No description available.

Maintaining performance and mitigating heat stress of the modern broiler is a challenging task during hot weather conditions. Increased demand of high quality reasonably priced animal protein and predictions of future limited water availability make sustainability and water conservation a worthwhile goal for the poultry industry. The most used form for cooling broilers after wind speed is evaporative cool cell (CC) systems. Though highly effective at cooling the incoming air, they substantially increase the relative humidity inside the house, which hinders the bird’s ability to cool itself through evaporative respiration. Cool cells also utilize mass amounts of water. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of sprinkler technology on broiler performance, cooling water usage, inhouse environments, conservation, and sustainability, while providing information on how to successfully utilize sprinkler cooling in conjunction with an evaporative cool cell system.

Animal welfare, reproduction, and milk production can be negatively affected when dairy cattle experience heat stress. Dairy cows in southern latitudes spend nearly 4 to 6 months in a state of heat stress. Animal health professionals and dairy producers use changes in physiological responses and behavioral patterns of cows as a tool for identifying poor health and welfare in periods of heat stress. The objectives of this study were to monitor the effects of heat stress on grazing dairy cows provided with shade or sprinklers by comparing various physiological indices of heat stress, and to, design and utilize a heat stress scoring system to evaluate heat stress severity on grazing dairy cows with access to shade and sprinklers. Finally, the results were used to predict the accuracy of the scoring system with machine learning methods. The findings from this study provide a new tool to assess heat stress in dairy cows.

No description available.

The overall objective of this study was to determine the influence of intermittent water application via overhead irrigation on water and N leaching, substrate water distribution, and plant growth in a pine bark substrate. Intermittent irrigation was defined as the application of a plants' daily water allotment in multiple applications with prescribed intervals between applications. Specifically, experiments were conducted to determine: 1) the influence of water application rate and pre-irrigation substrate moisture content on water application efficiency, 2) the influence of the number of intermittent applications and interval duration between applications on application efficiency, 3) substrate water distribution after intermittent irrigation, 4) efficiency of intermittent irrigation in unamended and sand-amended pine bark, and 5) influence of intermittent irrigation on plant growth. In all experiments, Marigold (<u>Tagetes erecta</u> L. 'Apollo') was grown in unamended or sand-amended pine bark in 3.8-liter containers. After saturation, bark was allowed to dry via evapotranspiration to targeted moisture deficits after which irrigation treatments were applied via a simulated overhead irrigation system. In experiments evaluating intermittent irrigation, water was applied intermittently (multiple applications with intervals between applications) or continuously (single application). After 1 h drainage, collected leachate was measured and analyzed (in two experiments) for electrical conductivity, N0₃-N and NH₄-N and water application efficiency (percentage of applied water that is retained in the substrate) determined. There was an inverse linear relationship between water application rate and efficiency. Leachate N (total) increased linearly as application rate increased. Efficiency increased curvilinearly and leachate N (total and concentration) increased linearly as pre-irrigation substrate moisture content decreased. Efficiency of intermittent irrigation was greater than continuous irrigation over a range of pre-irrigation substrate moisture contents, and in both unamended and sand-amended pine bark. Intermittent efficiency increased linearly as interval duration between applications increased. Efficiency of five 60 ml applications was greater than three 100 ml applications. Gravimetric moisture content of the bottom third of the substrate was greater with intermittent than continuous irrigation. Intermittent efficiency was greater in pine bark than in sand-amended pine bark when the water deficit from container capacity was the same for both substrates. Repeated intermittent irrigations resulted in less water and N leaching compared to continuous irrigation. Intermittent irrigation did not result in substrate nutrient accumulation and had no adverse effect on plant growth. Fresh and dry root weights and shoot and root N concentrations were greater with intermittent irrigation than continuous irrigation. / Ph. D.

No description available.

O controle ambiental nas instalações pecuárias é um fator importante a ser levado em consideração para promover o bem-estar e otimizar a produção animal. Como o clima brasileiro é predominantemente tropical, sistemas de resfriamento são essenciais em instalações pecuárias em todo o país. Diferentes sistemas de resfriamento estão disponíveis no mercado brasileiro e, apesar de possuírem o mesmo objetivo, de atenuar a temperatura dentro do galpão, podem ser percebidos pelos animais de modos diferentes. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar a percepção de suínos através de sua preferência em relação a diferentes sistemas de resfriamento do ambiente em uma câmara de preferência ambiental. Esta avaliação foi feita por meio do teste de preferência, que consiste em fornecer alternativas entre diferentes situações ou recursos, para que os animais transmitam suas respostas. Para tanto, foi utilizada uma câmara de preferência ambiental composta por quatro compartimentos interligados entre si por uma área neutra. Cada compartimento teve seu ambiente controlado independentemente, podendo assim fornecer, quatro diferentes tipos de sistemas de resfriamento: nebulização associada à ventilação forçada, ventilação forçada, aspersão e aspersão associada a ventilação forçada. Nesse estudo de preferência, dois grupos principais de suínos foram utilizados: os suínos-teste e os suínos-companhia. Os suínos-teste foram os animais com livre acesso aos distintos compartimentos da câmara e os suínos-companhia, por sua vez, ficaram confinados em seus respectivos sistemas. Para caracterização do ambiente no interior e no exterior da câmara, foram utilizados data-loggers para coleta das variáveis: temperatura ambiental, umidade relativa, temperatura de globo negro e ponto de orvalho; para determinação dos índices de conforto térmico: índice de temperatura de globo e umidade e entalpia. Também foi coletada a velocidade do ar com anemômetro digital. Foram verificadas medidas fisiológicas: frequência respiratória e temperatura de superfície corporal na região da nuca no horário das 14 horas. Para analisar o desempenho dos animais foi avaliado ganho de peso diário e conversão alimentar, além das medidas in vivo de espessura de toucinho, rendimento de carne magra e profundidade da área do lombo. Para avaliação do teste de preferência foram considerados dias que caracterizassem condições climáticas em que os sistemas de resfriamento estivessem em operação. Para isto vídeos coletaram e registraram as imagens e estas foram analisadas automaticamente e interpretadas como preferência por (ou rejeição de) certos ambientes através de frequência e tempo do suíno-teste em cada um dos ambientes. A câmara conseguiu atender os valores recomendados para o índice de temperatura de globo e umidade, temperatura ambiental e umidade relativa ao longo dos períodos do dia, os valores obtidos para entalpia estiveram acima do recomendado na literatura. Porém o desempenho da câmara foi satisfatório, uma vez que as medidas fisiológicas de frequência respiratória e temperatura superficial, e as variáveis de desempenho indicaram que os animais estavam em conforto térmico e obtiveram medidas de espessura de toucinho, rendimento de carne magra e profundidade da área do lombo característicos para a categoria. Em relação à preferência dos suínos-teste, observou-se a maior frequência de permanência nos sistemas de aspersão (40%) e aspersão associada à ventilação forçada (34,7%). Assim os resultados obtidos validaram o uso da câmara de preferência ambiental para experimentação com suínos a fim de verificar sua preferência em relação a diferentes ambientes térmicos com diferentes sistemas de resfriamento. / Environmental control in livestock buildings is an important factor to be taken into account to promote the welfare and optimize the animal production. As the Brazilian climate is predominantly tropical, cooling systems are essential in animal facilities across the country. Different cooling systems are available in the Brazilian market and, despite having the same goal, to mitigate the temperature inside the shed, they can be perceived by the animals in different ways. The aim of this study was to evaluate the perception of pigs through their preference in relation to the different environment of the cooling systems in an environmental preference chamber. This assessment was made by the preference test, which is to provide alternatives between different situations or resources, so that the animals transmit their responses. An environmental preference chamber was used, and consisted of four compartments connected to each other by a neutral area. Each compartment has its environmental conditions controlled independently, and may thus provide four different types of cooling system: nebulizer associated to forced ventilation, forced ventilation, sprinkler and sprinkler associated to forced ventilation. In this preference study, two main groups of pigs were used: the test-pigs and companion-pigs. The test-pigs were the animals with free access to the chamber and companion-pigs, in turn, were confined in their respective systems. To characterize the environment inside and outside the chamber, data-loggers were used to collect the variables: ambient temperature, relative humidity, black globe temperature and dew point; to determine the levels of index thermal comfort: globe temperature and humidity index and enthalpy. The air speed with digital anemometer also was collected. Physiological measures were also registered: respiratory rate and body surface temperature in the neck region in the schedule at 2pm. Daily gain and feed conversion were evaluated to analyze the performance of the animals in addition to the measures in vivo backfat thickness, lean yield and depth of loin area. The preference test considered days that characterize climatic conditions in which the cooling systems were in operation. The video images were collected and recorded and they were automatically analyzed and interpreted as a preference (or rejection) of certain environments through the frequency and time that test-pig in each environment. The environmental preference chamber conditions attended the recommended values for globe temperature and humidity index, ambient temperature and relative humidity over the periods of the day, and the values obtained for enthalpy were slightly above the recommended literature. The chamber performance was satisfactory since the physiological measures respiratory rate and body surface temperature and the performance variables indicated that the animals were in thermal comfort and obtained backfat thickness, lean yield and depth of loin area measures, characteristic for the category. Regarding the preference of the test-pigs, the highest frequency was observed in sprinkler (40%) and sprinkler associated to forced ventilation (34,7%) systems. Thus the results validated the use of the environmental preference chamber for experimentation with pigs in order to verify their perception to different thermal environments with different cooling systems.

Devido à limitação dos recursos hídricos que está cada vez mais perto do limite, a utilização da água na agricultura precisa ser mais eficiente visando à manutenção dos níveis atuais de produtividade aliada a expansão da área irrigada. A eficiência dos sistemas de irrigação quanto ao uso da água pode ser aumentada adequando-se a quantidade aplicada de água às condições específicas do solo e da cultura, as quais variam dentro da lavoura. É notória a necessidade de equipamentos que sejam capazes de aplicar variadas lâminas de irrigação a fim de sanar a necessidade hídrica do solo levando-se em conta a variabilidade espacial e temporal. Assim, neste trabalho, teve-se por objetivo desenvolver e avaliar um aspersor de taxa variada para a utilização em pivôs-centrais e/ou sistemas lineares de irrigação com potencialidade de utilização em projetos de irrigação de precisão. Dois protótipos foram desenvolvidos realizandose em laboratório suas referidas calibrações bem como o ajuste de seus coeficientes de descarga. Realizou-se com êxito uma modelagem para se estabelecer uma equação para predição de vazão em aspersores de taxa variada. A calibração do protótipo do aspersor de taxa variada I apresentou resultados estatísticos satisfatórios, entretanto resultados técnicos questionáveis. Já o processo de calibração do protótipo do aspersor de taxa variada II apresentou resultados estatísticos e técnicos satisfatórios, sendo o protótipo escolhido para realização de ensaios de campo e posteriormente sua automação. Em ensaios de campo, determinaram-se perfis radiais de distribuição para o segundo protótipo, seguindo as recomendações da norma técnica da ASABE, encontrando-se os alcances correspondentes as diversas vazões ensaiadas e com os dois defletores rotativos de quatro e seis jatos testados em campo. A automação desse protótipo foi realizada por meio do acionamento de um motor de passo utilizando-se a comunicação de porta paralela de um microcomputador controlada por um software desenvolvido em linguagem pascal em ambiente Delphi. Os resultados foram considerados satisfatórios proporcionando a viabilidade técnica da idéia de construção de um aspersor de taxa variada a ser utilizado em projetos de irrigação de precisão. / Due to depletion of hydric resources which are nearing limits, water use in agriculture requires more efficient to maintain current levels of yield in the expansion of irrigated areas. The efficiency of irrigation systems as for water use can be increased adjusting the amount of water applied to the specific conditions of soil and crop, which vary in the field. It is evident the need for equipment capable of applying different irrigation levels in order to supply the water requirement of the soil taking into account the spatial and temporal variability. So, this work aims to develop and evaluate a flow rate sprinkler to be used in center pivots or linear moving irrigation systems with the potential for utilization in scheduling irrigation. Two prototypes were developed. Their calibrations and discharge coefficient adjustments were carried out in a laboratory. To predict flow rate, it was established a successful model that represents flow rate sprinklers operation. The calibration of the flow rate sprinkler prototype I showed good statistical results, however questionable technical results. As for the calibration process of flow rate sprinkler prototype II showed satisfactory statistical and technical results. This prototype was chosen to be implemented in field-testing and to be automated. In field tests, it was determined radial distribution profiles for the second prototype, following recommendations of ASABE technical standard. Sprinkler radius of throw was determined by different flow rates tested and two types of rotating deflectors: four and six jets. The automation of the prototype was obtained through driving a step motor using the communication of parallel door of a microcomputer which was controlled by a software program developed for this purpose. Results were considered satisfactory and provided technical feasibility to build a flow rate sprinkler to be used in precision irrigation.

This thesis demonstrates how the response of fire detection and automatic sprinkler systems can be designed or analyzed. The intended audience is engineers involved in the design and analysis of fire detection and suppression systems. The material presented may also be of interest to engineers and researchers involved in related fields. National Bureau of Standards furniture calorimeter test data is compared to heat release rates predicted by a power-law fire growth model. A model for calculating fire gas temperatures and velocities along a ceiling, resulting from power-law fires is reviewed. Numerical and analytical solutions to the model are outlined and discussed. Computer programs are included to design and analyze the response of detectors and sprinklers. A program is also included to generate tables which can be used for design and analysis, in lieu of a computer. Examples show how fire protection engineers can use the techniques presented. The examples show how systems can be designed to meet specific goals. They also show how to analyze a system to determine if its response meets established goals. The examples demonstrate how detector response is sensitive to the detector's environment and physical characteristics.

Orientador: Marco Eustáquio de Sá / Banca: Orivaldo Arf / Banca: Edson Lazarini / Banca: Marco Antonio Camillo de Carvalho / Banca: Neli Cristina Belmiro dos Santos / Resumo: Culturas de cobertura são utilizadas com a finalidade de manter palhada sobre o solo, com o intuito de melhorar as características físicas, químicas e biológicas dos solos cultivados e contribuindo para a sustentabilidade da produção de sementes. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a potencialidade das plantas de cobertura quanto à habilidade de produção de biomassa seca para uso em sistema de plantio direto e o retorno de nutrientes ao solo e avaliar as respostas das cultivares de feijão sob as palhadas de plantas de coberturas quanto à produtividade e qualidade fisiológica das sementes. Foi conduzido na Fazenda de Ensino Pesquisa e Extensão da Faculdade de Engenharia - UNESP- Campus de Ilha Solteira, situada no município de Selvíria-MS. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com os tratamentos dispostos em faixas em esquema fatorial 5x2x3, com 4 repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de plantas de cobertura (Mucuna-cinza, Feijão-de-porco, Crotalaria juncea, Milheto e uma área de Pousio), épocas de semeadura do feijão (primeiro ano em 22/04/08 e 12/05/08 e segundo ano 20/04/09 e 20/05/09) e cultivares de feijão (Pérola, IAC Tunã e Carioca Precoce). Foram avaliados: produção e teor de nutrientes da biomassa seca das plantas de cobertura; teor de nutrientes nas folhas de feijoeiro no florescimento; componentes de produção e produtividade de sementes; e qualidade fisiológica das sementes. De acordo com os resultados, pode se concluir que: as plantas de cobertura crotalária e milheto apresentaram maior quantidade de biomassa fresca nos dois anos de cultivo, sendo recomendadas para a região, onde essas coberturas apresentaram maior acúmulo de nutrientes nessas plantas.; a segunda época de semeadura do feijoeiro aumentou os teores nutricionais das cultivares de feijão, embora, os seus componentes produtivos, produtividade e qualidade ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Cover crops are used in order to keep straw on the ground, with the aim of improving the physical, chemical and biological properties of cultivated soils and improve the sustainability of seed yield. The study aimed to evaluate the potential cover crops for their ability to produce biomass for use in no tillage and returning nutrients to the soil and to evaluate the responses of common bean cultivars under the mulch plant on the roof yield and physiological seed quality. The work was conducted at the Fazenda de Ensino Pesquisa e Extensão da Faculdade de Engenharia - UNESP- Campus de Ilha Solteira, located in Selvíria-MS. The experimental design was randomized blocks with treatments arranged in bands in 5x2x3 factorial design with four replications. The treatments were grown on cover crops (Velvet bean gray, Jack bean, Suan hemp, Millet and an area of fallow), sowing dates (first year on 22/04/08 and 12/05/08 and 20/04 years and 20/05 seconds, 2009 and common bean cultivars (Pérola, IAC Tunã e Carioca Precoce) grown in two years. Were analyzed: production and nutrient common content of dry biomass of cover crops, nutrient content in bean leaves at flowering, yield components and seed yield, and physiological seeds quality. According to the results, it can be concluded that: the cover crops sunn hemp and millet had higher amount of fresh biomass in both years cropped, being recommended for the region and that such coverage had higher nutrient uptake in these plants., The second sowing dates of bean increased the nutritional content of bean cultivars, although their components production, yield and seed quality in some of the tests carried out showed a reduction in the second sowing date and that there are variations in productivity as a function of seed years of cultivation and sowing date, but the IAC Tuna was more stable in those variables / Doutor