Thèse (M.Sc.)--Université Laval, 2003. / Bibliogr. Publié aussi en version électronique.

A região amazônica possui grande diversidade de espécies vegetais, sendo considerada uma das maiores do mundo, entretanto, pouca atenção vem sendo dada quando se trata de estudos tecnológicos e morfoanatômicos de sementes de espécies florestais. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a germinação, morfologia, anatomia de sementes maduras, plântulas e plantas jovens de Aspidosperma spruceanum, visando buscar conhecimentos biológicos e análise de sementes, que irá propiciar o uso dessa espécie em programas de reflorestamento. Os estudos foram realizados no Laboratório de Sementes Florestais (Embrapa Amazônia Oriental) e no Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal (Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi). A metodologia e a terminologia empregada foram específicas de cada área, ilustrando os principais caracteres com gráficos, desenhos, fotografias e imagens. Os resultados tecnológicos mostraram que houve diferenças significativas entre os frutos e as sementes das matrizes analisadas para os dados biométricos, entretanto, o tamanho do fruto não influencia no número de sementes por fruto. A espécie produz fruto relativamente grande, em média de 17 sementes por fruto. A porcentagem de germinação, tempo médio e índice de velocidade de germinação não diferiram significativamente entre as sementes das matrizes, entretanto, as médias mostraram que houve diferença significativa entre as temperaturas e os substratos. O melhor índice de germinação foi obtido na temperatura de 250C, destacando-se o substrato vermiculita. Verificou-se que sementes de A. spruceanum não apresentam dormência. Morfologicamente as sementes são aladas e estenospérmicas, constituída por testa, com germinação do tipo epígea fanerocotiledonar. Apresenta eofilos simples, opostas, pecioladas e metafilos alternos e peciolados. Anatomicamente, as células da testa e da ala são alongadas, heterodimensionais, com presença de mucilagem, e o envoltório interno apresenta células epidérmicas, com 2 a 3 camadas de células parenquimáticas irregulares e cristais do tipo drusa de carbonato de cálcio. Os cotilédones apresentam epiderme adaxial e abaxial unisseriadas, com forma poligonal, heterodimensionais, parede anticlinal espessa, coberta por cutícula delgada incipiente, desprovida de complexo estomático. Pelos resultados obtidos das partes analisadas de sementes de A. spruceanum pode-se concluir um melhor conhecimento biológico da espécie, pelos caracteres específicos e indispensáveis gerados para o seu desenvolvimento. / The amazon region has a big diversity of vegetable, being considered one of the biggest of the world. However, less attention has been given when is about technologics and morphoanatomics studies of forests species seeds. Whin this, the aim of this work was study the germination, morphology, anatomy of mature seeds, seedlings and juvenile plants of the Aspidosperma spruceanum aiming lokk for biologics knowledge and seeds analysis, that will be propritious the use of this species in reforestation programs. The studies were made on Forests Seeds Laboratory (EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental) and on Vegetable Anatomy Laboratory (Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi). The methodology and terminology applied were specifics in each area, illustrating the mean characteristics with graperics, draws, photografs and pictures. The technologics results showed that were meaning fue differences between the fruits and the seeds of the analysed matrix for the biometrics basics, however, the size of the fruit doesnT have influence on the number of seeds by fruit. The specie produces fruit relatiraly big, an average of 17 seeds by fruits. The percentage of germination, average time and speed rate of germination don't differed meaning fully among the matrix seeds however, the middle ones showed that was a meanful difference between the temperatura and the substracts. The best rate of germination was made on 250C of temperatura, outstanding the vermiculite substract. It was found seeds of A. spruceanum don't present dormancy. Morphologically the seeds are winged and esternospermics, constituted by forehead, with germination by the fanerocotylar epigeal. Presents eophylls simples, opposite, petiolates and metaphylls are alternate and petiolate. Anatomicaly, testai and winged cells are elongated, heterodimensional, with mucilage presença, and internai coat presents epidermics cells, witer two to three layer of irregular parenquimatics cells and crystal of type drusa and calcium carbonate druses. The cotiledones present adaxial epiderm and abaxial unisseriaded, with polygonal form, heterodimensional cells, consistent anticlinal wall, filled by an incipient thin cuticle, without a stomats complex. By the results got it of the analysed parts of seeds of A. spruceanum can be conclude a better biological knowledgment of the specie, by the specifics characteristics and essential generated for it's deveiopment.

Un essai de provenance/descendance de Calycophyllum spruceanum a été établi dans un bassin de l’Amazonie péruvienne dans le but de: (a) évaluer la variation génétique de la croissance de l’arbre (hauteur et diamètre) et des propriétés du bois (masse volumique, couleur, retrait, résistance maximale et coefficient de déformation statique [s11] en compression longitudinale, s11 dynamique en direction longitudinale mesuré par ultrasons), (b) estimer la proportion de la variation sous contrôle génétique, (c) estimer l’effet de la sélection pour la croissance sur les propriétés du bois, et (d) déterminer la variation radiale de la masse volumique (par densitomètrie à rayons X) et sa corrélation avec la croissance de l’arbre. La hauteur de l’arbre et le diamètre de la tige près du niveau du sol ont été mesurés à l’âge de 16, 28 et 39 mois. Le diamètre à 1,3 m de hauteur et les propriétés du bois ont été mesurés à l’âge de 39 mois. En général, le bois présenta une couleur uniforme, un retrait moyen et une résistance et rigidité relativement élevées. Des variations significatives dues aux familles à l’intérieur des provenances et/ou aux provenances ont été observées pour la croissance, la masse volumique, et quelques paramètres de couleur, retrait, résistance et rigidité. En général, les familles ont présenté plus de variation que les provenances. L’héritabilité a été modérément forte pour la masse volumique basale, le retrait, la résistance et rigidité statique, et relativement faible pour les caractères de croissance, ainsi que pour la couleur, le coefficient d’anisotropie et la rigidité dynamique. Les héritabilités de la croissance, masse volumique, couleur et retrait du bois ont été en général plus élevées pour les zones de plantations à croissance plus rapide. Les corrélations génétiques sont telles que (a) la sélection d’arbres à croissance rapide produirait un bois plus dense, (b) cette sélection d’arbres à croissance rapide et du bois plus dense conduirait à l’obtention d’un bois plus résistant et rigide, sans effet significatif sur la couleur, mais augmenterait le retrait. De plus, la masse volumique a augmenté significativement de la moelle vers l’écorce, spécialement pour les arbres et zones à croissance plus rapide. Les corrélations phénotypiques suggèrent que la sélection d’arbres à croissance rapide pourrait provoquer l’obtention d’une plus grande variation de la masse volumique en direction radiale. Finalement, les méthodes non-destructives utilisées se sont avérées très efficaces pour l’étude de la qualité du bois de cette espèce. / A provenance/progeny test of Calycophyllum spruceanum was established in one watershed in the Peruvian Amazon in order to (a) evaluate genetic variation in tree growth (height, diameter) and wood properties (density, color, shrinkage, ultimate crushing strength (σL) and static compliance coefficients (s11) in longitudinal compression, and dynamic s11 in the longitudinal direction determined by ultrasound), (b) estimate the proportion of the variation under genetic control, (c) estimate the effect of selection for growth on wood properties, and (d) determine the radial variation in wood density (by microdensitometry)and its correlation with tree growth. Tree height and stem diameter near ground level were measured at 16, 28 and 39 months. Diameter at 1.3 m and wood properties were measured at 39 months. In general, the wood was relatively uniform in color, with average shrinkage and relatively high strength and stiffness. Significant variation due to families within provenances and/or provenances was found in tree growth, wood density, and some color, shrinkage, strength and stiffness characteristics. In general, families accounted for more variation than provenances. Heritability was moderately high for basic wood density, shrinkage, strength, and stiffness determined by the static s11, and relatively low for growth traits, wood color, coefficient of anisotropy and stiffness determined by the dynamic s11. The heritability of growth traits, wood density, color and shrinkage was generally higher in the planting zone where trees grew most rapidly. Genetic correlations indicated that (a) selecting faster-growing trees would result in denser wood; (b) the selection of faster-growing trees with denser wood would result in stronger and stiffer wood, without a significant effect on its color, but would increase the shrinkage. In addition, wood density increased significantly from pith to bark, especially in the zones where trees grew more rapidly. Phenotypic correlations suggested that selecting faster-growing trees would result in greater radial variation in wood density. Finally, the non-destructive methods used were very effective for studying wood quality in this species.

Submitted by VIVIANE MAGRINI null (viviane_magrini@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-03-01T20:13:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Viviane Magrini.pdf: 5645437 bytes, checksum: 25fafce9b5405010cb429b17c172011c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-03T19:58:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 magrini_v_me_araiq_par.pdf: 1328742 bytes, checksum: 4a2b2b27d644fb4d71ce706407afdc38 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-03T19:58:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 magrini_v_me_araiq_par.pdf: 1328742 bytes, checksum: 4a2b2b27d644fb4d71ce706407afdc38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-18 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O gênero Calycophyllum pertence à família Rubiaceae, conhecida pela diversidade de metabólitos secundários, e pela variedade de atividades biológicas: antifúngica, bactericida, antiviral e inseticida. A espécie vegetal Calycophyllum spruceanum Benth (Rubiaceae) é muito utilizada pelas populações da América do Sul no combate a doenças dermatológicas, estomacais, diabetes, parasitoses, câncer, entre outras, despertando o interesse pela investigação química deste táxon. A presente pesquisa objetivou o estudo bio-guiado dos extratos obtidos das folhas, galhos e de cascas do caule de C. spruceanum visando à identificação das substâncias bioativas isoladas, incluindo as inativas. A meta é identificar nas substâncias isoladas aquelas com propriedades cosméticas associadas ao uso popular desta espécie, conhecida na região Amazônica por esta propriedade. Diferentes extratos foram preparados e analisados por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE) e Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN 1H), acompanhados por ensaios biológicos (ensaio de capacidade redutora dos radicais DPPH˙ e ABTS˙+) para determinação de atividade antioxidante. O direcionamento do estudo foi feito em função dos ensaios antioxidantes aplicados aos extratos, conduzindo o estudo experimental para o extrato hidroetanólico de folhas ao foco do estudo, por ter apresentado a maior atividade antioxidante. Por meio de métodos espectroscópicos e espectrométricos (CLAE-DAD, CLAE-EM, CLAE-EM/EM; RMN de 1H e 13C; TOCSY 1D; HMBC; EM-IES) deste extrato e respectivas frações, pode-se identificar algumas substâncias antioxidantes potencialmente ativas, sendo estas: ácido 3,5-di-O-E-cafeoilquínico; duas séries homólogas de proantocianidinas (tipo-B) com grau de polimerização de 1 a 4, e proantocianidinas monoglicosiladas (tipo-B O-glicosilada) com grau de polimerização de 1 a 3; ácido 1,4-di-O-E-cafeoilquínico, quercetina 3-O-α-arabinopiranosil (16) β-glucopiranosídeo, ácido cafeoilquínico e canferol 3-O-β-D-glicopiranosil (12) β-D-xilopiranosídeo. Espera-se que ao final deste estudo, as informações forneçam subsídios para uma possível aplicação dos resultados científicos sobre a espécie vegetal, visando um produto para a linha de cosmético funcional. / The Calycophyllum genus belongs to the Rubiaceae’s family, known for its high diversity of secondary metabolites, which have a wide range of biological activities (antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral and pesticide). It is widely used by the people of South America against skin diseases, stomach, diabetes, parasites, cancer, among others. It is therefore essential to study the chemical composition of these species used in folk medicine, aiming to validate the traditional use, with scientific data and thus contributing to the search for new bioproducts. This research aimed the bio-guided fractionation of the extracts from the leaves, branches and stem bark extracts of Calycophyllum spruceanum Benth (Rubiaceae), to identify the secondary metabolites in the extracts and fractions, including bioactive ones, for further evaluation of the cosmetic potential of this species, commonly known in the Amazon region. Different extracts were prepared and analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), and screened by biological assays (assay of reducing capability of ABTS˙+ and DPPH˙radicals) to determine the antioxidant activity. The chemical investigation was carried out based on the antioxidant activity of the extracts. The experimental study focused on the hydroethanolic extract of leaves, that presented the higher antioxidant activity, which would support the traditional uses of this specie as cosmetic. By means spectroscopic and spectrometric analysis (HPLC-DAD, HPLC-MS, HPLC-MS/MS; 1H NMR and 13C; TOCSY 1D; HMBC, ESI-MS) of this extract and its fractions, some compounds were identified: the 3,5-di-O-E-caffeoylquinic acid; two homologous series of proanthocyanidins (B-type) with a degree of polymerization from 1 to 4 and monoglicosyl proanthocyanidins (B-type O-glycosylated) with degree of polymerization from 1 to 3; 1,4-di-O-E-caffeoylquinic acid, quercetin-3-O-α-arabinopyranosyl (16) β-glucopyranoside, caffeoylquinic acid and kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (12) β-D-xilopyranosil, which could be responsible for the activity. It is expected that the the complete study of this species provide chemical information, which will validate this plant specie as a potential source of antioxidant natural products that could be material for functional cosmetics. / CNPq: 166069/2014-0