Master's thesis. / Format: PDF. Bibl.

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The purpose of the present research was to provide ideas for positive stress management in the orchestra world to help achieve high-level performances. The author developed the Orchestral Performance and Stress Survey and distributed it to 230 musicians of three orchestras that comprised full-time and part-time professional as well as community orchestra musicians. The survey sought to identify stress-causing and performance-enhancing factors in the orchestra environment. Questions on the musicians' background allowed for comparisons to identify groups with particular needs. Results show that musical training often does not include stress management training. Playing-related injuries are common. Two-thirds of full-time musicians who responded have suffered injuries that forced them to stop playing for more than one week. On average, musicians reported that stress neither detracts from, nor enhances performances. The most stressful concert types were classical concerts. Highly critical audiences are the most stressful. / School of Music

Thesis (M.Econ-Res.)--University of Wollongong, 2007. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references: leaf 115-123.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Leipzig, 1999.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2010. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed February 17, 2010). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 253-268).

Thesis (doctoral)--University of Göteborg, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 272-294).

La traduction est une affaire culturelle. De prime abord, elle se présente comme la recherche d’équivalents lors du passage d’une langue à l’autre. Mais si on se penche sur le travail qu’effectuent les traducteurs, on se rend compte rapidement que traduire exige des opérations bien plus complexes. Ainsi, un texte littéraire rédigé en une langue ne peut pas être traduit vers une autre langue sans que le traducteur ou la traductrice fasse attention au contenu culturel que véhicule la langue. Un même message est communiqué de deux manières différentes par deux peuples issus de cultures distinctes. Ainsi opère un système très complexe qui déborde le champ de la linguistique et s’enracine dans la culture qu’exprime chaque langue. Toutes les actions humaines, la communication, les sentiments, les réactions, la compréhension, l’interprétation (pour en nommer quelques-unes) ont la culture pour fondement.Intitulée « L’épreuve de l’étranger : traductions françaises d’écrivains sri lankais contemporains de langue anglaise », notre thèse a pour mots-clés : « culture », « sri lankais » et « traduction ». Elle a pour point de départ une question formulée en quelques mots simples : comment transmettre en français la culture sri lankaise ? Ces deux cultures sont distantes sur le plan géographique mais aussi pour ce qui concerne leurs pratiques et leurs valeurs. C’est donc une rencontre entre l’Orient et l’Occident que permet la traduction par le truchement de la langue anglaise.Les deux œuvres que nous avons choisies pour notre corpus, Funny Boy de Shyam Selvadurai (1994) et Running in the Family de Michael Ondaatje (1982), sont imprégnées de culture sri lankaise. Nous avons tenté de mettre en évidence systématiquement les stratégies utilisées par les traducteurs pour préserver l’identité de la culture source. La tâche du traducteur n’est pas de dissimuler ou de minimiser les éléments culturels sri lankais mais de les rendre visibles dans ses textes. Par les stratégies qu’il utilise, le traducteur parvient à préserver la culture sri lankaise dans le texte d’arrivée, du moins dans des limites qu’il nous faudra également définir. Lawrence Venuti (2004 : 20) propose un système binaire, la traduction ethnocentrique ou domesticating (naturalisation) et la traduction éthique qui laisse place à l’étrangeté qu’il qualifie de foreignizing (dépaysement). Conserver les traces de l’œuvre originale est considéré comme la chose la plus importante. Nous nous plaçons ainsi entre les stratégies de naturalisation et de dépaysement. Traduire, c’est effectuer un travail qui « est ouverture, dialogue, métissage et décentrement » comme l’écrit Berman (1984 : 16), c’est aussi négocier un autre type de produit final.Dans un premier temps, nous verrons comment opère le dépaysement en tant que stratégie de traduction dans Drôle de garçon (Frédéric Limare et Susan Fox-Limare, 1998) de Shyam Selvadurai et Un air de famille (Marie-Odile Fortier-Masek, 1991) de Michael Ondaatje. Dans un deuxième temps, nous prêterons attention à la stratégie de la naturalisation qui rend la lecture plus fluide, en atténuant les différences trop importantes entre cultures. Dans un troisième temps, nous verrons de quelle manière certaines faits culturels restent intraduits dans les traductions pour diverses raisons que nous identifierons au cours de l’analyse, tout en repérant également les ellipses qui modifient le message d’origine. Notre analyse tentera de démontrer que la traduction est une rencontre entre les cultures : une rencontre qui se fait de manière fructueuse pour enrichir la littérature d’une culture nouvelle en permettant au lecteur un voyage vers une destination lointaine.Mots clés : culture, dépaysement, Funny Boy, Michael Ondaatje, naturalisation, Running in the Family, Shyam Selvadurai, Sri Lanka, traduction / Translation is a cultural matter. At first sight, it may appear as a search for equivalents in the transfer from one language to another. However, in depth translation analysis reveals much more than meets the eye. A literary text written in one language cannot be translated into another language without paying attention to its associated cultural background. It has become a truism today to say that individuals belonging to different cultures do not communicate in the same way; while the linguistic dimension is important, so is the cultural one, since cultural habits are at the root of all human actions.The title of this thesis, “The Trials of the Foreign: French Translations of Contemporary Sri Lankan Writers in English”, combines three key words: “culture”, “Sri Lanka” and “translation”. The broad research question we started out with is: how is it possible to convey Sri Lankan culture in French literary translation? The two countries are distant not only geographically but also in terms of practices and values. Therefore, a true encounter between East and West is at stake here, mediated by the English language, which the authors of the two Sri Lankan novels we study here chose as a medium of expression.In his or her attempt to identify viable equivalents of different cultural realities, the translator is confronted with decisions about whether differences should be mitigated or, on the contrary, preserved, in order to maintain the local colour. When cultural differences are smoothed over in translation and the target text contains very few traces, if any, of the source culture, the reader may have the impression of reading an original. On the other hand, when the source culture is given prominence, the translation has the potential to make the reader travel abroad, and gain new experience.The two literary works which make the object of our research, Michael Ondaatje’s Running in the Family (1982) and Shyam Selvadurai’s Funny Boy (1994), are imbued with Sri Lankan culture and pose significant challenges to translation. We draw on Lawrence Venuti’s (1995/2004) distinction between ethnocentric or domesticating translation (naturalisation) and foreignizing translation (dépaysement), while at the same time recognizing the importance of not taking this dichotomy for granted. And we assume, as Antoine Berman did, that translation is “openness, dialogue, blending and decentring” (1984: 16).We start by outlining a number of theoretical considerations about translation strategy, culture, and translating culture. We then carry out fine-grained analyses of the texts and endeavour to show how foreignization operates in Drôle de garçon (1998), the French translation by Frédéric Limare and Susan Fox-Limare of Selvadurai’s novel Funny Boy, and in Un air de famille (1991), the translation of Ondaatje’s Running in the Family by Marie-Odile Fortier-Masek. In the second part of our analysis, we focus on the strategy of domestication, which makes reading more fluent due to the mitigation of differences between cultures. Finally, we discuss some of the ways in which certain cultural facts remain untranslated, with implications for the integrity of the message, and the target readers’ experience of the text. We conclude that translation is indeed an encounter between cultures: a meeting that is fruitful and has the potential to enrich the literature of a new country, by allowing the reader to embark on a journey to a distant destination.Key words: culture, domestication, foreignization, Funny Boy, Michael Ondaatje, Running in the Family, Shyam Selvadurai, Sri Lanka, translation

Purpose– The assumption that microcredit alone can contribute to worldwide povertyalleviation is debated, the opponents voicing the need of non-credit services in addition togive the poor access to capital. Social intermediation services are argued to be essential inmaking a difference in a time where the impact of microfinance itself has been reappraised inseveral studies. Simultaneously, the shift to commercialization of the industry due to pressureto accomplish self–sustainability is inescapable; concerns over its benefits for the poor ispronounced. Some are suggesting positive effects, others argue there being negative effectsdue to the change in focus. The purpose of this study is to generate knowledge about theinfluence MFIs have in enabling individuals to be microentrepreneurs in Sri Lanka.Design/methodology/approach– This will be accomplished through investigating theconditions and terminology used by MFIs in relation to entrepreneurship and theirrequirements of training. The findings may be used as guidance to other MFIs andstakeholders, both nationally and globally, who wish to engage in this field. The study relieson qualitative methodology where multiple case studies were analyzed and the findings basedon primary data conducted from nine semi-structured interviews. The cases have beenselected according to theoretical sampling.Findings– Based on the findings and theories applied, it can be stated that the ambition of theMFIs in Sri Lanka is to contribute to the microentrepreneurs development. This isaccomplished by giving them microcredit, training and motivation to start a sustainablebusiness and thus rise out of poverty. The findings suggest that the MFIs have an importantrole, but that the responsibility following as a result of their influence is compromised. Theconclusion is that the MFIs do not acknowledge everyone to be entrepreneurs, and are lackingin providing the most optimal training and supply of microfinance services for theirmicroentrepreneurs to succeed. This is limiting the microentrepreneurs progress and excludesan unknown part of potential microentrepreneurs.Originality/value– The findings of this study can help us to understand how MFIs in SriLanka enable or restrict the microentrepreneur because of their expectations and otherconsequences due to the market of microfinance and the fundamental assumptions whichmicrofinance is based on. Our contribution provides context on what conditions andlimitations MFIs create for microentrepreneurs in rising out of poverty with the assistance ofmicrofinance. The findings may be used as guidance to other MFIs and stakeholders, bothnationally and globally, who wish to engage in this field. / Syfte– Antagandet att enbart mikrokredit kan bidra till världsomfattande fattigdomsbekämpningär omdiskuterat. Motståndarna uttrycker behovet av icke-kredittjänster utöver attge tillgång till kapital. Icke-kredittjänster hävdas vara avgörande för att göra skillnad i en tiddå mikrofinansens inverkan har blivit omprövad i flera studier. Samtidigt är övergången tillkommersialisering av mikrofinansindustrin, på grund av påtryckningarna att uppnå finansiellhållbarhet, oundviklig; oro över konsekvenserna av detta för de fattiga är debatterad. Någraredogör för de positiva effekter kommersialisering innebär och andra poängterar de negativakonsekvenserna av att förändra fokus. Syftet med denna studie är att skapa kunskap om detinflytande som mikrofinansinstitut (MFIs) har för att möjliggöra för individer att vara mikroentreprenöreri Sri Lanka.Design/metod/tillvägagångssätt– Detta kommer att åstadkommas genom att undersökavillkoren och terminologin i förhållande till entreprenörskap och MFIs krav på träning förderas mikrolåntagare. Studien bygger på en kvalitativ metod där flera fallstudier haranalyserats och resultaten är baserade på primära data utifrån nio semistrukturerade intervjuer.Fallen har valts ändamålsenligt enligt ett teoretiskt urval.Slutsatser– Utifrån studiens resultat och teorier kan det konstateras att MFIs ambition i SriLanka är att bidra till utvecklingen av mikroentreprenörer. Det görs genom att ge demmikrokredit, utbildning och motivation för att starta en hållbar inkomstgenererande aktivitetför att ta sig ut ur fattigdom. Resultatet visar på att mikrofinansinstituten har en viktig rollmen att det ansvar som MFIs har som följd av deras inflytande är försummat. Slutsatsen är attmikrofinansinstituten begränsar mikroentreprenörernas framgång och exkluderar en okänd delav potentiella entreprenörer då de inte erkänner alla som entreprenörer. De saknar även denoptimala träningen och utbud av mikrofinanstjänster för att få sina mikroentreprenörer attlyckas.Originalitet/värde– Resultatet av denna studie skapar förståelse för hur MFIs i Sri Lankamöjliggör eller begränsar mikroentreprenörer på grund av deras förväntningar och andraförutsättningar på grund av mikrofinansmarknaden och grundläggande antaganden sommikrofinanskonceptet bygger på. Vårt resultat bidrar till att tydliggöra vilka villkor ochbegränsningar mikrofinansinstituten skapar för mikroentreprenörer i att ta sig ut ur fattigdommed hjälp av mikrokredit. Resultaten kan användas som vägledning till andra MFIs ochintressenter, både nationellt och globalt, som vill engagera sig i detta område.Uppsatsen kommer fortsättningsvis att presenteras på engelska.

Background: Sustainability has become an increasingly important and current topic, where sustainable investments have increased tenfold in the last decade. PE accounts for an extensive amount of capital for Swedish companies, giving them great opportunities to impact the sustainable development of the Swedish economy. Aim: The aim of the study is to analyze the extent to which PE-firms are incorporating sustainability as part of their business, how they have been affected by the heightened awareness surrounding sustainable development and if they believe that it can create value in their portfolio companies. Method: In order to attain the aim of the study, a qualitative method was used. Semi-structured interviews were held with seven PE-firms and one interest association representing Sweden’s PE-sector. Conclusion: The results indicate that PE-firms specializing in LBO-investments, generally, incorporate sustainability as part of their business to a greater extent than VC-firms. Moreover, sustainability is almost exclusively considered in the pre-investment phase, also known as the screening-phase. The value retrieved from sustainable activities does not seem to have a direct connection to a monetary reward and should therefore rather be considered in terms of becoming more attractive as an employer and in the face of investors. / Bakgrund: Hållbar utveckling blir ett allt mer viktigt och aktuellt fenomen för företag att arbeta med, där hållbara investeringar har ökat tiofaldigt det senaste årtiondet. PE står för en omfattande del av finansieringen av företag i det svenska näringslivet, vilket innebär att de har stora möjligheter att påverka hållbarhetsarbetet i den svenska ekonomin. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka och analysera i vilken utsträckning PE-bolag arbetar med hållbarhetsfrågor, hur de påverkats av en ökad medvetenhet kring hållbar utveckling samt om PE-bolagen upplever att det kan skapa värde i portföljbolagen. Metod: För att uppnå studiens syfte har ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt använts, där empirin erhållits genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju PE-bolag samt en intresseorganisation för PE. Slutsats: Resultaten tyder på att PE-bolag inriktade på LBO-investeringar, generellt sett, arbetar mer med hållbarhet än VC-bolag. Det går även att se att PE-bolagen främst arbetar med hållbarhet inför en investering, i screeningfasen. Det värde som fås av hållbarhet verkar inte direkt kunna spegla ett monetärt värde utan verkar snarare ge andra mjukare värden såsom att bolagen blir attraktivare både som arbetsgivare och för investerare.