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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Worcester Polytechnic Institute. / Keywords: program; testing; modeling; blow down; discharge; dry chemical. Includes bibliographical references (p. 364-375).

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This research examined a heat transfer model to predict the activation time of a concealed sprinkler. Concealed sprinklers consist of two stages of activation. They include the release of cover plates from a recess housing and the breakage of the glass bulbs or melting of the solder links. The research analysis is divided into two sections. The first section includes the prediction of cover plate activation time (stage one) and the second section includes the prediction of glass bulb activation time (stage two). Each prediction result is compared with the experimental data conducted by Annable (2006) and Yu (2007). A lumped heat capacity method is introduced to predict the activation time of the cover plate. This method has been used for predicting the activation time of a standard pendent exposed sprinkler. It is reasonable to apply this method by assuming they are flush with the ceiling. The analysis results are compared based on the percentage of predicted and measured uncertainties. A recommendation is provided for which method is appropriate to apply to predicting the cover plate activation time. The proposed of using FDS5 simulations is to simulate the heat transfer to the sensing element (glass bulb only) within the recessed housing. The constructed simulation models comprises of ceiling within a compartment. The simulations of various sprinkler heads are performed to investigate any parameters that can potentially affect the activation time of the sprinklers. To simulate the glass bulb, combined thermal properties including glass and glycerine are modified to account for the differences in mass. Prior to stage two analysis, the FDS5 simulation was tested to predict the activation time of a standard pendent exposed sprinkler. The results showed positive progress to carry onto the next analysis. In stage two analysis, the simulations are constructed with and without the presence of vent holes within the recess housing. The combined activation time for concealed sprinklers show lack of solid predictions compared to the experimental data especially Yu experimental data.

Thesis (PhD)--University of South Australia, 2004.

Orientador: Raimundo Leite Cruz / Banca: Antonio Evaldo Klar / Banca: João Carlos Cury Saad / Banca: Marcio Antonio Vilas Bôas / Banca: Jarbas Honorio de Miranda / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver uma bancada de ensaios para avaliar os microaspersores perante o coeficiente de variação de fabricação dos emissores e ensaiá-los em conformidade com a ABNT segundo o projeto 04:015.08-015 para microaspersores, e fornecer um parâmetro para cálculos de vazões em três sistemas (Tipo Serpentina, Tipo Linha Lateral e Tipo Malha) de irrigação, verificando inclusive a pressão dos emissores. A bancada foi desenvolvida no Laboratório de Irrigação e Drenagem da UNESPFCA, em Botucatu-SP e foram utilizados quatro tipos de microaspersores (Amanco não compensante, bocal verde com vazão de 50 L h-1; Azud não compensante, bocal branco de 40 L h-1, Naandan não compensante, bocal cinza de 41 L h-1 e Naandan auto compensante, bocal marrom de 35 L h-1) para a determinação de perdas de carga em cada sistema e cálculo do coeficiente de variação de fabricação de cada um deles. Os resultados apontaram que todos eles estão classificados como bons 4,14%; 2,29%; 2,86%; e 2,84% respectivamente, segundo ABNT. Nessas condições experimentais o sistema que teve a melhor uniformidade de distribuição foi o sistema Tipo Malha, com semelhanças em relação ao sistema Tipo Linha Lateral. / Abstract: This study was carried to evaluate some micro sprinklers in a testing bench to evaluate the "CVf" (Coeficiente de variação de fabricação), in acordding to project 04:015.08-015 of ABNT, for micro sprinkler, and simulate three diferent system operate of design micro-irrigation ("Tipo Serpentina", "Tipo Linha Lateral", and "Tipo Malha"), to verify the pressure and outflow of micro-sprinkler in each test. This testing bench was developed in Irrigation & Drainage Laboratory of UNESP-FCA, in Botucatu-SP. Four micro sprinkler were used to determine the head loss in each system, and to calculate the variation of each one. The results demonstrated that they were classificate like good as ABNT rules with CVf = 4,14%; 2,29%; 2,86%; and 2,84% respectively, and the best system of uniformity was "Tipo Malha" that was very similar to "Tipo Linha Lateral" system. / Doutor

Orientador: Ricardo Antonio Ferreira Rodrigues / Banca: Orivaldo Arf / Banca: Rita de Cássia Félix Alvarez / Resumo: Os manejos de água e de nitrogênio são importantes para atender adequadamente as necessidades da planta de arroz. Em região com verão chuvoso, o manejo de água é função do regime das precipitações e das irrigações, as quais são realizadas para suprir os períodos de deficiência hídrica. Em relação à necessidade por nitrogênio, o mesmo pode ser suprido com aplicação no solo na forma mineral e, também pela utilização de bactérias capazes de fixar o nitrogênio atmosférico ou a combinação dos dois métodos. Por isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de lâminas de água, inoculação de sementes com Azospirillum brasilense e doses de nitrogênio em cobertura, utilizando como fonte nitrogenada o sulfato de amônio, no desenvolvimento, componentes de produção, produtividade e qualidade industrial de grãos de arroz de terras altas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 5, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram na combinação de lâminas de água (irrigado + precipitação pluvial e não irrigado + precipitação pluvial), da inoculação das sementes (não inoculado e inoculado) e da adubação nitrogenada em cobertura (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 kg ha-1 de N). A altura de plantas foi influenciada pelo manejo de água e pelas doses de nitrogênio testadas, mas não ocorreu acamamento de plantas. O manejo de água também influenciou o número de panículas m-2, a fertilidade dos colmos e das espiguetas, teor de nitrogênio na planta, nos grãos e na folha, massa de 100 grãos, massa hectolítrica e produtividade de grãos, além de reduzir o número de dias para o florescimento e a duração do ciclo da cultura. A inoculação das sementes com A. brasilense aumentou o número de colmos e número de panículas por metro quadrado. As doses de N testadas não interferiram na produtividade do arroz de terras altas / Abstract: The water and nitrogen management are important to adequately meet the needs of the rice plant. In the region with a rainy summer, the water management is a function of rainfall and irrigation which are made to meet periods of water stress. The nitrogen can be supplied with application to soil in mineral form and the use of bacteria capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen or combination of two methods. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the water levels, seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and nitrogen doses, in cover, in the development, production components, productivity and quality of grain of upland rice. A randomized block design was used in a 2 x 2 x 5 factorial scheme, with four repetitions. The treatments consisted in water levels (irrigation + rainfall and no irrigation + rainfall), seeds inoculation (uninoculated and inoculated) and nitrogen fertilization in cover (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha-1 N). The high plants was influenced by water management and nitrogen doses tested, but there was no bedding plants. The water management also influenced number of panicles per square meter, the fertility of stems and spikelets, nitrogen content in plant, grains and leaf, mass of 100 grains, hectoliter weight and grain yield, and reduce the number of the days to flowering and duration of the crop cycle. The seeds inoculation with A. brasilense increased the number of stems and number of panicles per square meter. The nitrogen doses were tested did not interfere in yield of upland rice / Mestre

"Performance based methodologies are becoming increasingly common in fire safety due to the inability of prescriptive codes to account for every architectural feature. Fire Sprinkler suppression systems have long been used to provide property protection and enhance life safety. However, very few methodologies exist to account for the impact of sprinkler sprays on fire scenarios. Current methods are extremely complicated and difficult to use as an engineering tool for performance based design. Twenty four full scale fire tests were conducted at Tyco Fire Suppression & Building Products Global Technology Center to determine a simple method for accounting for the impact of a single residential sprinkler on fire induced doorway flows. It was found that a spraying sprinkler reduced the mass flows at the doorway while maintaining two stratified layers away from the sprinkler spray. The mass flow reduction was consistent and could be predicted through the use of a simple buoyancy based equation. The current study suggests that the buoyancy equation can be altered through the use of a constant cooling coefficient (equal to 0.84 for a Tyco LFII (TY2234) sprinkler) based on the test results reported in this paper. This study is a proof of concept and the results suggest the methodology can be applicable to similar situations."

Sprinkling as a method of irrigation has been expanding rapidly in the United States, with acreages irrigated by this method increasing every year. One of the major reasons for the expansion is the great improvements that have been made in sprinkler irrigation equipment. Lightweight aluminum pipe, with quick couplers, improved pump and motor efficiencies have all made sprinkler irrigation more desirable. High efficiency of water application, labor requirements, and favorable plant response have also favored the expansion.

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