegs Hydrosilicote en Solitaire, en in kombinasie met fenhexamied op ontkiemende Botrytis conidia, is bestudeer in ‟n histopatologiese studie deur middel van die gebruik van epifluoresensie mikroskopie op die blaaroppervlak. Duidelike verskille in die aantal dooie konidia, ontkiemingpersentasies en kiembuislengtes is tussen die byvoegmiddels en in kombinasie met fenhexamied waargeneem, waar sommige waarnemings moontlik aan die indirekte effek van die byvoegmiddel op B. cinerea toegeskryf kan word. Hierdie laboratoriumstudie wys duidelik dat byvoegmiddels oor goeie potensiaal beskik om die bio-effektiwiteit van die fungisied te verbeter deur die direkte verbetering van deponering op die wingerdblaaroppervlak. Dieselfde fluorometrie, fotomikrografie en digitale foto-analise protokol is in ‟n wingerd evaluasie om die kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe spuitdeponering van verskillende byvoegmidel dosisse and spuitvolumes te bepaal, gebruik. Die Furness visuele druppel meting tegniek is aanvanklik ingesluit om die optimale spuit volume met ‟n „STIHL SR400 motorised backpack mistblower‟ te bepaal deur visuele meetings van gedeponeerde pigment op Chardonnay blare onder ‟n swart ligbron. Beide protokolle wys dat kwantitatiewe spuitbedekking met ‟n toename in spuit volumes 40 L/ha tot 750 L/ha verbeter het, maar afgeneem het teen 900 L/ha, moontlik as gevolg van druppel-afloop. Die byvoeging van ‟n byvoegmiddel teen die aanbevole dosis en 600 L/ha wys uitstekende potensiaal om kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe deponering betekenisvol op boonste en onderste blaaroppervlaktes te verbeter. Agral 90, BB5, Nu-film-P, en Solitaire het deponering betekenisvol op boonste en onderste blare in vergelyking met die fenhexamied alleen en die water kontrole verbeter. Break-thru S 240 en Villa 51 het nie kwantitatiewe deponering verbeter nie, alhoewel verbeterde kwalitatiewe bedekking met hierdie produkte waargeneem is. ‟n Byvoegmiddel dosis effek (binne die registreerde dosis reeks) was duidelik waarneembaar, veral vir druppel retensie op die boonste oppervlak van blare. Agral 90 and Nu-film-P verbeter die spuit deponering betekenisvol met die hoër getoetste dosis, maar nie teen die lae dosis nie. Solitaire verbeter egter die deponering teen die laer dosis, maar minder deponering teen ‟n hoër dosis kan moontlik toegeskryf word aan oormatige druppel-afloop. In die geval van Villa 51 was geen betekenisvolle verbetering van spuitdeponering vir beide die behandelingsdosisse waargeneem nie. Spuitmengsels met byvoegmiddels, Agral 90 en Solitaire, het soortgelyke deponerings gelewer teen 600 L/ha in vergelyking met die fenhexamied kontrole teen 900 L/ha, maar deponering neem af teen hoër spuitvolumes met byvoegmiddels moontlik as gevolg van druppel-afloop. Hierdie studie wys duidelik die uitstekende potensiaal van Byvoegmiddels om kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe deponering te verbeter, maar beklemtoon die noodsaaklikheid van die korrekte gebruik van byvoegmiddel dosis en volume om die maksimum spuitdeponering op die teiken te verkry.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-05-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:26:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandes_ap_me_jabo.pdf: 367474 bytes, checksum: 6a94f715c2d4b5c0796d7e1ce3925f73 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A cultura do café (Coffea arabica L.) é de grande importância para a economia do Brasil, que é o maior produtor mundial de café, exportando 1,44 milhão de tonelada por ano. Dentre as pragas de importância na cultura está o ácaro Brevipalpus phoencicis, relatado em cafeeiros desde a década de 1950, sendo relacionado posteriormente com a doença mancha-anular, como vetor do vírus. Esta praga, devido à sua biologia e comportamento na planta, não é atingida facilmente pelas pulverizações, exigindo estudos e critérios na tecnologia de aplicação empregada. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a mortalidade de B. phoenicis em função da cobertura proporcionada pela calda aplicada em plantas de café, com dois tipos de ramais utilizados em pulverizadores de jato transportado e quatro volumes de aplicação. O experimento foi realizado em área de plantio comercial do café, no município de Altinópolis-SP, onde foram avaliados os efeitos do acaricida no controle do ácaro. Foi realizada uma aplicação com pulverizadores montados no terceiro ponto do trator, equipados com dois diferentes ramais de bicos, utilizando pontas de cerâmica da série JA. Os tratamentos utilizados foram a aplicação do acaricida abamectina, nos volumes de 250, 400, 550 e 700 L/ha, com dois ramais de bicos, totalizando 36 parcelas experimentais. Foram avaliadas a mortalidade do ácaro, a deposição e a cobertura da calda nas plantas de café. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com oito tratamentos mais uma testemunha e quatro repetições. A análise estatística foi feita no esquema fatorial 2x4+1 (2 ramais de bicos, 4 volumes de aplicação e uma testemunha). Verificou-se que não houve diferença significativa na análise estatística para o número de ácaros encontrados. Para os resultados de deposição, observa-se um aumento da deposição... / The crop of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) has been economically important in Brazil which is the biggest world producer, exporting 1.43 million ton per year. Among the important pests in the culture is the mite Brevipalpus phoencicis, reported in coffee since 1950’s, which was associated to the ring-spot disease as a virus vector. Due to the behavior of the pest and plant configuration this mite is not reached by spraying on the plant that needs establishment of the criteria for the pesticide application. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the mortality of B. phoenicis due obtained by coverage spray liquid applied on coffee plants, with two types of branches used in air assisted sprayers and of volumes from application. The experiment was carried out in area of commercial field of coffee, in Altinópolis-SP-Brazil, where the effect of the mitecide on the control of the mite had been evaluated. An application with two branches of mounted sprayers was carried out, using ceramics nozzles model JA. The treatments were the application of the mitecide abamectin, in the volumes of 250, 400, 550 and 700 L per hectare, with two branches of nozzles, totalizing 36 experimental plots. The mortality of the mite, the deposition and the coverage by spray liquid on the coffee plants had been evaluated. The experimental delineation was as randomized blocks, with eight treatments plus a check plot in four replications. The statistical analysis was in the factorial scheme 2x4+1 (2 branches of nozzles, 4 volumes of application and a check). It was no significant difference in the statistical analysis for the number of found mites. We verified an increase of deposition due the volume of application, and the top of the plants had more deposition of spray liquid. The average of efficiency for the branch duplicate was bigger (70%) than the conventional branch (50%). We concluded that the efficiency... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Compared to traditional thermal spray, cold spray as a new emerging surface treatment eliminates or substantially reduces phase transformation of deposited material and reduces coating porosity. Therefore, the appearance of this new type of surface treatment and additive manufacturing process has attracted considerable attention from researchers. In this research, three-dimensional modeling of Al6061-T6 particle impact and cohesion process was simulated by utilizing commercial finite element analysis (FEA) software ABAQUS/Explicit. To guarantee that a stable bonding phenomenon can be realized in the scope of physical validity, a built-in cohesive contact behavior model was implemented in the simulation to understand the bonding phenomenon. A non-planar surface was introduced to replace the usual planar impacted surface to mimic micron-scale curvature of the sprayed target in the real condition. Simulation models of spraying particles impact on positions with spray angle corresponding to 90°, 80°, 70° were created to investigate the effect generated by the curvature for the residual stress after bonding. Curvature function was exploited to describe the non-planar surface wavy condition derived from optimized impacting angle for achieving bonding phenomenon. This numerical simulation work can provide further insights for the residual stress evolution status in the condition of realized cohesion between impactor and non-planar surface after a kinetic peening process. Beneficial suggestions toward cold spray technology utilization in additive manufacturing areas are concluded from the results of the numerical simulation.

Distance learning presents great potential for mitigating field problems on pesticide spraying technology. This methodology does not intend to replace live trainings, but complement them, especially considering the importance of field practices for this activity. Thus, due to the lack of teaching material about pesticide spraying technology and the increasing availability of distance learning, this study developed and evaluated a computer program for distance learning of the theory of pesticide spraying technology, using the tools of information technology. The modules comprising the course, named Pulverizar , were: (1) Basic concepts, (2) What affects spraying?, (3) Equipment, (4) Spraying nozzles, (5) Sprayer calibration, (6) Aircraft spraying, (7) Chemigation, (8) Physical-chemical properties, (9) Formulations, (10) Adjuvants, (11) Water quality, and (12) Adequate use of pesticides. The program was made available to the public on July 1st 2008, hosted at the site www.pulverizar.iciag.ufu.br, and was simple, robust and practical on the complementation of traditional teaching for the education of professionals in Agricultural Sciences. The system allows the access to the contents to professionals interested on the topic anywhere, at any time, and no cost. Mastering the pesticide spraying technology by people involved on agricultural production can be facilitated by the program Pulverizar, which was well accepted in its initial evaluation. / O ensino a distância apresenta grande potencial para minorar os problemas ocorridos no campo na área de tecnologia de aplicação de agroquímicos. Essa metodologia não tem como objetivo substituir os treinamentos presenciais, mas complementá-los, tendo em vista a importância das práticas de campo neste tipo de atividade. Dessa forma, diante da escassez de material instrucional na área de tecnologia de aplicação de agroquímicos e do crescimento elevado da educação a distância, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e avaliar um programa computacional para o ensino à distância da parte teórica de tecnologia de aplicação de agroquímicos, utilizando as ferramentas de tecnologia da informação. Os módulos que compuseram o curso, intitulado Pulverizar , foram: (1) Conceitos básicos, (2) O que afeta a aplicação?, (3) Equipamentos, (4) Pontas de pulverização, (5) Calibração de pulverizadores, (6) Aplicação aérea, (7) Quimigação, (8) Propriedades físico-químicas, (9) Formulações, (10) Adjuvantes, (11) Qualidade da água e (12) Uso adequado de agroquímicos. O programa desenvolvido foi disponibilizado ao público no dia 1 de julho de 2008, hospedado no sítio www.pulverizar.iciag.ufu.br, mostrando-se simples, robusto e prático no complemento ao ensino tradicional para a formação de profissionais da área de Ciências Agrárias. O sistema disponibiliza o acesso ao conteúdo a profissionais interessados em qualquer lugar, a qualquer hora e com baixo custo para o estudante. O domínio da tecnologia de aplicação de agroquímicos por parte das pessoas envolvidas na produção agrícola pode ser incrementado por meio do programa Pulverizar, que teve boa aceitação em seu processo de avaliação inicial. / Mestre em Agronomia

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-07-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:08:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 parreira_rs_me_jabo.pdf: 339536 bytes, checksum: 9761fab34df675f3e45e2e4ae0a042ca (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a mortalidade de duas populações de Blattella germanica em função da área e do tempo de exposição a inseticidas. Os experimentos foram realizados no Depto. Fitossanidade, UNESP-Jaboticabal. Os inseticidas foram aplicados em torre de Potter, com volume de 1 mL sobre placas de Petri, em exposições de 2, 8 e 32 min, no primeiro experimento; e volume de 0,5 mL em áreas de exposição de 25, 50, 75 e 100%, no segundo experimento. No terceiro experimento foram tratadas superfícies revestidas por azulejos, com um pulverizador pressurizado (CO2). Foram utilizados os inseticidas gammacialotrina, bendiocarb, deltametrina, lambdacialotrina CS, lambdacialotrina CE, alfacipermetrina e cipermetrina nas dosagens recomendadas pelos fabricantes, comparados a uma testemunha sem aplicação. Foram confinadas cinco baratas adultas sobre a placa para os dois primeiros experimentos e dez baratas adultas nas superfícies de azulejo para o terceiro experimento. A mortalidade foi avaliada 0, 1, 2, 4, 24, 48 e 72 h após confinamento na superfície tratada. Verificou-se que os inseticidas foram eficientes para os três períodos de exposição. Para a área de exposição o inseticida cipermetrina apresentou a maior mortalidade que ocorreu na maior área. Na avaliação antes da lavagem os produtos resultaram em alta mortalidade, sendo a maior eficiência para o bendiocarb. Após a lavagem da superfície a maior eficiência foi do alfacipermetrina. A população de campo demonstrou ser mais resistente aos inseticidas do que a sensível. / This work goes evaluate the mortality of two Blattella germanica populations due insecticide treatments, treated area and exposition times. The experiments were in Dept. Fitossanidade at UNESP-Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. The application of insecticides was realized in Potter’s tower over Petri plates with times exposition of 2, 8 and 32 min, to insects, spraying volume of 1 mL per plate; in another test it was evaluate exposition sizes of 25, 50, 75 and 100% areas to B. germanica and spraying volume of 1 mL per plate. Another application was over surfaces coverage with tile using a knapsack sprayer to test effect for washing in the tiles. For this, cockroaches (sensitive and field populations) were exposed before and after tiles had been washed. The products were: gammacyalotrine, bendiocarb, deltametrina, lambdacialotrina CS, lambdacialotrina CE, alfacipermetrina and cipermetrina, plus one check without application. Five cockroaches were confined over treated plates (first and second experiments) and ten over tile (third experiment). The mortality evaluation was 0, 1, 2, 4, 24, 48 and 72 h after cockroaches exposure. In the first experiment the insecticides was efficient to cipermetrina that promoted higher mortality. In relation of exposure periods, in all times it was observed high mortality of cockroaches. To areas, the higher was in the bigger area of exposure. In the third experiment, insects exposed before washing it was verify high mortality of cockroaches, mainly with bendiocarb, while after that the higher mortality was verified with alfacipermetrina. Field cockroaches survived more than sensitive population.

Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a mortalidade de duas populações de Blattella germanica em função da área e do tempo de exposição a inseticidas. Os experimentos foram realizados no Depto. Fitossanidade, UNESP-Jaboticabal. Os inseticidas foram aplicados em torre de Potter, com volume de 1 mL sobre placas de Petri, em exposições de 2, 8 e 32 min, no primeiro experimento; e volume de 0,5 mL em áreas de exposição de 25, 50, 75 e 100%, no segundo experimento. No terceiro experimento foram tratadas superfícies revestidas por azulejos, com um pulverizador pressurizado (CO2). Foram utilizados os inseticidas gammacialotrina, bendiocarb, deltametrina, lambdacialotrina CS, lambdacialotrina CE, alfacipermetrina e cipermetrina nas dosagens recomendadas pelos fabricantes, comparados a uma testemunha sem aplicação. Foram confinadas cinco baratas adultas sobre a placa para os dois primeiros experimentos e dez baratas adultas nas superfícies de azulejo para o terceiro experimento. A mortalidade foi avaliada 0, 1, 2, 4, 24, 48 e 72 h após confinamento na superfície tratada. Verificou-se que os inseticidas foram eficientes para os três períodos de exposição. Para a área de exposição o inseticida cipermetrina apresentou a maior mortalidade que ocorreu na maior área. Na avaliação antes da lavagem os produtos resultaram em alta mortalidade, sendo a maior eficiência para o bendiocarb. Após a lavagem da superfície a maior eficiência foi do alfacipermetrina. A população de campo demonstrou ser mais resistente aos inseticidas do que a sensível. / Abstract: This work goes evaluate the mortality of two Blattella germanica populations due insecticide treatments, treated area and exposition times. The experiments were in Dept. Fitossanidade at UNESP-Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. The application of insecticides was realized in Potter's tower over Petri plates with times exposition of 2, 8 and 32 min, to insects, spraying volume of 1 mL per plate; in another test it was evaluate exposition sizes of 25, 50, 75 and 100% areas to B. germanica and spraying volume of 1 mL per plate. Another application was over surfaces coverage with tile using a knapsack sprayer to test effect for washing in the tiles. For this, cockroaches (sensitive and field populations) were exposed before and after tiles had been washed. The products were: gammacyalotrine, bendiocarb, deltametrina, lambdacialotrina CS, lambdacialotrina CE, alfacipermetrina and cipermetrina, plus one check without application. Five cockroaches were confined over treated plates (first and second experiments) and ten over tile (third experiment). The mortality evaluation was 0, 1, 2, 4, 24, 48 and 72 h after cockroaches exposure. In the first experiment the insecticides was efficient to cipermetrina that promoted higher mortality. In relation of exposure periods, in all times it was observed high mortality of cockroaches. To areas, the higher was in the bigger area of exposure. In the third experiment, insects exposed before washing it was verify high mortality of cockroaches, mainly with bendiocarb, while after that the higher mortality was verified with alfacipermetrina. Field cockroaches survived more than sensitive population. / Orientador: Marcelo da Costa Ferreira / Coorientadora: Nilza Maria Martinelli / Banca: Marcos Roberto Potenza / Banca: Sérgio Antonio de Bortoli / Mestre

Currently, the Asian soybean rust is the main disease of this crop in Brazil and chemical control, so far, is the only effective measure to reduce losses. The development of control strategies for this disease requires knowledge of how performance of products applied, application technology used as well as their interaction with plants. This work aimed to quantify the effect of large, medium and fine droplet spectra and its interaction with the fungicide absorption rate and leaflets age through indirect measure expressed by the control of Phakopsora pachyrhizi in soybean. The experiment was performed twice and that was first installed in January 2010 and repeated in March this year. The experimental design was composed by completely randomized design with four replications in a factorial (3x3x5x4), which factors were composed of: three spectra drops (large, medium and fine); factor 02: evaluation in different positions of the plant (1º, 3º and 5 leaflets), factor 03: four time periods between the fungicide application and simulated rain (0, 30, 60 and 120 ) and a control with no rain and still a factor 04: control without fungicide applying, Azoxystrobin+Cyproconazole (60+24 g a.i. ha-1) + Nimbus 0.6 L.ha-1, Azoxystrobin (50 g a.i. ha-1) + Nimbus 0.6 L.ha-1 and Cyproconazole (30 g a.i. ha-1). We evaluated the density of droplets per square centimeter, volume median diameter, number median diameter and relative amplitude, disease severity and area under the disease progress curve. It was found that drops with smaller volume median diameter have higher fungicides absorption rates because they provide a greater number of drops per square centimeter and hence larger contact area specific product / plant. Newer leaflets provide more quickly fungicides absorption and therefore, provide a longer delay in disease development. The use of Azoxystrobin + Cyproconazole provided the greatest number of days until the first pustule preview and smaller area under the disease progress curve. The influence of rain has highly dependent on the interval between application of the products and its occurrence, the product applied and tissues age considered. / Atualmente a ferrugem asiática da soja é a principal doença desta cultura no Brasil e o controle químico, até então, é a medida mais eficaz para a redução dos danos causados. O desenvolvimento de estratégias de controle desta doença requer o conhecimento da forma de atuação dos produtos aplicados, tecnologia de aplicação utilizada bem como de sua interação com a planta. Com este trabalho buscou-se quantificar o efeito de espectros de gotas grossas, médias e finas na velocidade de absorção de fungicidas para trifólios de diferentes idades através de medida indireta expressa pelo controle de Phakopsora pachyrhizi na cultura da soja. O experimento foi executado duas vezes sendo que foi instalado primeiramente em Janeiro de 2010 e repetido em Março deste mesmo ano. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em arranjo fatorial (3x3x5x4), cujos fatores foram compostos por: três espectros de gotas (grossas, médias e finas); fator 02: avaliação em diferentes posições da planta (1º, 3º e 5º trifólios); fator 03: quatro períodos de tempo entre a aplicação de fungicidas e aplicação de chuva simulada (0, 30, 60 e 120 min), mais uma testemunha sem chuva e ainda fator 04: testemunha sem aplicação mais os fungicidas Azoxistrobina + Ciproconazol (60+24 g i.a. ha-1) + Nimbus 0,6 L.ha-1, Azoxistrobina (50 g i.a. ha-1) + Nimbus 0,6 L.ha-1 e Ciproconazol (30 g i.a. ha-1). Avaliou-se densidade de gotas por centímetro quadrado, diâmetro mediano volumétrico, diâmetro mediano numérico e amplitude relativa, severidade da doença e área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença. Verificou-se que gotas de menor DMV apresentam maior velocidade de absorção de fungicidas, pois proporcionam maior número de gotas por centímetro quadrado e conseqüentemente maior área específica de contato produto/planta. Trifólios mais novos absorvem os fungicidas mais rapidamente e, em conseqüência, estabelecem um maior atraso no desenvolvimento da doença. A utilização de Azoxistrobina + Ciproconazol proporcionou o maior número de dias até o aparecimento da primeira pústula e menor área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença. A influência da precipitação possui relação altamente dependente do intervalo entre a aplicação dos produtos e a ocorrência da mesma, do produto que está sendo aplicado e da idade dos tecidos considerados.

Titanium powder was deposited into low-carbon steel specimens using three thermal spray technologies: plasma spray, cold spray (USA, Singapore) and warm spray (denoted as PS, CSU, CS-S, and WS, respectively, in further text). The aim was to determine the influence of the coatings on the fatigue lives of the specimens. The experimental work was carried out in a symmetrical cantilever-beam bending setup using a computer-controlled SF-Test loading device. Further to that, the micro-morphology of coatings structure, their respective porosity content and the fracture surfaces of both coatings and substrate materials was carried out.

Properties of samples and their coatings may be affected by the electron beam. This paper deals with the analysis of the microstructure, phase and chemical composition and the determination of mechanical characteristics of inconel steel substrate and CoNiCrAlY coatings deposited via different types of thermal spraying (HVOF, cold spray), in combination with modifications by the electron beam technology. During the study it was found that the deposition did not change the chemical composition. Further it was found that the interaction of the electron beam with the material did not change the chemical composition, but there is a change in the structure and a reduction of porosity and surface roughness, resulting in a change of mechanical properties such as decreasing hardness or increase of the modulus of elasticity.