The present thesis attempts to critically examine the rise, decline and effects of Coḷa rule over the northern half of Ceylon during the first three quarters of the eleventh century. The short introduction explains the need for a comprehensive investigation into many of the more important aspects of those critical years. It also stresses the need for a closer examination of the motives "behind the sudden expansion of Coḷa power outside India. This is followed by a chapter (i) on the Sources pertaining to our study. The main study begins with Chapter II with an account of the relations between Ceylon and South India up to the tenth century. Chapter III traces the rise of the Coḷa Vijayalaya line in South India and its impact on Ceylon. This becomes evident with the accession of Parantaka I (906-955 A.C.). But in spite of his attempt to conquer Ceylon the position remained unchanged till the accession of Rajaraja I (985-955 A.C.). There is also a conflicting account of an Indian invasion of the north of Ceylon in the time of Mahinda IV (956-972 A.C.). Chapter IV is devoted to the Coḷa occupation of Rajarattha in the time of Rajaraja I, and the consolidation of their power during the reigns Rajendra I and Rajadhiraja I. Chapter V covers the vital phase of the struggle between the Sinhalese and the Coḷas. Taking advantage of the difficulties of the Coḷas following the death of Virara-jendra the Sinhalese under the leadership of Vijayabahu I were able to overthrow the power of the Coḷas in Ceylon. Thus their power in Ceylon came to an end, but the relations between the Sinhalese and the Coḷas continued to be unfriendly for over another hundred years. Chapter VI is devoted to a study of the administration of Rajaratha (Anuradhapura kingdom) and its economic conditions under the Coḷas. What we have undertaken here is the first serious survey of its kind. The last chapter (VII) discusses the effect of the Coḷa occupation on the society and religion in Ceylon. The more important results of our investigations are summarised in a Conclusion.

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Evolução Crustal e Recursos Naturais. Departamento de Geologia. Escola de Minas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. / Submitted by Oliveira Flávia (flavia@sisbin.ufop.br) on 2015-03-06T21:44:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22190 bytes, checksum: 19e8a2b57ef43c09f4d7071d2153c97d (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_DesenvolvimentoPadrõesZircão.pdf: 4105967 bytes, checksum: f9570fa7c57893cda674d290585752f2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gracilene Carvalho (gracilene@sisbin.ufop.br) on 2015-03-10T13:54:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22190 bytes, checksum: 19e8a2b57ef43c09f4d7071d2153c97d (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_DesenvolvimentoPadrõesZircão.pdf: 4105967 bytes, checksum: f9570fa7c57893cda674d290585752f2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-10T13:54:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22190 bytes, checksum: 19e8a2b57ef43c09f4d7071d2153c97d (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_DesenvolvimentoPadrõesZircão.pdf: 4105967 bytes, checksum: f9570fa7c57893cda674d290585752f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / A crescente demanda de medidas isotópicas U-Pb e de Hf por meio da técnica laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) tem resultado em uma constante necessidade de desenvolvimento de materiais de referência naturais e bem caracterizados, tanto para correção das análises (padrão primário), quanto para controle de qualidade (padrão secundário). Este estudo apresenta dados isotópicos para um zircão considerado como um potential material de referência para datação U-Pb e medidas isotópicas de Hf via LA-ICP-MS, disponível em um depósito secundário de plácer no Complexo Highland, Sri Lanka. Caracterizou-se um lote de aproximadamente 300 gramas de grãos de zircão, com tamanhos variando entre 0,5 e 1,0 cm. As análises focaram na caracterização cristaloquímica, por meio de imagens de catodoluminescência, espectroscopia Raman e difratometria de raios-x, na caracterização química, a partir de medidas das concentrações de elementos traço, através de análises por LA-ICP-MS, e na caracterização isotópica das amostras, através de análises por LA-ICP-MS e isotope dilution-thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) em diversos laboratórios. As análises TIMS e LA-ICP-MS mostraram que a grande maioria das amostras de zircão apresentam uma idade U-Pb concordante, com uma idade 206Pb/238U de 562.58 ± 0.26 Ma (ID-TIMS, 2). No entanto, para um dos fragmentos de zircão, a idade ID-TIMS foi de 556.25 ± 0.70 Ma, sugerindo que a datação U-Pb via ID-TIMS é necessária para todos os grãos individuais de zircão. A média das concentrações de U varia entre 270 e 452 ppm. A razão Th/U para todos os cristais analisados varia entre 0.245 e 0.485. As amostras são composicionalmente homogêneas, como é mostrado pelas medidas das concentrações de elementos traço (via LA-ICP-MS) e pela ausência de texturas internas em imagens de catodoluminescência. A composição isotópica de Hf para todas as amostras analisadas (1.29 - 1.51 wt.% de Hf) é homogênea, tanto dentro quanto entre os grãos, apresentando uma razão 176Hf/177Hf de 0.281674 ± 0.000018 (2 S.D.). O fator alpha fluence de 0.79 x 1018 g-1 corresponde a uma estrutura cristalina do zircão, e encontra-se dentro da tendência de amostras de zircão do Sri Lanka previamente estudadas, o que nos permite concluir que o zircão não teve seu sistema isotópico perturbado desde que se cristalizou. As concentrações relativamente altas de U e Pb, juntamente com sua homogeneidade de elementos traço, idade e de isótopos de Hf, faz do zircão estudado um material de referência ideal para análises via LA-ICP-MS. Ainda foram realizadas comparações com outros zircões do Sri Lanka, que sugeriram uma gênese metamórfica para o zircão estudado. ________________________________________________________________________________ / ABSTRACT: The increasing demand for U-Pb and Hf measurements by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) technique has resulted in a constant need to develop well-characterized natural reference materials, for both calibration of equipment (primary standard) and quality control purposes (secondary standard). This study presents isotopic data for a natural zircon that appears to be a suitable reference material for U-Pb dating and Hf isotopic measurements by laser ablation ICP-MS, that was collected from a secondary placer deposit in the Sri Lankan Highland Complex. We have characterized a batch of about 300 grams zircon grains with sizes ranging between 0.5 and 1.0 cm. The analyses focused on the crystalline structure characterization by means of cathodoluminescence images, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction, the chemical characterization, based on measurements of trace elements concentrations by LA-ICP-MS, and the isotopic characterization of the samples by LA-ICP-MS and isotope dilution ionization-thermal mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) analyses in several laboratories. The TIMS and LA-ICP-MS analyses show that nearly all zircon samples have a concordant U-Pb age with a weighted mean 206Pb/238U date of 562.58 ± 0.26 Ma (ID-TIMS, 2). However, for one of the zircon fragments, the ID-TIMS age was 556.25 ± 0.70 Ma, suggesting that the ID-TIMS U-Pb dating of all individual zircons is needed. The average U content varies between 270 and 452 ppm. The Th/U ratio for all crystals analysed averages between 0.245 and 0.485. The BB zircons are compositionally homogeneous, as shown by measured trace elements concentrations (LA-ICP-MS) and by the absence of any internal textures in cathodoluminescence images. Hf isotopic composition of all BB zircons analysed (1.29 - 1.51 wt.% Hf) is homogenous within and between the grains with a mean 176Hf/177Hf value of 0.281674 ± 0.000018 (2 S.D.). The calculated alpha fluence of 0.79 x 1018 g-1 corresponds to a fine zircon structure, and is within the trend of previously studied, untreated zircon samples from Sri Lanka, which enables us to conclude that the zircon has not been annealed since it crystallized. The relatively high U and Pb concentrations of the BB zircon, together with its homogeneity of trace element contents, age and Hf isotopes make it an ideal calibration and reference material for LA-ICP-MS analyses. Comparisons with other Sri Lankan zircons suggest a metamorphic genesis for the BB zircon.

This study is aimed to provide an understanding of the spiny lobster fishery of the south coast of Sri Lanka. Most of the spiny lobster fisheries of the world are subjected to heavy exploitation due to the increasing demand. The use of hazardous fishing methods however is known to cause serious problems in the developing countries, including Sri Lanka where considerable percentage of berried females and under sized lobsters are caught each year. The fishery for spiny lobster in the coastal waters of the south coast is carried out by non-mechanized out-rigger small canoes with trammel nets, bottom set gill nets and lobster rings. Around 200mt of lobsters is caught each year in the study area by a fishing fleet of 315 crafts. Around 80% of the lobster production consisted of Panulirus homarus. Lobsters were found to occur all year round, but the fishery is restricted to the non-monsoon period (August-March) due to operational difficulties. The analysis of catch and effort statistics indicated a maximum sustainable yield of 190-200 mt and an optimal daily effort of 300 crafts. The length-based analysis indicated that the resource is over exploited and a reduction in effort by about 20.5% is necessary to put the fishery back to an equilibrium level. Experimental fishing tests revealed that the lobster rings cause the least damage to the population, while the trammel net was the most harmful by including 77% of sub-legal lobsters in catches. This study indicated the possibility of having two spawning and recruitment pulses separated by an interval of 4-5 months. Fecundity estimates ranged between 116,000 - 601,000. Nearly two-third of the total egg production was contributed by lobsters of 60-79mm carapace length range. The fishery is reproductively supported by 3-4 year lobsters. This resource in the study area appears to be overfished with respect to its reproductive potential. The use of trammel nets and free access to the fishery are the two main points which should be carefully controlled. The fishery should be managed by using less harmful fishing gear (eg. lobster rings) and by introducing a proper licensing system to control fishermen entering into the fishery.

This thesis concerns the theoretical issues that arise in the application of the constitutional model known as the plurinational state, developed through the experience of such Western liberal democratic states as Canada, Spain and the United Kingdom, to non-Western contexts of national pluralism through the case study of Sri Lanka. There are two closely intertwined and complementary objectives to the thesis. Firstly, to provide a fresh analytical and prescriptive framework of understanding and potential solutions to the constitutionally unresolved problem of national pluralism in Sri Lanka that has so far only generated protracted conflict. Secondly and more importantly, to contribute in more general terms to the theoretical literature on plurinational constitutionalism by way of the comparative insights generated through applying the model to an empirical context that is fundamentally different in a number of ways to that from which it originally emerged. In this latter, comparative, exercise, there are three key empirical grounds of difference that are identified in the thesis. Firstly, the difference between the sociological character of nationalisms in the two contexts, defined at the most basic level by the civic-ethnic dichotomy; secondly, the different meanings of democratic modernity in the present, determined by colonial modernity and post-colonial ethnocracy; and thirdly, the differences in the substantive content of democracy as between liberal and nonliberal democracies. The thesis argues that the plurinational state may be adapted to have a role and relevance beyond Western conditions, by addressing the theoretical issues that arise from these divergences. In doing so, it seeks to demonstrate that ethnic forms of nationalism are not necessarily inconsistent with the plurinational logic of accommodation; that an exploration of pre-colonial history reveals indigenous forms of the state that are more consistent with plurinational ideals than the classical modernist Westphalian nation-state introduced by nineteenth century colonialism; and that plurinational constitutions may be based on a broader conception of democracy than political liberalism. Building on these discussions, the principal normative contribution of the thesis is the development of a constitutional theory for the accommodation of national pluralism that is based on the norm of asymmetry, as distinct from equality, between multiple nations within the territorial and historical space of the state.

Dans un contexte de crise économique et financière, de crise sociale via le dumping social renforcé par la mondialisation, et de crise environnementale engendrée par la raréfaction des ressources naturelles et la pollution de l’environnement, l’essor du développement durable et de la Responsabilité Sociale d’Entreprise (RSE) ainsi que de l’analyse extra-financière devraient participer à un processus de création d’innovations au sens de Schumpeter avec l’émergence de technologiques environnementales (Green Tech), et de nouveaux modèles économiques sociaux (Base of the Pyramid et Social Business,) et environnementaux (Économie circulaire, Cradle-to-cradle et Économie de fonctionnalité), sources de compétitivité selon Michael Porter. Ce processus de création d’innovation génère, selon la théorie Schumpetérienne, une destruction des situations préétablies. Au-delà du débat sur la performance des fonds ISR, les Investissements Socialement Responsables jouent un rôle variable dans le développement d’un nouveau cycle économique, selon que la gestion des fonds ISR relève d’une démarche active ou passive. Le renforcement de l’analyse environnementale, sociale et de gouvernance (ESG) participe au développement et à l’enrichissement de l’information extra-financière, ainsi qu’à la valorisation d’un choix social, environnemental et de gouvernance d’entreprise par les investisseurs. / In a context of economic, financial, social crisis through social dumping reinforced by globalization and environmental crisis by the scarcity of natural resources and pollution of the environment, the boom of sustainable development, corporate social responsibility (CSR) and extra-financial analysis should be involved in a process of creating innovations according to Schumpeter theory with the emergence of environmental technology (green tech), and new social models (Buddhist economy, base of the pyramid and social business) and environmental models (circular Economy, cradle-to-cradle and functional economy), source of competitiveness according to Michael Porter. This process of creating innovations generates a destruction of established situations according to the Schumpeterian theory. Beyond the debate on the performance of SRI funds, socially responsible investments have a varying role in the development of this new economic wave according to the management of SRI funds is active or passive. Therefore, the strengthening of the ESG analyses helps the development and enrichment of extra-financial information, as well as the promotion of a social choice, environmental and corporate governance by investors.

Members of the diaspora are conflict actors with an agency that is important to include in conflict theories and analysis of international relationships. Scholarship suggests its origins, and thereafter changes in the conflict cycle effect decision-making and mobilization in the diaspora, but the conditions and mechanisms that inform these processes are undertherorized. The Sri Lankan conflict and its Toronto based diasporas are used to explore processes of diasporization and mobilization in the context a changed political landscape. A series of semi-structured interviews and a short survey asks respondents to assess their motivations for mobilization. The comparative work is within and between ethnic groups. New Institutionalism underscores this project. Butler’s (2001) epistemology, Brinkerhoff’s (2005) identity-mobilization framework, the political process model and insights from the New Social Movement literature are used to situate politicized identities and political activism directed toward the homeland. Attention is paid to factor processes.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how local and foreign newspapers used the war journalism and peace journalism frames when covering the Sri Lankan civil war, and to uncover subframes specific to the conflict. The first part of the thesis provides an in- depth literature review that addresses the history of the conflict and media freedom in Sri Lanka. The newspaper articles for the textual analysis were selected from mainstream Sri Lankan and U.S newspapers: the Daily News (a state sponsored newspaper) and Daily Mirror from Sri Lanka, and the New York Times and Washington Post from the U.S. A total of 185 articles were analyzed and categorized into war journalism and peace journalism. Next, subframes specific to the Sri Lankan conflict were identified. The overall coverage is dominated by the peace journalism frame, and the strongest war journalism frame is visible in local newspaper articles. Furthermore, two subframes specific to the Sri Lanka conflict were identified: war justification subframe and humanitarian crisis subframe. In conclusion, the study reveals that in the selected newspapers, the peace journalism frame dominated the coverage of the Sri Lankan civil war. All in all, while adding to the growing scholarship of media framing in international conflicts, the study will benefit newspaper editors and decision-makers by providing textual analysis of content produced from the coverage of war and conflict during a dangerous time period for both journalists and the victims of war.

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No description available.

Student achievement has become a main concern for schools in the United States. Emphasis has long been placed on reading, writing, and arithmetic; however, reading achievement remains insufficient. The passage of No Child Left Behind in 2001 required all students to be reading on grade level by 2014. With states and school districts striving to make adequate yearly progress, finding programs and practices that prove effective in improving student achievement has become a main priority for schools. In an effort to improve reading achievement, a reading program was implemented at Gauge Middle School and studied for its impact. The Mississippi Curriculum Test 2 (MCT2) and Scholastic Reading Inventory (SRI) tests were analyzed to determine the impact of the program. The voices of the students and the voices of the teachers were considered important in understanding the impact. The reasons for this research include (a) determining whether the implementation of READ 180 increased student reading achievement and (b) understanding the perceptions of the students and teachers in READ 180. A struggling reader is defined as a student who is experiencing difficulty learning to read. The literature on struggling readers indicated that a struggling reader will never read on grade level, but they can make increases in their reading level. The data obtained from this research supports the literature review. After the participating in READ 180, the MCT2 scores did not increase; however, the SRI scores did increase for all the students. Future research that replicates this study may be conducted with various grades and schools in Leese County School District to determine if the findings of the study can be duplicated. Also, research could address the age or grade at which to focus more intently on reading interventions. Students who are too low for READ 180 need an intervention or program. A high school reading intervention would benefit high school students and help reduce the dropout rate. Motivation and student behavior for middle and high school students requires more research.