Esta dissertação apresenta uma proposta de um simulador de modelos de larga escala para o Ambiente de Simulação Distribuída Automático (ASDA), uma ferramenta que facilita a utilização e o desenvolvimento de simulação distribuída e que vem sendo objeto de pesquisas e estudos no Laboratório de Sistemas Distribuídos e Programação Concorrente (LaSDPC) do ICMC-USP. Tal simulador permite ao ASDA a construção de modelos e programas que simulam modelos de redes de filas de larga escala, operações estas que tornam a ferramenta ainda mais completa. O simulador é baseado no padrão público para simulação distribuída de larga escala denominado Scalable Simulation Framework (SSF). O protótipo do simulador desenvolvido é constituído de um programa cliente-servidor, mas podem ser observados três componentes principais: um compilador, que traduz os modelos escritos em linguagem de modelagem para linguagem C++; o módulo SSF que define a API utilizada pelos programas de simulação; e um módulo de execução, que executa os programas de simulação, analisa os resultados e os repassa para um gerador de relatórios. O simulador contribui ainda com mais estudos acerca de simulação, simulação distribuída e modelagem de sistemas utilizando as ferramentas desenvolvidas pelo grupo / This dissertation presents a proposal for a large-scale model simulator, that is integrated into the Automatic Distributed Simulation Environment (ASDA), a tool that supports the development of distributed simulation, and that has been under studies and investigations in the Laboratory of Distributed Systems and Concurrent Programming at ICMC-USP. The proposed simulator allows ASDA to support the development of models and programs that simulates large-scale queuing models, making ASDA more complete and efficient. The simulator is based on a public standard for large-scale distributed simulation named Scalable Simulation Framework (SSF). The simulator prototype that was developed is a client-server program in which we can observe three main components: one compiler, that translates the models written in a modeling language to a simulation program, written in C++ programming language; the SSF library, that defines the API that is used by the simulation programs; and a runtime environment, which runs the simulation programs, analyzes the results and sends the information to a report builder. The simulator prototype also aggregates to the simulation community more studies regarding simulation, distributed simulation, systems modelling using the internal tools developed by our group

Esta dissertação apresenta uma proposta de um simulador de modelos de larga escala para o Ambiente de Simulação Distribuída Automático (ASDA), uma ferramenta que facilita a utilização e o desenvolvimento de simulação distribuída e que vem sendo objeto de pesquisas e estudos no Laboratório de Sistemas Distribuídos e Programação Concorrente (LaSDPC) do ICMC-USP. Tal simulador permite ao ASDA a construção de modelos e programas que simulam modelos de redes de filas de larga escala, operações estas que tornam a ferramenta ainda mais completa. O simulador é baseado no padrão público para simulação distribuída de larga escala denominado Scalable Simulation Framework (SSF). O protótipo do simulador desenvolvido é constituído de um programa cliente-servidor, mas podem ser observados três componentes principais: um compilador, que traduz os modelos escritos em linguagem de modelagem para linguagem C++; o módulo SSF que define a API utilizada pelos programas de simulação; e um módulo de execução, que executa os programas de simulação, analisa os resultados e os repassa para um gerador de relatórios. O simulador contribui ainda com mais estudos acerca de simulação, simulação distribuída e modelagem de sistemas utilizando as ferramentas desenvolvidas pelo grupo / This dissertation presents a proposal for a large-scale model simulator, that is integrated into the Automatic Distributed Simulation Environment (ASDA), a tool that supports the development of distributed simulation, and that has been under studies and investigations in the Laboratory of Distributed Systems and Concurrent Programming at ICMC-USP. The proposed simulator allows ASDA to support the development of models and programs that simulates large-scale queuing models, making ASDA more complete and efficient. The simulator is based on a public standard for large-scale distributed simulation named Scalable Simulation Framework (SSF). The simulator prototype that was developed is a client-server program in which we can observe three main components: one compiler, that translates the models written in a modeling language to a simulation program, written in C++ programming language; the SSF library, that defines the API that is used by the simulation programs; and a runtime environment, which runs the simulation programs, analyzes the results and sends the information to a report builder. The simulator prototype also aggregates to the simulation community more studies regarding simulation, distributed simulation, systems modelling using the internal tools developed by our group

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Grain Science and Industry / Praveen V. Vadlani / Lactic acid is an important platform chemical that has long history and wide applications in food, polymer, pharmaceutics and cosmetic industries. Lactic acid has two optical isomers; namely D-lactic acid and L-lactic acid. Racemic mixture of lactic acid are usually used as preservatives and ingredients in solvents, or as precursors for different chemicals. Currently there is an increasing demand of optical pure lactic acid as a feedstock for the production of poly-lactic acid (PLA). PLA is a biodegradable, biocompatible and environmental friendly alternative to plastics derived from petroleum based chemicals. Optically pure D or L-lactic acid is used for the synthesis of poly D or L- lactic acid (PDLA, PLLA). Blend of PDLA with PLLA results in a heat-resistant stereocomplex PLA with excellent properties. As a consequence, large quantity of cost effective D-lactic acid is required to meet the demand of stereocomplex PLA. Lignocellulosic biomass is a promising feedstock for lactic acid production because of its availability, sustainability and cost effectiveness compared to refined sugars and cereal grain-based sugars. Commercial use of lignocellulosic biomass for economic production of lactic acid requires microorganisms that are capable of using all sugars derived from lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: 1) to produce high level of optically pure D-lactic acid from lignocellulosic biomass-derived sugars using a homofermentative strain L. delbrueckii via simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF); 2) to develop a co-culture fermentation system to produce lactic acid from both pentose and hexose sugars derived from lignocellulosic biomass; 3) to produce D-lactic acid by genetically engineered L. plantarum NCIMB 8826 ∆ldhL1 and its derivatives; 4) to construct recombinant L. plantarum by introduction of a plasmid (pLEM415-xylAB) used for xylose assimilation and evaluate its ability to produce D-lactic acid from biomass sugars; and 5) to perform metabolic flux analysis of carbon flow in Lactobacillus strains used in our study. Our results showed that D-lactic acid yield from alkali-treated corn stover by L. delbrueckii and L. plantarum NCIMB 8826 ∆ldhL1 via SSF were 0.50 g g[superscript]-1 and 0.53 g g[superscript]-1 respectively; however, these two D-lactic acid producing strains cannot use xylose from hemicellulose. Complete sugar utilization was achieved by co-cultivation of L. plantarum ATCC 21028 and L. brevis ATCC 367, and lactic acid yield increased to 0.78 g g[superscript]-1 from alkali-treated corn stover, but this co-cultivation system produced racemic mixture of D and L lactic acid. Simultaneous utilization of hexose and pentose sugars derived from biomass was achieved by introduction of two plasmids pCU-PxylAB and pLEM415-xylAB carrying xylose assimilation genes into L. plantarum NCIMB 8826 ∆ldhL1, respectively; the resulting recombinant strains ∆ldhL1-pCU-PxylAB and ∆ldhL1-pLEM415-xylAB used xylose and glucose simultaneously and produced high yield of optically pure D-lactic acid. Metabolic flux analysis verified the pathways used in these Lactobacillus strains and provided critical information to judiciously select the desired Lactobacillus strain to produce lactic acid catering to the composition of raw material and the optical purity requirement. This innovative study demonstrated strategies for low-cost biotechnological production of tailor-made lactic acid from specific lignocellulosic biomass, and thereby provides a foundational manufacturing route for a flexible and sustainable biorefinery to cater to the fuel and chemical industry.

Ethanol produced from lignocellulosic biomass has the potential to become a promisingalternative to gasoline. In this work the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)technology was applied for ethanol production from hardwood with focus on cell growth,ethanol production and contamination.The SSF was performed at PH 5.5 and 35°C for different suspended solid concentrations(8%, 10% and 12%) of pretreated birch slurry which contained 16 % total suspended solids.Two different hexose fermenting yeast strain (Ethanol Red) and pentose fermenting yeaststrain were used.Quantifying the concentration of chemical components and metabolites in the fermentationmedium demonstrated that glucose and xylose are the major fermentable sugars in the slurry.The higher load of slurry (12%) represents a higher content of carbohydrates and potentiallyhigher end concentration of ethanol. Moreover, more lactic acid is produced with the lowerload of slurry (8 % or 10 %), presumably due to a result of a less inhibitory environment forbacterial growth. In this context, acetic acid sticks out as the most important inhibitor withconcentrations of 15.2 and 12.5 and 9.7 g/l respectively in the 12 %, 10 % and 8 % (ofsuspended solids) trials. Using pentose fermenting yeast may lead to higher ethanolproduction, lower xylose uptake and lower lactic acid formation. Cell viability and cellvitality determination from fermentation media in all the trails represented a sharplydecreasing trend during the fermentation for both Ethanol Red yeast strain and the pentosefermenting strain yeast strain apparently due to cell decomposition. / Program: MSc in Resource Recovery - Industrial Biotechnology

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-03-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:35:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pirota_rdpb_me_sjrp.pdf: 578843 bytes, checksum: cdb9880602dbf9a622dd6735c9072440 (MD5) / Muitos fungos decompositores de materiais lignocelulósicos vêm sendo utilizados como produtores de enzimas em processos fermentativos nos quais são utilizados substratos de baixo valor comercial, como os resíduos agrícolas e agroindustriais. No entanto, apenas uma pequena parte destes resíduos são utilizados na alimentação de animais de produção. O presente trabalho visou: 1) a obtenção de preparado enzimático termoestável, com alta atividade de xilanase, pectinase e celulases, a partir do cultivo de fungos filamentosos termofílicos por fermentação em estado sólido; 2) uso de suplemento mineral comercial como meio de cultivo para os fungos na fermentação sólida; 3) avaliar a estabilidade das enzimas frente às características do rúmen; 4) hidrólise enzimática. Os fungos Thermomyces lanuginosus, Thermomucor indicae-seudaticae e Rhizomucor pussilus escolhidos para essa finalidade, foram cultivadas a 45°C por 360 horas em fermentação em estado sólido (FES), utilizando-se como substratos, suplemento comercial (B) (Bellpeso SV* - composto de sais minerais, farelo de algodão e polpa cítrica e para efeitos de comparação farelo de algodão e polpa cítrica (35% e 65%) (A). A amostra foi retirada em 24h e todas as outras de 48h em 48h. A produção máxima de pectinase produzida pelo fungo T. indicae-seudaticae foi obtida em 168h (421,31U/g) no substrato A, e a máxima atividade de xilanase produzida pelo T. lanuginosus TO-03 e ROB foram de 644,30Ug e 865,15 U/g em 168h, respectivemente. A amilase foi produzida por todos os fungos, porém CMCase e Avicelase tiveram uma baixa produção e ligninases não foram detectadas. A temperatura e pH ótimo de pectinase produzida pelo fungo T. indicae-seudaticae foi de 55ºC e pH 4,5 e para xilanase produzida pelas duas linhagens de T. lanuginosus, em ambos os substratos foram 70ºC e pH ótimo 6,5, com exceção... / Many rot fungi of lignocellulosics material are being utilized as producers of enzymes in fermentation processes, in which, substrates of very little commercial value such as agricultural and agroindustrial residues are used. However, only a small portion of these residues are utilized in the production of animal feed. The present project proposes: 1) the attainment of prepared enzymatic thermostable, with high activity of xylanase, pectinase and cellulases, from the cultivation of filamentous thermophylic fungi from solid state fermentation; 2) the use of commercial mineral supplementation as medium of cultivation for the fungi in solid fermentation; 3) to evaluate the enzymes stability when facing the characteristics of the rumen; 4) enzymatic hydrolysis. Thermomyces lanuginosus, Thermomucor indicae-seudaticae and Rhizomucor pusillus fungi chosen for this purpose, were cultivated at 45°C, for 360 hours in solid state fermentation (SSF), utilizing as substrates, commercial supplement (Bellpeso SV* - composed of mineral salt, cotton meal and citrus pulp) (B) and for comparison purpose cotton meal and citrus pulp at 35% and 65% (A). The first sample was taken in 24hrs and all the others every 48hrs. The maximum production of pectinase produced by the fungus T. indicae-seudaticae was obtained in 168hrs (421.31U/g) in the commercial substrate A, and to maximum activity of xylanase produced by the T. lanuginosus TO-03 and ROB was of 644.30 U/g and 865.15 U/g in 168hrs, respectively. Amylase was produced by all of the fungi, however CMCase and Avycelase had a low production and ligninases was not detected. The optimun temperature and pH of pectinase produced by the fungus T. indicae-seudaticae were of 55ºC and pH 4.5 and for xylanase produced by the two lineages of T. lanuginosus, in both substrates were 70ºC and optimun pH 6.5, with the exception to ROB in the substrate B that presented... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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No. of bitstreams: 1 FrancinaldoLeiteDaSilva_TESE.pdf: 3609009 bytes, checksum: 2c514bec8990f69a112dbf03fff72a30 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-19 / Nativa do Brasil, a Carna?ba (Copernicia prunifera) tem sido utilizada para diversos fins, incluindo a produ??o de cera a partir de suas folhas, cujo processo gera uma quantidade consider?vel de res?duo, o qual se caracteriza como uma fibra rica em celulose e, portanto, com um potencial para uso como fonte de carbono para a produ??o de enzimas celulol?ticas e etanol. A estrutura qu?mica desse material apresenta a celulose ligada a componentes estruturalmente complexos, como a hemicelulose e a lignina, o que dificulta a produ??o das celulases por fungos filamentosos, bem como, a sua hidr?lise enzim?tica, sendo imprescind?vel a utiliza??o de um pr?-tratamento para a viabiliza??o desses processos. O presente estudo avaliou o efeito de diferentes pr?-tratamentos na palha de carna?ba para a produ??o de enzimas lignocelulol?ticas e para a hidr?lise enzim?tica com vistas ? produ??o de etanol celul?sico por meio dos conceitos de biorrefinaria e microdestilaria. Na primeira etapa deste trabalho, o res?duo da palha de carna?ba foi submetido aos pr?-tratamentos hidrot?rmico (HT), alcalino (AL), ?cido alcalino (AA) e per?xido de hidrog?nio alcalino (A-HP). Os res?duos pr?-tratados e n?o tratado foram caracterizados quimicamente conforme o protocolo da National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) e, fisicamente, por meio das an?lises de Microscopia Eletr?nica de Varredura (MEV), Difra??o de Raio X (DRX) e Espectroscopia de Infravermelho Transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Uma parte de cada res?duo foi utilizada para produ??o de enzimas por meio de Fermenta??o em Estado S?lido (FES), utilizando o fungo Trichoderma reesei CCT-2768. As atividades FPAse, CMCase, ?-glicosidase e xilanase dos extratos foram estimadas e a produ??o posteriormente otimizada. A outra parte dos res?duos foi submetida ? Sacarifica??o e Simult?nea Fermenta??o (SSF) com enzimas comerciais, utilizando as leveduras Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFLA CA11, Saccharomyces cerevisiae CAT-1 e Kluyveromyces marxianus ATCC-36907. Os resultados dos pr?-tratamentos AL, AA e A-HP se destacaram em termos de remo??o de lignina, segundo as an?lises qu?mica e f?sica dos res?duos. Os estudos evidenciaram que o pr?-tratamento da palha da carna?ba com A-HP possui maior capacidade de indu??o da produ??o de enzimas lignocelulol?ticas ao se comparar com outros res?duos lignocelul?sicos, como coco, caju e cana-de-a??car, pr?-tratados pelo mesmo m?todo. A otimiza??o da produ??o de enzimas lignocelulol?ticas permitiu a produ??o de um extrato enzim?tico com atividade FPase de 2,4 U/g e xilanases de 172 U/g. A aplica??o do extrato enzim?tico na hidr?lise do baga?o de cana-de-a??car pr?-tratado mostrou efici?ncia de 86,96%. A hidr?lise enzim?tica, com enzimas comerciais, do res?duo da carna?ba submetido ao pr?-tratamento AL, apresentou a maior convers?o de a??cares (64,43%) e, ao ser submetido ? SSF, produziu 7,53 g/L de etanol, usando Kluyveromyces marxianus ATCC-36907 cultivada a 45 ?C. Os resultados evidenciam, portanto, o potencial biotecnol?gico do res?duo da carna?ba para a produ??o de enzimas celulol?ticas e na obten??o de bioetanol em um arranjo de biorrefinaria e microdestilaria. / Native to Brazil, Carnauba (Copernicia prunifera) has been used for several purposes, including the wax production from its leaves, in the process that generates a considerable amount of residue. This residue is characterized as a fiber rich in cellulose and therefore with potential latent for use as a source of carbon for the production of cellulolytic enzymes and bioethanol. However, the chemical structure of this material presents cellulose bound to structurally complex components, such as hemicellulose and lignin, which hinders the production of cellulases by filamentous fungi, as well as its enzymatic hydrolysis, being essential to use of a pre-treatment for the viability of these processes. The present study evaluated the effect of different pre-treatments on carnauba straw for the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes and for the enzymatic hydrolysis with a view to the production of cellulosic ethanol through the concepts of biorefinery and micro-distillery. In the first stage, carnauba straw residue was submitted to hydrothermal (HT), alkaline (AL), alkaline acid (AA) and alkaline hydrogen peroxide (A-HP) pre-treatments. The pretreated and untreated residues were chemically characterized according to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) protocol and, physically, by Scanning Electron Microscopy (MEV), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Spectroscopy of Infrared by Fourier Transform (FTIR). A part of each residue was used to produce enzymes by means of Solid State Fermentation (FES), using the fungus Trichoderma reesei CCT-2768. The FPAse, CMCase, ?-glycosidase and xylanase activities of the extracts were estimated and the production was subsequently optimized. The other part of the residues was subjected to Saccharification and Simultaneous Fermentation (SSF) using commercial enzymes and Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFLA CA11, Saccharomyces cerevisiae CAT-1 and Kluyveromyces marxianus ATCC-36907. The results of the pretreatments AL, AA and A-HP stood out in terms of the removal of lignin, according to the chemical and physical analysis of the residues. The studies showed that pretreatment of carnauba straw with A-HP has a higher capacity to induce the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes when compared to other residues, such as coconut, cashew apple and sugar cane, pretreated by the same method. The optimization of the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes allowed the production of an enzymatic extract with FPase activity of 2.4 U/g and xylanases of 172 U/g. The application of the enzymatic extract in the hydrolysis of pretreated sugarcane bagasse showed efficiency of 86.96%. The use of AL pretreated carnauba residue in enzymatic hydrolysis, with commercial enzymes, showed a higher conversion of sugars (64.43%) and, when submitted to SSF, produced 7.53 g/L of ethanol, using Kluyveromyces marxianus ATCC-36907 cultured at 45 ?C. The results showed, therefore, the biotechnological potential of the carnauba residue for the production of cellulolytic enzymes and the production of bioethanol by means of biorefinery and micro distillery.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O bagaÃo de cana-de-aÃÃcar à um resÃduo lignocelulÃsico obtido a partir do esmagamento e moagem da cana-de-aÃÃcar para extraÃÃo do seu caldo. Esta biomassa à abundante no Brasil pois, o paÃs à o maior produtor mundial de aÃÃcar e etanol. O emprego deste resÃduo como substrato, em processos fermentativos, para a produÃÃo de enzimas microbianas, como as celulases à uma opÃÃo viÃvel e interessante, uma vez que o custo destas enzimas ainda à alto, o que tem limitado sua utilizaÃÃo industrial. O potencial produtor de celulases de diversos micro-organismos tem sido extensivamente estudado, a fim de desenvolver novos bioprocessos menos onerosos na produÃÃo de enzimas celulolÃticas. No presente trabalho foram avaliadas a capacidade de produÃÃo de celulases, pelos micro-organismos Mucor circinelloides e Melanoporia sp., a partir da fermentaÃÃo em estado sÃlido do bagaÃo de cana-de-aÃÃcar e a influÃncia de alguns parÃmetros na produÃÃo da enzima. Foram investigados os seguintes parÃmetros fÃsico-quÃmicos, relacionados com o crescimento do micro-organismo e produÃÃo da enzima: pH inicial do meio de crescimento, tempo e temperatura de produÃÃo da enzima. Quanto aos parÃmetros nutricionais, o efeito do Tween 80 e de diferentes fontes de sais minerais e nitrogÃnio orgÃnico foram estudados. AlÃm disto, foram realizados ensaios no intuito de definir a melhor combinaÃÃo de pH e temperatura para a determinaÃÃo da atividade enzimÃtica. Para M. circinelloides, a atividade enzimÃtica mÃxima (15,87 FPU/g) foi obtida utilizando-se 3 g de bagaÃo, com adiÃÃo de 2,0 mL de uma soluÃÃo contendo 0,1 g/L de CuSO4, 9,0 g/L de (NH4)2SO4, 1,0 g/L de KH2PO4 e Tween 80 a 0,8% (v/v) em pH 5,48. A temperatura e o tempo que resultaram na maior produÃÃo da enzima foram 34,4 ÂC e 48 horas, respectivamente. A maior atividade enzimÃtica foi quantificada em pH 6,5 e 60 ÂC. Em relaÃÃo ao Melanoporia sp., a atividade enzimÃtica mÃxima alcanÃada foi 14,21 FPU/g como resultado da produÃÃo utilizando 3 g de bagaÃo, com adiÃÃo de 2,0 mL de uma soluÃÃo contendo 9,0 g/L de (NH4)2SO4, 1,0 g/L de KH2PO4 e Tween 80 a 0,2% (v/v) em pH 6,28. A produÃÃo mÃxima da enzima foi observada apÃs 48 horas de fermentaÃÃo a 30 ÂC. A maior atividade enzimÃtica foi quantificada em pH 7,0 e 60 ÂC. Os resultados demonstraram o elevado potencial produtor de celulases pelas duas cepas fÃngicas num curto perÃodo de tempo, apresentando maior atividade enzimÃtica em pH prÃximo da neutralidade, consistindo num diferencial atrativo do ponto de vista industrial. / Sugarcane bagasse is a lignocellulosic residue obtained from sugarcane mechanical pressing for juice extraction. This biomass is abundant in Brazil because the country is the worldâs largest manufacturer of sugar and ethanol. The use of sugarcane waste as substrate for enzymes production, such as cellulases, is an interesting and viable option since the production costs of these enzymes are high, which limits its industrial use. In this context, potential cellulase-producing strains have been extensively studied in order to develop less costly cellulolytic enzymes complexes. In this study, the production of cellulases by Mucor circinelloides. and Melanoporia sp through solid state fermentation of sugarcane bagasse and the effects of selected parameters for enzyme production were evaluated. The investigated physicochemical parameters associated with the growth of the microorganisms and enzyme production were: initial pH of the growth medium, temperature and time of enzyme production. Regarding nutritional parameters, the effect of Tween 80 and different sources of mineral salts and organic nitrogen and were studied. In addition, tests were performed in order to define the best combination of pH and temperature for the determination of enzyme activity. For M. circinelloides, the maximal enzyme activity (15.87 FPU / g) was achieved with a fermentation medium composed of 3g of sugarcane bagasse, 2mL of saline solution containing 0.1 g/L of CuSO4, 9.0 g/L of (NH4)2SO4 e 1.0 g/ L of KH2PO4 and 0.8% Tween 80 (v/v) at pH 5.48 incubated at 34.4 ÂC for 48 hours. The optimum combination of pH and temperature was at pH 6.5 and 60 ÂC. For Melanoporia sp. the higher enzymatic activity obtained was 14.21 FPU / g as a result of using 3g of sugarcane bagasse with the addition of 2mL of saline solution containing 9.0 g/L of (NH4)2SO4, 1.0 g/ L of KH2PO4 and 0.2% Tween 80 (v/v) at pH 6.28 and incubated at 30ÂC for 48 hours. The optimized conditions of pH and temperature for enzymatic activity determination were pH 7.0 and 60ÂC. The results demonstrated the high potential of the two strains under investigation, which presented the higher enzyme activity at pH in the neutral range. This result represents a technical advantage from the industrial viewpoint.

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2018-04-19T23:12:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cintia_Kruger_2017.pdf: 1926572 bytes, checksum: 365416cbae7153ee1220106ae7f6204f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-19T23:12:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cintia_Kruger_2017.pdf: 1926572 bytes, checksum: 365416cbae7153ee1220106ae7f6204f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The objective of this study was to produce the lipase of Penicillium sumatrense by solid-state fermentation (SSF), in this manner taking advantage of agroindustrial residues for the production of an enzyme that is useful in biocatalysis. It was studied as a substrate, the agroindustrial residue, crambe cake (Crambe abyssinica hochst), provided by MS Foundation, Mato Grosso do Sul. The enzymatic activity was determinated by the titrimetric method, using olive oil as substrate. In order to optimize the lipase production, was performed an experimental design 22, aiming to evaluate the effects of the variables involved in the process (substrate granulometry and moisture). The response variable chosen was the enzymatic activity in U (Total Units), of each fermented enviorement. Statistical analyzes were performed by the software Statistica 7.0. The results of the experimental design indicated that the enzymatic activity was maximum (243,0 U) when using a substrate moisture of 60 % (m/m, wet basis), substrate granulometry of 28 mesh, 29°C, after 96 h of fermentation. The dry fermented solid produced from the industrial waste crambe cake (24,3 U gss-1) was used in the synthesis studies of ethyl oleate in n-heptane studying the variables temperature and molar ratio (MR, acid:alcohol). The ester yield was evaluated by the method of LowryTinsley. The best conditions for ester production were 37C, MR of 1:3 and the amount of enzyme in the reaction of 60,0 U, obtaining a yield or conversion in ester of 100,0% after 30 min of reaction. It was also found that the time required to reach equilibrium was 40 min. The crambe cake was reused 10 times for the synthesis reaction of ethyl oleate. In the sixth reuse the enzyme reached half of the yield initially obtained (half life time). The results obtained in this work are inedited, since no papers were found in the literature using lipase of Penicillium sumatrense produced by solid-state fermentation with applications in biocatalysis and show the feasibility of using fermented solids directly in reactions of ester synthesis in organic solvents. Key-words: enzymes; SSF; ethyl oleate. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a produção da lipase de Penicillium sumatrense por Fermentação no Estado Sólido (FES), utilizando como substratos resíduos agroindustriais à produção de uma enzima com características especiais para utilização em biocatálise. Foi estudado como substrato, o resíduo agroindustrial, torta de crambe (Crambe abyssinica hochst), fornecida pela Fundação MS, Mato Grosso do Sul. A atividade enzimática foi determinada pelo método titulométrico utilizando-se o óleo de oliva como substrato. Para otimizar a produção de lipases foi realizado um planejamento experimental 22, visando avaliar os efeitos das variáveis envolvidas no processo (granulometria do substrato e umidade). A variável resposta escolhida foi a atividade enzimática em U (Unidades totais), de cada meio fermentado. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas pelo software Statistica 7.0. Os resultados do planejamento experimental indicaram que a atividade enzimática foi máxima (243,0 U) quando utilizamos uma umidade do substrato de 60 % (m/m, base úmida) granulometria do substrato de 28 mesh, 29°C, após 96 h de fermentação. O sólido fermentado seco produzido a partir do resíduo industrial torta de crambe (24,3 U gss-1) foi empregado nos estudos da síntese do oleato de etila em n-heptano estudando-se as variáveis temperatura e razão molar (RM, ácido:álcool). O rendimento em éster foi avaliado pelo método de LowryTinsley. As melhores condições para a produção do éster foram 37C, RM de 1:3 e a quantidade de enzima no meio reacional de 60,0 U, obtendo-se um rendimento ou conversão em éster de 100,0% após 30 min de reação. Verificou-se também que o tempo necessário para atingir o equilíbrio químico foi de 40 min. A torta de crambe foi reutilizada 10 vezes para a reação de síntese do oleato de etila. Na sexta reutilização a enzima atingiu a metade do rendimento obtido inicialmente (tempo de meia vida). Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho são inéditos, uma vez que não foram encontrados trabalhos na literatura utilizando-se a lipase de Penicillium sumatrense produzida por FES com aplicações em biocatálise e mostram a viabilidade de utilização de sólidos fermentados diretamente em reações de síntese de ésteres em solventes orgânicos.

Shuqaiq-II IWP is a combined RO water desalination and power plant facility. It operates with an open intake that feeds the plant with 100,000 m3/h of raw water. The facility is located 140 km north of Jizan, in a small bay where the run-off discharges of two wadis converge. The run-off coming from the wadis are rich in alluvial sediments that dramatically decrease the raw water quality at the intake point, causing periodic shutdowns of the plant and increasing the operational cost due to membrane replacement. Subsurface water intakes are an alternative for improving raw water quality, as they provide natural filtering of the feed water as it flows through the systems. In this type of system water flow through the sediment matrix is induced and during the percolation, several physical, chemical and biological processes take place, cleaning the water from particulate matter, resulting in high quality feed water that can be directly sent to the RO process without any additional pretreatment. A full hydrogeological profile of the seabed needs to be performed in order to determine the applicability of one of these systems in each particular location. In this study, 1 km of beach area at Shuqaiq-II IWP was surveyed. Ninety-one (91) samples from the shore and offshore sediments were collected and analyzed for hydraulic conductivity, porosity and grain size distribution. The laboratory analysis showed that the construction of the seabed galleries was technically feasible, and the proposed intake system was design to meet the feed water requirements for the RO facility (530.000 m3/d). The preliminary design consists of 17 cells in total, 16 of which will be in constant operation, and 1 alternate for whenever maintenance is needed in one of the other cells. The seabed gallery design includes 5 layers of sands with a total depth of 5 m. A detailed underdrain design methodology is presented. The system would be operated at an infiltration rate of 10 m/d and an average hydraulic retention time of 7h. Each cell will have an area of 3.500 m2 that will supply 35.000 m3/d of feed water to each RO train.

<p>Detta examensarbete är utfört på plats i Lajaedo, Brasilien och i anslutning till Sanitário de Lajeado – RS, Brasilien, mellan januari till maj 2010. I samband med denna rapport utfördes två andra examensarbeten inom samma områden. Det är menat att denna rapport skall ligga till grund för framtida projekt och beslut om utökad lakvattenrening.Lajeado ligger i södra Brasilien ca 100 km från atlantkusten. 10 km utanför Lajeado ligger en ung avfallsdeponi på ca 15 000 m2 till ytan med tillhörande lakvattenrening med ett utjämningsmagasin, en syrsättningsbassäng samt sedimentering. Deponin tar emot 42 ton fast kommunalt avfall per dag och har ett lakvattenflöde på genomsnitt 0,5 – 1,0 m3/h.Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka vilken inverkan vegetation har på reningen av lakvatten inom parametrarna TKN, BOD5 och COD, i småskaliga våtmarker av typen rotzonsanläggning. Då den befintliga reningen på plats har svårt att uppfylla vissa uppsatta lagkrav.Sammansättningen på och mängden av lakvatten beror främst på faktorerna, nederbörd, Temperatur och nedbrytningen i deponin.Vegetationens har många olika betydelser i en rotzonsanläggning. Plantan transporter ner syre till dess rotsystem där syremolekyler diffunderar ut. Vegetation fungerar även som en extern kolkälla vid denitrifikationsteget. Det är viktigt att vegetationen trivs och rotsystemet är välutvecklat, för att få en maximal reduktion av föroreningar i våtmarken.Åtta småskaliga våtmarker byggdes upp i anslutning till lakvattenreningen, i avkapade plasttunnor. Alla våtmarker byggdes upp med unika förutsättningar för att kunna jämföra resultatet. Två olika substrat användes och jämfördes, i fyra kar planterades vegetation och fyra utan, fyra hade kontinuerligt flöde som jämfördes med fyra kar med batch flow.Resultaten visar att växterna inte har någon större inverkan på reningsgraden av BOD5, COD och TKN. Men såg tydliga tecken på högre vattenavdunstning i våtmarkerna med biomassa och generellt högre halter av BOD5, COD och TKN i jämförelse med våtmarkerna utan biomassa. Vegetationen hann inte acklimatisera sig till miljön i våtmarkerna, men det var på god väg. För att få ett bättre resultat och en mer signifikant skillnad mellan våtmarkerna skulle försöken ha pågått under en längre tid. Det behövs mer forskning och projekt under en längre period.Detta examensarbete är utfört på plats i Lajaedo, Brasilien och i anslutning till Sanitário de Lajeado – RS, Brasilien, mellan januari till maj 2010. I samband med denna rapport utfördes två andra examensarbeten inom samma områden. Det är menat att denna rapport skall ligga till grund för framtida projekt och beslut om utökad lakvattenrening.Lajeado ligger i södra Brasilien ca 100 km från atlantkusten. 10 km utanför Lajeado ligger en ung avfallsdeponi på ca 15 000 m2 till ytan med tillhörande lakvattenrening med ett utjämningsmagasin, en syrsättningsbassäng samt sedimentering. Deponin tar emot 42 ton fast kommunalt avfall per dag och har ett lakvattenflöde på genomsnitt 0,5 – 1,0 m3/h.Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka vilken inverkan vegetation har på reningen av lakvatten inom parametrarna TKN, BOD5 och COD, i småskaliga våtmarker av typen rotzonsanläggning. Då den befintliga reningen på plats har svårt att uppfylla vissa uppsatta lagkrav.Sammansättningen på och mängden av lakvatten beror främst på faktorerna, nederbörd, Temperatur och nedbrytningen i deponin.Vegetationens har många olika betydelser i en rotzonsanläggning. Plantan transporter ner syre till dess rotsystem där syremolekyler diffunderar ut. Vegetation fungerar även som en extern kolkälla vid denitrifikationsteget. Det är viktigt att vegetationen trivs och rotsystemet är välutvecklat, för att få en maximal reduktion av föroreningar i våtmarken.Åtta småskaliga våtmarker byggdes upp i anslutning till lakvattenreningen, i avkapade plasttunnor. Alla våtmarker byggdes upp med unika förutsättningar för att kunna jämföra resultatet. Två olika substrat användes och jämfördes, i fyra kar planterades vegetation och fyra utan, fyra hade kontinuerligt flöde som jämfördes med fyra kar med batch flow.Resultaten visar att växterna inte har någon större inverkan på reningsgraden av BOD5, COD och TKN. Men såg tydliga tecken på högre vattenavdunstning i våtmarkerna med biomassa och generellt högre halter av BOD5, COD och TKN i jämförelse med våtmarkerna utan biomassa. Vegetationen hann inte acklimatisera sig till miljön i våtmarkerna, men det var på god väg. För att få ett bättre resultat och en mer signifikant skillnad mellan våtmarkerna skulle försöken ha pågått under en längre tid. Det behövs mer forskning och projekt under en längre period.</p> / <p>The ability for a subsurface flow constructed wetland system to treat landfill leachate was evaluated in Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Eight 0.95 m x 0.6 m experimental (SSF) units with a depth 0.4 m were used. Each wetland had unique conditions. Four units were planted with Typha angustifolia L. and four units were unplanted. Two different substrate dimension were used, four units with sand and four with gravel. Four wetlands operated in batch mode and four units with continuous flow. Batch flow systems were drained and filled up each week. To review vegetations impact on BOD5, COD and nitrogen compounds reduced in a wetland. This project lasted between January until May 2010 and samples were analyzed in April to May in four weeks.The result from this project show higher evapotranspiration water loss in units with planted vegetation and higher effluents concentration of BOD5, COD and nitrogen compounds, than in unplanted units.The ability for a subsurface flow constructed wetland system to treat landfill leachate was evaluated in Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Eight 0.95 m x 0.6 m experimental (SSF) units with a depth 0.4 m were used. Each wetland had unique conditions. Four units were planted with Typha angustifolia L. and four units were unplanted. Two different substrate dimension were used, four units with sand and four with gravel. Four wetlands operated in batch mode and four units with continuous flow. Batch flow systems were drained and filled up each week. To review vegetations impact on BOD5, COD and nitrogen compounds reduced in a wetland. This project lasted between January until May 2010 and samples were analyzed in April to May in four weeks.The result from this project show higher evapotranspiration water loss in units with planted vegetation and higher effluents concentration of BOD5, COD and nitrogen compounds, than in unplanted units.</p>