abstract: The performance of the Alpha Sprayed Polyurethane Foam (SPF) roofing system is perceived as not an economical option when compared to a 20-year modified bitumen roofing system. Today, the majority of roofs are being replaced, rather than newly installed. The coating manufacturer, Neogard, implemented the Alpha roofing program to identify the best contractors in the industry and to measure their roof performance. The Alpha roof system has shown consistent high performance on over 230 million square feet of surveyed roof. The author proposes to identify if the Alpha roof system is renewable, has proven performance that competes with the traditional modified roofing system, and is a more economical option by evaluating an Alpha roof system installation and the performance of a 29-year-old Alpha roof system. The Dallas Independent School District utilized the Alpha program for William Lipscomb Elementary School in 2016. Dallas Fort Worth Urethane installed the Alpha SPF roof system with high customer satisfaction ratings. This roofing installation showed the value of the Alpha roof system by saving over 20% on costs for the installation and will save approximately 69% of costs on the recoating of the roof in 20 years. The Casa View Elementary School roof system was installed with a Neogard Permathane roof system in 1987. This roof was hail tested with ten drops from 17 feet 9 inches of 1-3/4-inch steel ball (9 out of 10 passed) and four drops from 17 feet 9 inches with a 3-inch diameter steel ball (2 out of 4 passed). The analysis of the passing and failing core samples show that the thickness of the top and base Alpha SPF coating is one of the major differences in a roof passing or failing the FM-SH hail test. Over the 40-year service life, the main difference of purchasing a 61,000 square feet Alpha SPF roof versus modified bitumen roof are savings of approximately $1,067,500. Past hail tests on Alpha SPF roof systems show its cost effectiveness with high customer satisfaction (9.8 out of 10), an over 40-year service life after a $6.00/SF recoat and savings of over $1M for DISD. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Construction 2017

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Thermal barrier coatings (TBC) are proven to protect the hot section of components operated under elevated temperature. Suspension Plasma Spray (SPS) is an emerging manufacturing process that is used to produce TBCsI, It has the ability to deposit a thinner TBC that has finer microstructure than coatings deposited using traditional Atmospheric Plasma Spray (APS). The coating spray parameters have a significant role in developing the coating properties and thereby the coatings failure. In this thesis work, the parameters such as the spray distance, the feed rate, and the surface velocity were varied to deposit six sets of TBC samples. The as-sprayed samples were analysed and next tested at different temperatures (1000°C, 1050°C and 1100°C) making thermal cyclic fatigue test (TCF) and thermal shock test also known as Burner Rig Test (BRT). These investigations aimed at trying to find an explanation for the effect of each varied process parameter on the deposited TBC. However the cases at 1100°C were not reliable enough to conclude. It was found that most porous coating was produced in Run 1. The porosity decreased gradually from Run 1 to the last run (Run 6) by changing the spray parameters. The failure in all cases was mainly due to the Thermally Grown Oxide (TGO) which causes cracking near the topcoat-bond coat interface. According to many cross sectional and top surface morphology SEM images taken during this work, the sintering of TBCs during thermal cycling also played a significant role in the top coat failure.

No description available.

In this study, the goal is to optimize the process and to reduce the clogging tendency during the continuous casting process. The focus is on clogging when the refractory base material (RBM) in the SEN is in contact with the liquid steel. It is difficult or impossible to avoid non-metallic inclusions in the liquid steel, but by a selection of a good RBM in the SEN clogging can be reduced.   Different process steps were evaluated during the casting process in order to reduce the clogging tendency. First, the preheating of the SEN was studied. The results showed that the SEN can be decarburized during the preheating process. In addition, decarburization of SEN causes a larger risk for clogging. Two types of plasma coatings were implemented to protect the RBM, to prevent reactions with the RBM, and to reduce the clogging tendency. Calcium titanate (CaTiO3) mixed with yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) plasma coatings were tested in laboratory and pilot plant trials, for casting of aluminium-killed low-carbon steels. For casting of cerium alloyed stainless steels, YSZ plasma coatings were tested in laboratory, pilot plant and industrial trials. The results showed that the clogging tendency was reduced when implementing both coating materials.   It is also of importance to produce clean steel in order to reduce clogging. Therefore, the steel cleanliness in the tundish was studied experimentally. The result showed that inclusions originated from the slag, deoxidation products and tundish refractory and that they were present in the tundish as well as in the final steel product. / <p>QC 20170227</p> / VINNOVA

La rupture adhésive est un mécanisme de défaillance fréquemment observé sur les structures multicouches et les pièces revêtues dans les technologies actuelles telles que la microélectronique, le biomédical ou l’aérospatial. Selon l’application visée et les sollicitations en service rencontrées, des propriétés d’adhérence minimales sont attendues.Le CEA Le Ripault étudie la tenue mécanique de systèmes revêtement/substrat. Deux assemblages constitués d’un revêtement projeté plasma, l’un céramique et l’autre métallique, sur un substrat fragile en céramique sont étudiés. Ces revêtements disposent d’une microstructure et de propriétés mécaniques bien spécifiques liées au procédé d’élaboration. L’un des objectifs de cette thèse est de caractériser et quantifier l’adhérence des revêtements projetés plasma aux moyens d’essais mécaniques. Classiquement, les essais d’adhérence sont largement développés pour l’étude de l’adhérence de revêtements céramiques sur substrats ductiles, pour des applications de type barrières thermiques. Or la grande fragilité des substrats et des revêtements représente des difficultés supplémentaires à la mise en œuvre des essais d’adhérence. Afin de prévenir la rupture cohésive du substrat, les essais nécessitent un effort d’adaptation tenant compte des contraintes dimensionnelles et matérielles imposées par l’assemblage. Par ailleurs, afin de caractériser intégralement l’adhérence, différents modes de sollicitation sont balayés à travers différents essais d’adhérence : traction, cisaillement bi-entaillé, clivage en coin, flexion 4 points sur éprouvette entaillée, four-point bend End Notched Flexure test (4-ENF),…Le second objectif est de prédire l’amorçage et la propagation de fissures à l’interface afin de garantir la tenue mécanique des assemblages. Pour cela, une stratégie d’identification d’une loi d’interface, décrivant son comportement à la rupture, est proposée. Les Modèles de Zones Cohésives (MZC) sont adoptés pour modéliser le délaminage, sous le code éléments finis ABAQUS, à l’aide d’une loi traction-séparation bilinéaire. La comparaison entre les réponses macroscopiques numérique et expérimentale de chacun des essais d’adhérence effectué permet de calibrer chaque paramètre de la loi cohésive. Ainsi, la démarche expérimentale et numérique couplée permet d’obtenir des scénarios de rupture conformes aux observations expérimentales et d’évaluer l’intégrité de la structure soumise à une sollicitation thermique ou mécanique donnée. / Interfacial cracking is a recurrent failure mechanism observed in multilayer structures and coating systems using in various fields as microelectronics, biomedical engineering or aerospace. According to the aimed application and operating loadings, a minimum adhesion of the interface is expected.CEA Le Ripault studies the mechanical strength of coating/substrate systems. Two multilayer structures made of plasma sprayed coating layer, one ceramic and the other metallic, on a brittle ceramic substrate are studied. These plasma sprayed coatings have specifics microstructure and mechanicals properties linked to manufacturing process.One of the purposes of this work is to characterize and quantify plasma sprayed coatings adhesion through mechanical tests. Adhesion tests are widely developed for study the adhesion of ceramic coatings on ductile substrates for thermal barrier coatings applications. However the high brittleness of substrates and coatings constitutes an additional difficulty to implement adhesion tests. In order to prevent cohesive failure in substrate, adhesion tests require an adaptation taking materials and dimensionals constraints into account. Furthermore, in order to fully characterize the adhesion, different loadings modes are scanned through various adhesion tests: tensile test, shear test, wedge test, four-point bending test, 4-ENF…The second purpose is to predict crack initiation and propagation along the interface in order to guarantee multilayer mechanical strength. In that purpose, an interfacial law identification strategy is proposed to describe failure behavior. A Cohesive Zone Model (CZM) is adopted to model the delamination, using the finite element code ABAQUS, with a bilinear traction-separation law. The numerical and experimental macroscopic response comparison of each performed adhesion test allows to identify one cohesive law parameter. Thus, the coupled approach allows to model failure scenario in good agreement with experimental observations and assess the integrity of the assembled structure under a thermal or a mechanical loading.

O concreto é o material de construção mais utilizado no mundo apesar do seu comportamento frágil e sua baixa capacidade de resistir a esforços de tração. As fibras de aço podem ser adicionadas ao concreto para aumentar sua tenacidade resultando no concreto reforçado com fibras (CRF) que pode ser utilizado em muitas aplicações, incluindo o concreto projetado. Desta forma, os parâmetros de tenacidade e de resistência residual são fundamentais para a caracterização do concreto projetado reforçado com fibras de aço (CPRFA) e para seu controle de qualidade quando utilizado com função estrutural. Atualmente, o controle do comportamento pós-fissuração do CPRFA é realizado, fundamentalmente, através do ensaio de flexão de prismas. Isto demanda atividades bastante trabalhosas, desde a moldagem de placas extras e a extração de testemunhos prismáticos como a realização de ensaios que requerem muitos cuidados e, também, gera um volume maior de resíduos. A variabilidade dos resultados também é elevada, reduzindo o grau de confiabilidade do processo. Como as fibras são o material com menor nível de incorporação ao concreto devido ao efeito da reflexão, o controle do teor efetivamente incorporado ao CPRFA é um aspecto fundamental desta tecnologia. Atualmente, a estimativa deste teor de fibras é realizada por medições de massa do conteúdo de fibra obtido por esmagamento de corpos de prova endurecidos ou por lavagem de amostra de CPRFA em estado fresco, métodos considerados dispendiosos ou que consomem muita água. A fim de resolver alguns dos inconvenientes atuais, o presente estudo experimental foi realizado com o objetivo de se avaliar a utilização do ensaio Barcelona para classificar a resistência residual do CPRFA e compará-lo com o ensaio de flexão de prismas. Para a determinação do teor de fibras o método indutivo foi realizado nos mesmos corpos de prova. Nesse sentido, concretos projetados com diferentes teores de fibra foram analisados através dos métodos de ensaio referidos. Os resultados do ensaio Barcelona foram analisados estatisticamente e demostraram boa correlação com os resultados do ensaio de prismas e capacidade de caracterização do comportamento pós-fissuração do CPRFA. O ensaio indutivo permitiu a determinação do teor de fibras efetivamente incorporado ao concreto a partir dos mesmos corpos de prova usados no ensaio Barcelona, sem que houvesse a necessidade de extração de novas amostras. Este estudo apresentou, então, contribuições ao estabelecimento de programas de controle de qualidade do CPRFA, demonstrando a viabilidade da utilização conjunta do ensaio Barcelona e do método indutivo como ferramentas de caracterização e controle do CPRFA. A aplicação conjunta dos dois ensaios proporciona redução significativa em termos de tempo de trabalho e de resíduos processo de controle do material. / Concrete is the most used construction material in the world despite its fragility and low capacity to bear tensile stresses. Steel fibres may be added to the material in order to increase its toughness providing conditions to fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) to be used in many applications, such as sprayed concrete. Thus, the toughness and residual strength are key parameters for the characterization of the steel fiber reinforced sprayed concrete (SFRSC). So, both parameters are frequently used in the quality control program of SFRSC when applied as a structural material. Currently, the control of post-cracking behavior of SFRSC is carried out primarily through the bending test of prismatic specimens. This test procedure is quite laborious involving time demanding activities such as the molding of extra panels and the extraction of prismatic specimens, as well as, the test requires great care, generating a larger volume of waste. The variability of the results is also high, reducing the degree of process reliability. As the fibers are the material with lower incorporation into the concrete due to the effect of rebound, the determination of the fiber content incorporated into the SFRSC is a key aspect of this technological control. Currently, the estimation of the actual content of the fibers in SFRSC is carried out by mass measurements of the fibers extracted from crushing the hardened specimens or by washing fresh SFRSC samples. Both teste methods are considered expensive and consume high volumes of water. In order to solve some of the current drawbacks, the present experimental study was carried out to promote the assessment of the use of the Barcelona test to classify the residual strength of the SFRSC and to compare it with the prismatic specimens flexural test. To determine the fibre content the inductive test method was performed in the same specimens. In that sense, SFRSC was used to produce series of test panels varying the fibre content. Prismatic and cylindrical specimens were extracted from these test panels and submitted to the referred test methods. The results were statistically analysed and demonstrate a good correlation between flexural and Barcelona test results. The results confirm the ability of the Barcelona test to characterize the SFRSC post-cracking behavior. The inductive test, carried out in the same specimen of Barcelona test allowed the determination of actual fiber content to the concrete without the need of extra samples. This study presents, then, contributions to the quality control program for SFRSC and demonstrates the feasibility of using the Barcelona test and inductive method as tools for characterization and control for SFRSC. The combined application of the two tests provides a significant reduction in terms of labour time and waste generated during the quality control process.

O concreto é o material de construção mais utilizado no mundo apesar do seu comportamento frágil e sua baixa capacidade de resistir a esforços de tração. As fibras de aço podem ser adicionadas ao concreto para aumentar sua tenacidade resultando no concreto reforçado com fibras (CRF) que pode ser utilizado em muitas aplicações, incluindo o concreto projetado. Desta forma, os parâmetros de tenacidade e de resistência residual são fundamentais para a caracterização do concreto projetado reforçado com fibras de aço (CPRFA) e para seu controle de qualidade quando utilizado com função estrutural. Atualmente, o controle do comportamento pós-fissuração do CPRFA é realizado, fundamentalmente, através do ensaio de flexão de prismas. Isto demanda atividades bastante trabalhosas, desde a moldagem de placas extras e a extração de testemunhos prismáticos como a realização de ensaios que requerem muitos cuidados e, também, gera um volume maior de resíduos. A variabilidade dos resultados também é elevada, reduzindo o grau de confiabilidade do processo. Como as fibras são o material com menor nível de incorporação ao concreto devido ao efeito da reflexão, o controle do teor efetivamente incorporado ao CPRFA é um aspecto fundamental desta tecnologia. Atualmente, a estimativa deste teor de fibras é realizada por medições de massa do conteúdo de fibra obtido por esmagamento de corpos de prova endurecidos ou por lavagem de amostra de CPRFA em estado fresco, métodos considerados dispendiosos ou que consomem muita água. A fim de resolver alguns dos inconvenientes atuais, o presente estudo experimental foi realizado com o objetivo de se avaliar a utilização do ensaio Barcelona para classificar a resistência residual do CPRFA e compará-lo com o ensaio de flexão de prismas. Para a determinação do teor de fibras o método indutivo foi realizado nos mesmos corpos de prova. Nesse sentido, concretos projetados com diferentes teores de fibra foram analisados através dos métodos de ensaio referidos. Os resultados do ensaio Barcelona foram analisados estatisticamente e demostraram boa correlação com os resultados do ensaio de prismas e capacidade de caracterização do comportamento pós-fissuração do CPRFA. O ensaio indutivo permitiu a determinação do teor de fibras efetivamente incorporado ao concreto a partir dos mesmos corpos de prova usados no ensaio Barcelona, sem que houvesse a necessidade de extração de novas amostras. Este estudo apresentou, então, contribuições ao estabelecimento de programas de controle de qualidade do CPRFA, demonstrando a viabilidade da utilização conjunta do ensaio Barcelona e do método indutivo como ferramentas de caracterização e controle do CPRFA. A aplicação conjunta dos dois ensaios proporciona redução significativa em termos de tempo de trabalho e de resíduos processo de controle do material. / Concrete is the most used construction material in the world despite its fragility and low capacity to bear tensile stresses. Steel fibres may be added to the material in order to increase its toughness providing conditions to fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) to be used in many applications, such as sprayed concrete. Thus, the toughness and residual strength are key parameters for the characterization of the steel fiber reinforced sprayed concrete (SFRSC). So, both parameters are frequently used in the quality control program of SFRSC when applied as a structural material. Currently, the control of post-cracking behavior of SFRSC is carried out primarily through the bending test of prismatic specimens. This test procedure is quite laborious involving time demanding activities such as the molding of extra panels and the extraction of prismatic specimens, as well as, the test requires great care, generating a larger volume of waste. The variability of the results is also high, reducing the degree of process reliability. As the fibers are the material with lower incorporation into the concrete due to the effect of rebound, the determination of the fiber content incorporated into the SFRSC is a key aspect of this technological control. Currently, the estimation of the actual content of the fibers in SFRSC is carried out by mass measurements of the fibers extracted from crushing the hardened specimens or by washing fresh SFRSC samples. Both teste methods are considered expensive and consume high volumes of water. In order to solve some of the current drawbacks, the present experimental study was carried out to promote the assessment of the use of the Barcelona test to classify the residual strength of the SFRSC and to compare it with the prismatic specimens flexural test. To determine the fibre content the inductive test method was performed in the same specimens. In that sense, SFRSC was used to produce series of test panels varying the fibre content. Prismatic and cylindrical specimens were extracted from these test panels and submitted to the referred test methods. The results were statistically analysed and demonstrate a good correlation between flexural and Barcelona test results. The results confirm the ability of the Barcelona test to characterize the SFRSC post-cracking behavior. The inductive test, carried out in the same specimen of Barcelona test allowed the determination of actual fiber content to the concrete without the need of extra samples. This study presents, then, contributions to the quality control program for SFRSC and demonstrates the feasibility of using the Barcelona test and inductive method as tools for characterization and control for SFRSC. The combined application of the two tests provides a significant reduction in terms of labour time and waste generated during the quality control process.

The diploma thesis is focused on the study of the thermal sprayed coating consisting of the NiCrAlY alloy bond layer and the partially stabilized zirconium oxide (8YSZ) top layer on the AZ91 magnesium alloy. The theoretical part deals with the structure of the alloy AZ91, NiCrAlY and partially stabilized zirconia. Furthermore, the methods of thermal spraying and the function and properties of thermal barrier coatings are summarized. The experimental part deals with the characterization of the thermal sprayed coating and the AZ91 alloy in terms of elemental, structural and phase composition. Optical and electron microscopy, EDS and XRD analysis were used for characterization. Electrochemical properties were investigated in~3.5% sodium chloride solution by potentiodynamic polarization. The mechanical properties (hardness, coefficient of friction) of the substrate and coating were measured using a hardness tester and tribological tests.

The diploma thesis engages in the reconstruction of railway tunnel Domasovsky that is situated at the track section Olomouc – Krnov. It illustrates the current state of the construction and the geotechnical conditons of the area of interest, it also presents the potencial solutions. The design is verified by stuructural analysis, the design documentation and technical report are also enclosed.