Detta examensarbete är utfört på plats i Lajaedo, Brasilien och i anslutning till Sanitário de Lajeado – RS, Brasilien, mellan januari till maj 2010. I samband med denna rapport utfördes två andra examensarbeten inom samma områden. Det är menat att denna rapport skall ligga till grund för framtida projekt och beslut om utökad lakvattenrening.Lajeado ligger i södra Brasilien ca 100 km från atlantkusten. 10 km utanför Lajeado ligger en ung avfallsdeponi på ca 15 000 m2 till ytan med tillhörande lakvattenrening med ett utjämningsmagasin, en syrsättningsbassäng samt sedimentering. Deponin tar emot 42 ton fast kommunalt avfall per dag och har ett lakvattenflöde på genomsnitt 0,5 – 1,0 m3/h.Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka vilken inverkan vegetation har på reningen av lakvatten inom parametrarna TKN, BOD5 och COD, i småskaliga våtmarker av typen rotzonsanläggning. Då den befintliga reningen på plats har svårt att uppfylla vissa uppsatta lagkrav.Sammansättningen på och mängden av lakvatten beror främst på faktorerna, nederbörd, Temperatur och nedbrytningen i deponin.Vegetationens har många olika betydelser i en rotzonsanläggning. Plantan transporter ner syre till dess rotsystem där syremolekyler diffunderar ut. Vegetation fungerar även som en extern kolkälla vid denitrifikationsteget. Det är viktigt att vegetationen trivs och rotsystemet är välutvecklat, för att få en maximal reduktion av föroreningar i våtmarken.Åtta småskaliga våtmarker byggdes upp i anslutning till lakvattenreningen, i avkapade plasttunnor. Alla våtmarker byggdes upp med unika förutsättningar för att kunna jämföra resultatet. Två olika substrat användes och jämfördes, i fyra kar planterades vegetation och fyra utan, fyra hade kontinuerligt flöde som jämfördes med fyra kar med batch flow.Resultaten visar att växterna inte har någon större inverkan på reningsgraden av BOD5, COD och TKN. Men såg tydliga tecken på högre vattenavdunstning i våtmarkerna med biomassa och generellt högre halter av BOD5, COD och TKN i jämförelse med våtmarkerna utan biomassa. Vegetationen hann inte acklimatisera sig till miljön i våtmarkerna, men det var på god väg. För att få ett bättre resultat och en mer signifikant skillnad mellan våtmarkerna skulle försöken ha pågått under en längre tid. Det behövs mer forskning och projekt under en längre period.Detta examensarbete är utfört på plats i Lajaedo, Brasilien och i anslutning till Sanitário de Lajeado – RS, Brasilien, mellan januari till maj 2010. I samband med denna rapport utfördes två andra examensarbeten inom samma områden. Det är menat att denna rapport skall ligga till grund för framtida projekt och beslut om utökad lakvattenrening.Lajeado ligger i södra Brasilien ca 100 km från atlantkusten. 10 km utanför Lajeado ligger en ung avfallsdeponi på ca 15 000 m2 till ytan med tillhörande lakvattenrening med ett utjämningsmagasin, en syrsättningsbassäng samt sedimentering. Deponin tar emot 42 ton fast kommunalt avfall per dag och har ett lakvattenflöde på genomsnitt 0,5 – 1,0 m3/h.Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka vilken inverkan vegetation har på reningen av lakvatten inom parametrarna TKN, BOD5 och COD, i småskaliga våtmarker av typen rotzonsanläggning. Då den befintliga reningen på plats har svårt att uppfylla vissa uppsatta lagkrav.Sammansättningen på och mängden av lakvatten beror främst på faktorerna, nederbörd, Temperatur och nedbrytningen i deponin.Vegetationens har många olika betydelser i en rotzonsanläggning. Plantan transporter ner syre till dess rotsystem där syremolekyler diffunderar ut. Vegetation fungerar även som en extern kolkälla vid denitrifikationsteget. Det är viktigt att vegetationen trivs och rotsystemet är välutvecklat, för att få en maximal reduktion av föroreningar i våtmarken.Åtta småskaliga våtmarker byggdes upp i anslutning till lakvattenreningen, i avkapade plasttunnor. Alla våtmarker byggdes upp med unika förutsättningar för att kunna jämföra resultatet. Två olika substrat användes och jämfördes, i fyra kar planterades vegetation och fyra utan, fyra hade kontinuerligt flöde som jämfördes med fyra kar med batch flow.Resultaten visar att växterna inte har någon större inverkan på reningsgraden av BOD5, COD och TKN. Men såg tydliga tecken på högre vattenavdunstning i våtmarkerna med biomassa och generellt högre halter av BOD5, COD och TKN i jämförelse med våtmarkerna utan biomassa. Vegetationen hann inte acklimatisera sig till miljön i våtmarkerna, men det var på god väg. För att få ett bättre resultat och en mer signifikant skillnad mellan våtmarkerna skulle försöken ha pågått under en längre tid. Det behövs mer forskning och projekt under en längre period. / The ability for a subsurface flow constructed wetland system to treat landfill leachate was evaluated in Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Eight 0.95 m x 0.6 m experimental (SSF) units with a depth 0.4 m were used. Each wetland had unique conditions. Four units were planted with Typha angustifolia L. and four units were unplanted. Two different substrate dimension were used, four units with sand and four with gravel. Four wetlands operated in batch mode and four units with continuous flow. Batch flow systems were drained and filled up each week. To review vegetations impact on BOD5, COD and nitrogen compounds reduced in a wetland. This project lasted between January until May 2010 and samples were analyzed in April to May in four weeks.The result from this project show higher evapotranspiration water loss in units with planted vegetation and higher effluents concentration of BOD5, COD and nitrogen compounds, than in unplanted units.The ability for a subsurface flow constructed wetland system to treat landfill leachate was evaluated in Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Eight 0.95 m x 0.6 m experimental (SSF) units with a depth 0.4 m were used. Each wetland had unique conditions. Four units were planted with Typha angustifolia L. and four units were unplanted. Two different substrate dimension were used, four units with sand and four with gravel. Four wetlands operated in batch mode and four units with continuous flow. Batch flow systems were drained and filled up each week. To review vegetations impact on BOD5, COD and nitrogen compounds reduced in a wetland. This project lasted between January until May 2010 and samples were analyzed in April to May in four weeks.The result from this project show higher evapotranspiration water loss in units with planted vegetation and higher effluents concentration of BOD5, COD and nitrogen compounds, than in unplanted units.

The organism Clostridium thermocellum grows on cellulosic substrates and produces ethanol, acetate, lactate, formic acid, and CO2. The organic acids produced alter the growth environment in which the bacteria grows and ultimately inhibit bacterial growth. One method which has been used successfully to maintain the system at acceptable growth conditions is to intermittently flush out the spent media and metabolic products and replace with new fermentation media. Our goal was to design and build an automated system that will automatically flush the spent media from the growing culture and resupply new media without manual intervention. An automated control system was designed and built to control growth parameters. Heated water was pumped through the jacket of each culture vessel and used to regulate the reactor temperature. Sensors for pH and temperature were connected to a central data acquisition system and NI LabVIEW software was used to control each of the components through the signals provided by the data acquisition system. Peristaltic and vacuum pumps were used to supply growth media and acquire reproducible samples for HPLC analysis with limited contamination. In a series of trials, targeted temperature and moisture conditions were achieved and new media was passed through each reactor using a time trigger. More product was produced in manual and automatically flushed cultures than in batch.

M. Tech. (Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences), Vaal University of Technology / Solid-state fermentation (SFF) has emerged as a good method for the production of microbial enzymes such as inulinases. The use of low-cost agricultural plants and agro-industrial residues as substrates in SSF processes provides a value adding alternative to these otherwise under/or un-utilised vegetation. Production of inulinases, using various inulin-containing plant materials as carbon sources was studied using pure and mixed cultures of yeast strains. All substrates resulted in different levels of enzyme activity. A mixed culture of Kluyveromyces marxianus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae produced an extracellular exoinulinase when grown on different types of inulin-containing plant materials. Initial inulinase production was achieved as follows: 10 IU/gds (garlic cloves), 15 IU/gds (parsnips), 10 IU/gds (wheat bran) and 7 IU/gds (amadumbe) by K. marxianus and S. cerevisiae in a mixed culture. The production of inulinases by a mixed culture of K. marxianus and S. cerevisiae under SSF was further optimized by investigating initial moisture content, temperature, carbon source, nitrogen source, inoculum volume and inoculum ratio. The highest inulinase activity attained was in garlic cloves (85 IU/gds), followed by parsnips (65 IU/gds), wheat bran (37 IU/gds) and amadumbe (25 U/gds). The activities yielded 5.6 fold higher inulinase than in preliminary studies. The optimum pH and temperature of the crude enzyme were 5.0 and 50 oC, respectively. The pH and temperature stability of the enzyme was steady for 1 hour retaining about 64% activity. The average inulinase/invertase activity (I/S) ratio of 1.0 by crude inulinases was also observed after 48 hours. The crude extracellular enzyme extracts from the garlic cloves, parsnips, amadumbe and wheat bran were partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation and showed a specific activity of 9.03 U/mg, 0.08 U/mg, 4.12 U/mg and 0.133 U/mg respectively. The Km and Vmax values of the inulinase were 21.95 mM and 2.09 μM/min; 19.79 mM and 1.38 μM/min; 31.59 mM and 0.51 μM/min; and 25.74 mM and 0.23 μM/min, respectively. All extracts demonstrated potential for large-.scale production of inulinase and fructose syrup.

This study is part of a project that was conducted by Florida International University (FIU), which designed, built, and characterized a constructed wetland (CW) wastewater treatment system in El Salvador, Central America. This study focuses on the detailed performance of a field-scale CW in the tropics, consisting of a subsurface flow wetland (SSF) and a surface flow wetland (SF). The SSF had a total area of 151.2 sq. m., filled with gravel and planted with Phragmites, Thalia, and Brachiaria, along three independent cells operating with a flow in parallel and receiving the influent domestic wastewater from a facultative lagoon and preceded the SF. The SF was a shallow open basin containing alternating regions of open water (195 sq. m. total) with submerged aquatic plants (Elodea) and regions of shallower water (605 sq. m. total) filled with emergent wetland vegetation (Typha, Thalia, and Cyperus). The design, construction, startup and operation phases of the field scale CW in that tropical setting are thus described with detail, including both SSF and SF characterization of influent and effluents. The SSF average hydraulic detention times during the wet and dry season were 2 days ± 0.9 days and 4 days ± 0.4 days, respectively; and the SF average hydraulic detention times during the wet and dry season were 20 days ± 11.1 days and 77 days ± 19.5 days, respectively. Brachiaria/Cyperus presented better results during the wet season with average BOD5 residuals of 36% ± 25%, and Thalia/Thalia during the dry season with average BOD5 residuals of 33% ± 22%. Phragmites/Typha presented better results during both seasons with average TSS residuals of 2% ± 3% (wet season), and 2% ± 2% (dry season). Residuals are also presented for COD, Oil & Grease, Total Fecal Coliform, Total Phosphorus, and Total Nitrogen. In addition, an assessment of the empirical models used in the design of the system is completed, having the EPA methodology as the preferred for BOD5 removal and three methodologies for TSS removal under tropical climate conditions. A comparison of the differences in treatment associated with each one of the selected plants and their combinations is also discussed. In summary, results strongly suggest that the CW system can effectively reduce contaminants in wastewater to levels that are comparable with the objective levels (i.e., secondary treatment levels).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:14:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_bm_me_sjrp_parcial.pdf: 80021 bytes, checksum: 99997b29ac6df560bf0af42e9f8ea37e (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-05-28T14:25:15Z: lima_bm_me_sjrp_parcial.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-05-28T14:26:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000687968.pdf: 676213 bytes, checksum: 520749eb50ca5a41470631b041bfed18 (MD5) / Surfactantes são compostos anfipáticos, que reduzem a tensão interfacial e superficial, além disso, possuem capacidade de detergência, emulsificação, espumante, molhante, de solubilização e dispersão de substâncias. Os biossurfactantes, surfactantes biológicos derivados do metabolismo secundário de microrganismos, são amplamente utilizados na biorremediação e nas indústrias petrolíferas, de alimentos e de produtos de limpeza. Esses compostos podem ser produzidos por fermentação semi-sólida, a qual pode aproveitar resíduos agroindustriais como substrato para o crescimento microbiano. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram produzir biossurfactante utilizando os fungos Aspergillus ochraceus e Penicillium expansum por fermentação semi-sólida usando bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e farelo de trigo como substratos; avaliar a influência destes substratos; avaliar a influência da concentração de sacarose, glicose, óleo diesel e óleo residual de fritura no crescimento microbiano e o potencial de biorremediação dos biossurfactantes produzidos, assim como dos fungos utilizados. Os microrganismos foram propagados em tubos de ensaio inclinados incubados a 25oC em meio PDA. Posteriormente os esporos foram suspensos em solução nutriente e incubados em frascos de Erlenmeyer contendo cinco gramas do substrato a ser utilizado, bagaço de cana-de-açúcar ou farelo de trigo, 30 mL da solução nutriente contendo os esporos (1,7 x 107 esporos/mL) e uma fonte de carbono adicional testada: sacarose, glicose, óleo diesel e óleo residual de fritura. Os experimentos foram realizados a 25oC e tempo de fermentação de 72, 120 e 168h. A presença do biossurfactante no caldo de fermentação foi determinada pela medida da tensão superficial, do índice de emulsificação, da concentração micelar... / Surfactants are amphiphilic compounds that reduce the interfacial and surface tension; also they have capacity of detergency, emulsifying, wettability, of solubilization and dispersation of substances. The biosurfactants, biologic surfactants derivated from secundary metabolism of microorganism, are widely used in the bioremediation and in the petroleum, food and cleaning industries. These compounds can be produced under solid-state fermentation, which can use agro-industrial wastes as substrates for the microbial growth. The purposes of this study were produce biosurfactants using the fungi Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium expansum by solid-state fermentation using sugarcane bagasse and wheat bran as substrates; evaluate the influence of these substrates; evaluate the influence of sucrose, glucose, diesel oil and residual frying oil in the microbial growth and the biosurfactants bioremediation potencial, and microorganisms bioremediation potencial. First, for the inoculum preparation, the microorganisms were propagated in the inclined Erlenmeyers flasks containing PDA and kept at 25°C. After that, the spores were suspended in nutrient solution and incubated in Erlenmeyers flasks containing five grams of the substrate, sugarcane bagasse or wheat bran, 30 mL of nutrient solution containing the spores (1,7 x 107 spores/mL) and an additional carbon source tested: sucrose, glucose, diesel oil and frying oil. The experiments were realized in 25°C and 72, 120 and 168 hours. The presence of the biosurfactant in the fermentation broth was determinated by the surface tension, the emulsification index and the critical micelle concentration. The microorganisms Aspergillus ochraceus e Penicillium expansum showed a high potentiality for biosurfactant production using sugarcane bagasse... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:32:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 zanelato_ai_me_sjrp.pdf: 1477010 bytes, checksum: e2437c2c0ba00be5a6b7df73d8be90f5 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Este trabalho teve como objetivo produzir enzimas celulolíticas por fermentação em estado sólido (FES), em um bioreator de leito fixo, empregando-se o fungo termofílico Myceliophthora sp. e utilizando-se como substratos bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e farelo de trigo. Os testes foram realizados inicialmente em sacos de polipropileno apresentando uma boa produção de CMCase (550U/g) no período de 96 horas de fermentação. As variáveis controladas foram a temperatura de fermentação (40, 45 e 50ºC), umidade inicial (75, 80 e 85% b.u.) e proporção do substrato de bagaço de cana e farelo de trigo (1:1, 3:7 e 1:9 peso). Os estimadores estatísticos não indicaram diferença significativa da produção de celulase com as variações da proporção de bagaço de cana e de farelo de trigo, com a temperatura e com a umidade inicial do substrato, contudo, os melhores resultados foram obtidos para a proporção de 70% de bagaço de cana e 30% de farelo de trigo, temperatura de 50oC e umidade inicial do substrato de 80%. Nos testes em escala de bioreator, foi empregado um leito fixo de 7cm de diâmetro e 50cm de comprimento, encamisado, operado nas condições experimentais de melhor resultados obtidos na escala de sacos, sendo a temperatura da camisa e vazão de ar as variáveis de interesse. O fungo apresentou um bom desenvolvimento no reator, tendo uma produtividade enzimática semelhante à encontrada em escala de saco. Foi observado um gradiente de umidade no interior do leito, sendo este crescente do fundo para o topo do bioreator, comportamento inverso ao da atividade enzimática. As vazões variaram entre 80 e 120 L/h e não afetaram estatisticamente a fermentação, possuindo pouca influência sobre as distribuições longitudinais de umidade e de atividade enzimática. Já os ensaios para as temperaturas de 45 e 50oC mostraram-se distintos, sendo a maior produção de enzimas após 96h... / This work aimed to produce celullolytic enzymes through solid state fermentation in a fixed bed bioreactor, using the fungus Myceliophtora sp. and wheat bran and sugar cane bagasse as substrate. Initial tests were performed in polypropylene plastic bags, and satisfactory production of CMCase (550U/g.d.s.) was observed at 96h of fermentation. The controlled variables were the temperature (40, 45, and 50o C), the initial moisture content (75, 80, and 85%, w.b.), and wheat bran to sugar cane bagasse proportion (1:1, 3:7, and 1:9, weight). The experimental results did not differ statistically for any experimental condition adopted, even though the best results were obtained using the proportion 3:7 wheat bran/sugar cane bagasse 3:7, 50o C temperature, and 80% initial moisture content. A jacketed fixed bed bioreactor 7.62cm ID and 50cm long was used for scaling-up, and temperature, solid initial moisture content, and air flow rate were used as variables. The fungus adapted well to the bioreactor and to the experimental conditions, and the production of enzymes was similar to the tests performed in the plastic bags. It was observed a longitudinal gradient of moisture, increasing from the bottom to the top of the reactor, opposite effect observed for the enzyme production. The air flow rate was varied from 80 to 120L/h and did not affect neither the moisture nor the enzyme distributions. However, the experiments carried out at 45 and 50o C were statistically distinct, and the enzyme production at 50o C at 96h was larger than at 45o C. At 144h of fermentation, the results at 45o C were similar to those observed at 50o C and 96h. It was observed temperature peaks, the higher one at 18h of fermentation, which was 6o C above the temperature fixed through the jacket and the air at the entrance, for 45o C temperature and 80L/h air flow rate

Ce projet industriel porte sur la production de biopesticides actifs sur les nématodes à galles des cultures intensives de tomates sous abris au Maroc. Les travaux portent sur (i) l’isolement de souches de champignons filamenteux nématophages provenant des sols des cultures infectées par les nématodes, (ii) la réalisation de cultures de ces souches sur un milieu adapté à la Fermentation en Milieu Solide, technique optimale à la biologie des champignons filamenteux et présentant des avantages technologiques et économiques exploitables à une échelle industrielle, (iii) la production de biomasse et de molécules actives extrapolable à une échelle semi-industrielle, (iv) la mise en œuvre d’essais agronomiques pour valider l’efficacité d’un biopesticide produit par FMS dans des dispositifs innovants.24 souches de champignons filamenteux nématophages ont été isolées à partir des sols des cultures intensives de tomate sous serre au Maroc, mais également à partir de produits commerciaux. Le milieu FMS composé de sous-produits agro-industriels permettant une production de l’ordre de 1010 spores par gramme de substrat PS a été validé, et les conditions de cultures des souches établies. 4 dispositifs de Fermentation en Milieu Solide dont un à usage unique, de 300 à 5 000 g ont été mis au point, et ont été protégés par 3 brevets. Enfin, des essais agronomiques de différentes tailles (quelques billons à plusieurs hectares de tomates) ont été mis en place au Maroc de manière à valider l’utilisation de champignons filamenteux actifs contre les nématodes à galles comme étant une alternative écologique à l’utilisation de produits chimiques. / This industrial project involves the production of biopesticides active against root knot nematodes of intensive greenhouse tomato cultures in Morocco. This work focuses on (i) the isolement of nematophagous filamentous fungi from agricultural soils infected with nematodes, (ii) the cultures of these strains on a suitable medium for Solid State Fermentation (SSF), which is the optimal cultural technique for filamentous fungi, presenting technological and economical benefits at an industrial scale, (iii) the production of biomass and active molecules at a semi-industrial scale, (iv) the installation of agronomic assays to validate the effectiveness of a biopesticide production by SSF in innovative devices.24 nematophagous filamentous fungi strains were isolated from intensive greenhouse tomato culture soils, but also from commercial products. The SSF medium composed of agro-industrial by-products allowing a production of about 1010 spores per gram of DW substrate was validated, and the culture conditions of these strains were established. 4 SSF devices including one at single use, from 300 to 5 000 g DW substrate were developed, and were protected by 3 patents. Finally, agronomic assays of different sizes (from few lines to several hectares of tomatoes) were carried out in Morocco in order to validate the use of active filamentous fungi against root-knot nematodes as an ecological alternative to the use of chemical products.

In diploma thesis the process of enzymatic hydrolysis of waste paper as a source for the production of liquid biofuels is discused. It follows directly the homonymous diploma thesis from Ing. Brummer, and it is based on the findings, which were solved and decided in previous work. In the theoretical part there is a summarization of basic information on the enzymatic hydrolysis of waste paper and the associated influences of various factors of the rate and degree of hydrolysis. Higher attention is paid to a waste cardboard and its pretreatment methods due to the maximalization of the yield of hydrolysis. The next part summarizes options of the fermentative production of biofuels, focusing on the method of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, where the further appropriate organism for ethanol fermentation is discussed. The last part is about the technological process from the raw material input to the separation of ethanol. In the experimental section the pre-treatment of waste paper in order to maximize the efficiency of hydrolysis was examined. The best results were achieved using a vibratory mill. In addition, various parameters for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation were optimized using enzymes from Novozymes® company and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The conversion rate of waste paper cellulose to reducing sugars was observed by spectrophotometric method by Somogyi - Nelson and the amount of produced ethanol was quantified using HPLC / RI. As a part of this thesis some conditions (amount of enzyme, substrate, nutrients, yeasts, temperature, pH, type of buffer) were optimized to maximize the effectiveness of the overall process. All experiments were carried out on corrugated cardboard, which was chosen as the most promising material for hydrolysis that was among the waste paper pulp in diploma thesis by Ing. Brummer.

In the diploma thesis are discussed the process of enzymatic hydrolysis of waste paper as a source for the production of bioethanol by bacteria Zymomonas mobilis. In the theoretical part summarize basic information about particular methods of hydrolysis, about paper used as a raw material for enzymatic hydrolysis, about possibilities of the fermentative production of bioethanol focusing on the method of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation comparison with enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. Suitable microorganisms for ethanolic fermentation and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation and their advantages and disadvantages, are further discussed in this part as well. The theoretical part ends with the suggestion of the technological process for production of bioetanol. It covers all necessary steps from the input of raw material to the separation of produced ethanol. In the experimental part various parameters of hydrolysis, fermentation and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation were optimized using enzymes from Novozymes® company and the Zymomonas mobilis CCM2770 and Zymomonas mobilis LMG457 bacterium. The conversion rate of paper cellulose to gluckose and production of ethanol were observed by HPLC/RI method. Type of buffer, quantity of cells, enzyme and substrate were optimized in order to maximize the efficiency of the process. All experiments were performed on paper containing high amount of cellulose and for comparison on standard medium which contains gluckose. The highest yields was achieved with the use of Novozymes® Cellulosic ethanol enzyme Kit. The strain Zymomonas mobilis LMG457 has demonstrated as a better producer.

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erfolgte am Beispiel von Weizenstroh die Entwicklung und Optimierung eines Prozesses zur Produktion von Bioethanol. Die Synergie aus effizienter Vorbehandlung mit NaOH, Reaktortyp (Freifallmischer) und einem effizienten Enzymkomplex aus Penicillium verruculosum ermöglichte die Herstellung von bis zu 13 Vol.-% Ethanol. Die Hydrolyse und Fermentation wurden simultan durchgeführt (SSF-Prozess), woraus eine Vermeidung der Produktinhibierung sowie eine Erhöhung der Ethanolproduktivität um 94 % resultierten. Eine in situ-Ethanolentfernung mittels Stripping gewährleistete einen kontinuierlichen SSF-Prozess und ermöglichte die Folgekonversion des Bioethanols mittels katalytischer Dehydratisierung zu Bioethylen. Dadurch wurde eine Wertsteigerung des Ethanols erzielt und eine energie- und kostenintensive Abtrennung, Reinigung und Konzentrierung des Ethanols umgangen. Außerdem gelang eine Übertragung des Prozesses zur Ethanolproduktion vom Labormaßstab (2 L) in den Technikumsmaßstab (200 L). Auch die Anwendung auf andere Biomassen (Miscanthus, Luzerne) sowie Rohstoffe (Weizenkleie) wurde erfolgreich gezeigt.