Orientador: Marcelo da Costa Ferreira / Banca: Paulo Roberto Pala Martinelli / Banca: Leila Trevisan Braz / Resumo: O uso de pulverizadores costais manuais no Brasil é frequente em todas as propriedades rurais. Entretanto, são escassos os trabalhos de pesquisa que avaliem as suas características de trabalho, sobretudo com o modelo de ponta de pulverização que equipa os pulverizadores de fábrica e nas condições de pressão de trabalho predominantes na utilização. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar quanto os modelos de pontas e a pressão de trabalho influenciam na qualidade da distribuição de caldas fitossanitárias com pulverizadores costais manuais. Foram avaliadas em mesa de deposição quatro modelos de pontas de pulverização (jato plano convencional - Magnojet TP 110015; jato plano defletor - Teejet TT 110015; jatos cônicos vazios - TeeJet TXA 80015 e "chapinha" original), a 1, 2, 3 e 4 bar de pressão. As análises do perfil de distribuição dos jatos foram realizadas por simetria e o coeficiente de variação analisado pelo teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Os modelos de pontas de pulverização e pressão de trabalho influenciaram em mais de 100% os valores de uniformidade de distribuição da calda, e cerca de 50% na largura da faixa útil de tratamento fitossanitário. Dentre os modelos avaliados neste trabalho, o de jato defletor é o que apresenta o melhor conjunto de características para ser indicado a equipar os pulverizadores costais manuais para os tratamentos fitossanitários a campo. / Abstract: Manual backpack sprayers are widely used in rural properties in Brazil. However, studies that assess their working characteristics, especially spray tip models and working pressure conditions, are scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess how much the working pressure and spray tips influence the distribution quality of phytosanitary spray solutions in manual backpack sprayers. Four spray nozzles (standard flat-fan Magnojet TP110015, turbo flat-fan TeeJet TT110015, hollow-cone TeeJet TXA80015, and disc-core) were assessed in a patternator table at 1, 2, 3, and 4 bar. Distribution profile analyses of sprays were performed by symmetry and the coefficient of variation analyzed by the Tukey's test (p<0.05). Spray tip models and working pressure influenced in more than 100% the distribution uniformity values of spray solution and in about 50% the useful bandwidth of the phytosanitary treatment. Among the models assessed in this study, the turbo flat-fan spray nozzle presents the best set of characteristics to be indicated for manual backpack sprayers aiming at field phytosanitary treatments. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-07-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:12:46Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 vilela_cm_me_botfca.pdf: 512870 bytes, checksum: 82370d735be4b12db6c6b1219ee41079 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A necessidade de aumentar a produção agrícola tem como uma de suas ferramentas o uso de agrotóxicos para o controle de doenças, pragas e plantas daninhas. A tecnologia de aplicação visa o uso correto dos agrotóxicos, a fim de maximizar a eficácia das pulverizações e reduzir riscos. Os adjuvantes podem contribuir com a tecnologia de aplicação, pois muitos produtos e têm influência na qualidade e eficiência do processo de pulverização. Em especial, adjuvantes podem interferir no processo de evaporação de gotas no alvo, seja por aumentá-la, por propiciar maior espalhamento, resultando em maior área exposta à evaporação, ou por reduzi-la, já que alguns têm a propriedade de absorver umidade do ambiente e manter as gotas sobre os alvos por mais tempo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a evaporação de gotas depositadas em superfície de caldas de fungicidas com adjuvantes, correlacionando este processo com a umidade relativa do ar e a tensão superficial das soluções. Os tratamentos foram compostos por caldas de fungicida isolado (Priori Xtra) e misturados com óleo mineral (Nimbus), organosilicone (Silwet) e óleo vegetal (Óleo Vegetal Nortox). As condições ambientais foram controladas e monitoradas, mantendo-se a temperatura entre 23 e 24 °C durante as avaliações, assim como se variou a... / The need to increase agricultural production has as a tool the use of pesticides to control diseases, pests and weeds. The application technology aims the correct pesticide use, to maximize the spraying efficacy and risks reduction. Adjuvants have contributed with application technology, and influence the droplet evaporation process on target, either by increase it, due increase spreading, resulting in greater area exposed to evaporation, or by reducing evaporation, once some adjuvant can absorb humidity from ambient and keep droplets in target longer. This work aimed to evaluate droplets evaporation of sprau solutions with fungicides and adjuvants on a surface and correlate it with air relative humidity and spray solutions surface tension. The treatments were a fungicide (Priori Xtra) isolated and mixed with tree adjuvants, there are a mineral oil (Nimbus), an organsilicone (Silwet) and a veget oil (Oleo Vegetal Nortox). The temperature and relative humidity were controlled by a heater, an air conditioning, humidifier and a dehumidifier. The temperature during the evaluations was kept between 23 and 24 °C. There was developed a system to capture images, composed by two cameras, positioned perpendicular and lateral to the glass slides where the droplets, 985 μm diameters, were deposited, to evaluate deposition and evaporation. Twelve observations were done between 40 and 80% humidity and developed regression models for those data to characterize evaporation due humidity changes.. Also were done tree repetitions at humidity 45 ± 1% to compare treatments. The surface tension was measured through droplets generated by a capillar, with 3 repetitions for treatment. The treatments averages were compared using Confidence Interval at 5% probability and the correlations between variables were... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Ulisses Rocha Antuniassi / Banca: Casimiro Dias Gadanha Junior / Banca: Rone Batista de Oliveira / Resumo: A necessidade de aumentar a produção agrícola tem como uma de suas ferramentas o uso de agrotóxicos para o controle de doenças, pragas e plantas daninhas. A tecnologia de aplicação visa o uso correto dos agrotóxicos, a fim de maximizar a eficácia das pulverizações e reduzir riscos. Os adjuvantes podem contribuir com a tecnologia de aplicação, pois muitos produtos e têm influência na qualidade e eficiência do processo de pulverização. Em especial, adjuvantes podem interferir no processo de evaporação de gotas no alvo, seja por aumentá-la, por propiciar maior espalhamento, resultando em maior área exposta à evaporação, ou por reduzi-la, já que alguns têm a propriedade de absorver umidade do ambiente e manter as gotas sobre os alvos por mais tempo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a evaporação de gotas depositadas em superfície de caldas de fungicidas com adjuvantes, correlacionando este processo com a umidade relativa do ar e a tensão superficial das soluções. Os tratamentos foram compostos por caldas de fungicida isolado (Priori Xtra) e misturados com óleo mineral (Nimbus), organosilicone (Silwet) e óleo vegetal (Óleo Vegetal Nortox). As condições ambientais foram controladas e monitoradas, mantendo-se a temperatura entre 23 e 24 °C durante as avaliações, assim como se variou a... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The need to increase agricultural production has as a tool the use of pesticides to control diseases, pests and weeds. The application technology aims the correct pesticide use, to maximize the spraying efficacy and risks reduction. Adjuvants have contributed with application technology, and influence the droplet evaporation process on target, either by increase it, due increase spreading, resulting in greater area exposed to evaporation, or by reducing evaporation, once some adjuvant can absorb humidity from ambient and keep droplets in target longer. This work aimed to evaluate droplets evaporation of sprau solutions with fungicides and adjuvants on a surface and correlate it with air relative humidity and spray solutions surface tension. The treatments were a fungicide (Priori Xtra) isolated and mixed with tree adjuvants, there are a mineral oil (Nimbus), an organsilicone (Silwet) and a veget oil (Oleo Vegetal Nortox). The temperature and relative humidity were controlled by a heater, an air conditioning, humidifier and a dehumidifier. The temperature during the evaluations was kept between 23 and 24 °C. There was developed a system to capture images, composed by two cameras, positioned perpendicular and lateral to the glass slides where the droplets, 985 μm diameters, were deposited, to evaluate deposition and evaporation. Twelve observations were done between 40 and 80% humidity and developed regression models for those data to characterize evaporation due humidity changes.. Also were done tree repetitions at humidity 45 ± 1% to compare treatments. The surface tension was measured through droplets generated by a capillar, with 3 repetitions for treatment. The treatments averages were compared using Confidence Interval at 5% probability and the correlations between variables were... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

This spraying method for thermoplastic resins is a new manufacturing process for applying thermoplastics to a mold or surface in an efficient way that has the potential of reducing cycle time. Spraying thermoplastic resins is similar to spraying other polymers, such as paint, with the differences being higher pressure and temperature. This method uses an injection molding machine with a modified nozzle to spray the plastic material. In this study, temperature, pressure, and nozzle size were factors that influenced the success of this spraying method. The method of spraying in this study proved spraying without a gas is possible, a statistical analysis of a series of sprayed samples was performed, and a summary of the results is presented. This study is the only known method to use these procedures. The purpose of this thesis is two fold. First, its purpose is to achieve a method of spraying thermoplastic resins without the use of a combustible material. Second, if the spraying method is found to be possible, the thesis investigates what factors, of those selected; have a significant influence on the result? There are other types of spraying plastic methods used currently in industry. One such method, described in the project, is called Flame Spraying. This method, as well as others, has proven to be useful in protecting metals, wood, and other materials from harsh environmental and chemical elements. The results of this study proved that gasless spraying of thermoplastic resin is indeed possible and with further research this method can lead to a new manufacturing process for producing plastic parts or coatings. Future studies can include modifying factors such as temperature, plastic, pressure, tooling, and methods.

This thesis presents an investigation on innovative approaches to agricultural management, addressing challenges in both viticulture and turfgrass management. The first topic of this thesis introduces the Adaptive Crop Load Estimation (ACLE) method, a deep learning-based grape counting approach designed to alleviate the need for extensive annotated datasets. By training the model on a limited set of images, this method demonstrates promising results in accurately estimating grape cluster counts across different zones in the vineyards, with an average Mean Absolute Error (MAE)/Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.86/0.66. The ACLE method aims to reduce the cost of deploying automated grape counting systems by minimizing manual image annotation efforts and enabling model reusability across different vineyards. The second topic of this thesis delves into the realm of Turfgrass management, recognizing its pivotal roles in environmental health and aesthetics. Focusing on the challenges posed by spot- based diseases, the study introduces the Spot Treatment Pathfinding and Scheduling (STPAS) method. This framework employs Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGV) for targeted spot spraying, optimizing robot stops and trajectories based on varying scenarios such as different spot sizes and robot capabilities. The trajectory planner developed within STPAS utilizes GPS coordinates and the radius of affected areas to determine efficient stops and paths for autonomous vehicles. Comparative analysis on the developed simulators reveals that STPAS reduces the distance traveled and time taken for spot spraying by over 50% compared to conventional boom-based sprayers, thereby enhancing both economic and environmental sustainability in Turfgrass management practices. / Master of Science / This thesis explores solutions for improving agricultural practices, specifically focusing on grapevine cultivation and turfgrass management. The first part introduces a novel method called Adaptive Crop Load Estimation (ACLE), which employs deep learning to accurately count grape clusters in vineyards. Unlike traditional methods requiring extensive annotated data, ACLE demonstrates significant results with minimal training images, aiming to reduce the cost of automated grape counting systems and enhance their adaptability across various vineyards. In the second part, the thesis delves into development of planning algorithm for precision spot spraying. Addressing challenges posed by spot-based diseases, the study introduces the Spot Treatment Pathfinding and Scheduling (STPAS) method. This algorithm provides robot stops and optimizes routes based on different scenarios such as spot sizes and robot capabilities. Comparative analysis of the simulation results reveals that STPAS improves efficiency, reducing both the distance traveled and time taken for spot spraying compared to boom-based sprayers. This not only benefits economic considerations but also contributes to environmental sustainability in turfgrass management practices.

Le sujet de recherche de cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude du comportement à une haute température de revêtements nanostructurés à base de zircone, lequel comprend: la caractérisation des matières premières, la fabrication et caractérisation des propriétés des dépôts et finalement le plus important du travail a été son comportement à une haute température, surtout dans des ambients agressifs. Trois types de techniques de projection thermique ont été utilisés pour élaborer les dépôts: flamme (FS), plasma atmosphérique en utilisant comme matière première des poudres (APS) et suspensions (SPS). Trois types de substrats ont été utilisés et caractérisés pour la fabrication des revêtements: un acier à faible carbone (AISI / SAE12L15), acier inoxydable 304L et superalliage Inconel 718. Une couche de liaison de Ni-Al-Mo a été utilisée pour la projection thermique pour flamme et une couche de liaison de NiCrAlCo-Y2O3 pour la technique de APS et SPS. Les revêtements ont été caractérisés pour analyser sa morphologie de la section transversale, la surface, la composition élémentaire des zones d'intérêt, des phases, l'épaisseur, la porosité, la microdureté, groupes vibratoires, la résistance à la corrosion et à l'usure. En addition, le plus important était caractériser les performances à haute température des dépôts par des tests comme le choc thermique, l'oxydation isothermique et la corrosion à chaud avec des sels. Pour analyser le comportement des revêtements après avoir été soumis à ces essais, une étude de la morphologie de la surface et section transversal, la composition élémentaire et l'analyse des phases dans les régions d'intérêt ont également été effectuées. / The research topic of this thesis is devoted on the study of the behavior of nanostructured coatings based on zirconia, which extends from the characterization of raw materials through manufacturing, characterization of the properties of the coatings and then end up in the study of their behavior at high temperature, especially in strong environments to make them comparable. Three kinds of techniques were used for manufacturing the coatings: flame spraying (FS), atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) and suspensions plasma spraying (SPS).Three types of substrates were used and characterized for manufacturing the coatings: a low carbon steel (AISI/SAE12L15), stainless steel 304L and superalloy Inconel 718. A surface treatment of blasting with corundum was applied to all substrates in order to generate a noticeable roughness (> 5 µm), then apply a bond coat of Ni-Al-Mo for the technique FS and a bond coat of NiCrAlCo-Y2O3 for the technique APS and SPS. The coatings were characterized to know and correlate the morphology of the cross section and surface, elemental composition of the zones of interest, phases, thickness, porosity, microhardness, vibrational groups, corrosion resistance and wear resistance. Additionally, the most important was to characterize the high temperature performance of the coating by tests as thermal shock, isothermal oxidation and hot corrosion with salts. For knowing the behavior of the coatings after being subjected to these tests, a study of the morphology of the surface and cross-section, elemental composition and phases analysis in the regions of interest have also been carried out.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 1981. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: No abstract available / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die aard, omvang en beheer van voelskade by wyndruiwe is ondersoek in die streek Stellenbosch - Simonsberg. Die Mossie (Passer melanurus, Willer) en die Europese spreeu (Sturnus vulgaris, Linnaeus) veroorsaak die meeste voelskade aan.wyndruiwe in die streek. Die kultivars gebruik in die ondersoek Was Chenin blanc, Pint noir, Riesling, Cinsaut, Clairette blanche en Cabernet Sauvignon. Die laagste suiker- en tic.ogsbasuurgehaltes waarby voelskade voorgehom het was onderskeidelik 11,2° Balling en 25,9g per l,- terwyl vreetskade by gemiddelde 12,4°. Balling en 19,1 g per l totale suur begin het. Die belangrikste enkele faktor wat t rol gespeel het by beskadiging was die suikerkonsentrasie. Die patroon van vreetskade oor t wingerdry is bepaal en het getoon dat die eerste 30 stokke aan weerskante van die wingerd die meeste beskadig word. 'n Metode is vasgestel cm die hoeveelheid skade aangerig te bepaal met behulp van tellings van beskadigde korrels in verteenwoordigende wingerdrye. Die skade in die streek is op 2,5% van die totale opbrengs per hektaar bepaal. Die bespuiting van wingerdblokke en alternatiewe buffer-kantrye met die afskrikmiddel metiokarb (Mesurol) teen 'n konsentrasie van 0,1% or genoemde kultivars, asook Muskadel, het onvoldoende beheer gebied. Bespuitings teen hoer konsentrasies word aanbeveel.

The purpose of this investigation was to explore the processing parameters involved in the production of thin film superconductors by spray pyrolysis processing (SPP). The present study is an attempt to optimize the many parameters in SPP. The specific parameters studied were substrate temperature, carrier gas flow rate, substrate materials, solution stoichiometry, spray rate, concentration, starting materials, and substrate to nozzle distance. The effect of these parameters on film stoichiometry and the anticipated superconducting behavior were investigated at some length. Films were routinely produced in a spray chamber designed as a part of this research. Films were analyzed by Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Meissner effect measurements.

O objetivo do trabalho foi o de comparar a eficiência de aplicação de agroquímicos na cultura da soja utilizando diferentes pontas de pulverização para aplicações terrestres em alta velocidade. Foram avaliadas as pontas AXI 110 04 na velocidade de 15 km.h-1 (testemunha), APE Cinza, AXI 110 08, TD Hispeed 110 06 e AXI TWIN 120 06, todos na velocidade de deslocamento de 35 km.h-1. O volume de aplicação foi fixado em 120 L.ha-1. A eficiência de aplicação foi avaliada por dois métodos: Análise do percentual de cobertura utilizando marcador fluorescente e luz ultravioleta e análise de depósito através da recuperação e quantificação do corante azul brilhante FD&C N°1 por espectrofotometria. Ambas as analises foram feitas em amostras retiradas de três partes da planta: Superior, média e inferior. As pontas de pulverização mostraram padrões de cobertura e depósito diferenciados, de modo que na parte superior da planta, a cobertura foi favorecida por gotas mais finas e o depósito melhorado pelo uso de gotas médias. Nas demais partes da planta não houve diferença estatística entre os tratamentos tanto para cobertura quanto para depósito. A velocidade de deslocamento não interferiu na eficiência de aplicação para pontas com mesmo padrão de gota, permitindo o aumento da capacidade efetiva do pulverizador sem diminuição na qualidade da aplicação. / The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of agrochemical application on soybean crop using different types of spray nozzles for ground applications in high travel speed. It was evaluated the nozzles AXI 110 04 with ground speed of 15 km.h-1 (reference), APE Grey, AXI 110 08, TD Hispeed 110 06 and AXI TWIN 120 06, all using travel speed of 35 km.h-1. The volume rate was fixed in 120L.ha-1. The application efficiency was evaluated by two different methods: Analysis of coverage area using fluorescent dye tracer and UV light and analysis of deposits through the recovery and quantification of bright blue tracer FD&C N°1 by Spectrophotometry. Both analysis were done in samples collected from three parts of the plant: Top, medium and bottom. The spray nozzles showed differences in coverage and deposit pattern, so in the top of the plant, the coverage was increased with smaller droplets and the deposit was increased with medium droplets. In the other parts of the plant, there was no statistical difference between the treatments both for coverage and deposit. The travel speed did not influence the application efficiency for droplet with the same droplet pattern, so it is possible to increase the effective capacity of the sprayer without decreasing the application quality.

Orientador: Ulisses Rocha Antuniassi / Banca: Kléber Pereira Lanças / Banca: Rone Batista de Oliveira / Resumo: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a velocidade das gotas geradas por uma ponta de jato plano de faixa ampliada (XR11003) em função de variações na tensão superficial e da viscosidade de caldas compostas por diluições de um surfactante e um óleo vegetal. Os adjuvantes utilizados foram o surfactante Agral e o óleo vegetal Natur'óleo, além de uma calda padrão (testemunha) composta apenas por água. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 5 repetições. Para isso foram determinadas as viscosidades e tensão superficial para diferentes concentrações dos adjuvantes, bem como velocidade de gotas. As caldas pulverizadas foram amostradas em condições operacionais idênticas de pressão (2,8 bar), buscando a quantificação das velocidades de forma homogênea, em diferentes diâmetros de gota: 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 e 350 µm. Os experimentos foram conduzidos para coleta na altura de pulverização de 30 cm em relação ao analisador de partículas em tempo real VisiSize Portable (Oxford Lasers Ltd / UK). Foram ajustados modelos para os dados de velocidade e tamanho de gotas, viscosidade e tensão superficial, assim como realizou-se a Análise de Variância para significância do modelo e o coeficiente de determinação múltipla. A análise de correlação foi empregada para verificar o efeito da viscosidade e tensão superficial sobre a velocidade de gotas. Os resultados mostraram que os modelos tridimensionais indicam a formação de gradiente ascendente da ve... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of the present work was to determine the velocity of the droplets generated by a wide band plane jet (XR11003) as a function of variations in surface tension and viscosity of syrups composed of dilutions of a surfactant and vegetable oil. The adjuvants used were the Agral surfactant and the Natur'óleo vegetable oil, besides a standard syringe (control) composed only of water. The trials were conducted in a completely randomized design with 5 replicates. For this, the viscosities and surface tension were determined for different concentrations of the adjuvants, as well as droplet velocity. The pulverized samples were sampled under identical operating pressure conditions (2.8 bar), aiming at the quantification of the homogeneous velocities in different drop diameters: 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 μm. The experiments were conducted at the 30 cm spray height in relation to the VisiSize Portable (Oxford Lasers Ltd / UK) real-time particle analyzer. Models for the velocity and droplet size, viscosity and surface tension data were adjusted, as well as the Analysis of Variance for model significance and the multiple determination coefficient. Correlation analysis was used to verify the effect of viscosity and surface tension on the droplet velocity. The results showed that the three-dimensional models indicate the formation of an upward velocity gradient as a function of viscosity, that is, a trend of higher velocities was observed for higher viscosity values. The inverse occurred for surface tension (downward velocity gradient as a function of surface tension), that is, a trend of lower velocities was observed for higher values of surface tension. However, no significant correlations were observed between surface tension or viscosity and velocities for each droplet size (p> 0.05). It is concluded, therefore, that for the spray tip XR 11003 at a pressure of 2.8 bar, the droplet ... / Mestre