Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-01-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:05:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 costa_sgvao_dr_rcla.pdf: 982367 bytes, checksum: 52f037ca5cb5fbb958ef2b1a4f53f13c (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O presente trabalho visou estudar a produção de biossurfactante e PHAs de Pseudomonas sp. em substratos alternativos oriundos do processamento de alimentos bem como determinar as propriedades, composição química e aplicações dos compostos obtidos. Foram isoladas 21 cepas bacterianas, sendo que duas cepas demonstraram capacidade de crescer no meio de cultivo proposto e produzir ramnolipídios e PHAs. Estas cepas foram identificadas como Pseudomonas aeruginosa e receberam as seguintes terminações: P. aeruginosa L2-1 e P. aeruginosa B1-3. Com relação a caracterização de ramnolipídios e PHAs, suas composições variaram de acordo com a fonte de carbono e a linhagem utilizada na fermentação. O meio manipueira adicionado com óleo de fritura (MOF) apresentou os melhores resultados, alcançando uma produção de PHA de 39% do peso seco de células e uma produção de ramnolipídios de 660 mg/L. A manipueira se mostrou um substrato alternativo com potencial para a produção de ramnolipídios e PHAs, principalmente quando adicionada com óleo de fritura, além de ser uma solução do ponto de vista ambiental e também agregar valor a estes resíduos. A manipueira adicionada de óleo de fritura pode reduzir os custos de produção permitindo a obtenção concomitante de ramnolipídios e PHAs. O ramnolipídio produzido pela linhagem P. aeruginosa L2-1 no substrato manipueira adicionado de óleo de fritura foi recuperado e apresentou excelentes propriedades tenso-ativas, (baixos valores de concentração micelar crítica e de tensão superficial e interfacial, excelente atividade emulficante e estabilidade da emulsão), além de potencial para uso na remediação de ambientes contaminados, removendo até 89% de petróleo na areia após processo de lavagem, conferindo características semelhantes e algumas vezes melhores que o ramnolipídio comercial JBR599 (Jeneil Biosurfactant Co.) / This work evaluated the rhamnolipid and PHAs production by Pseudomonas sp. in alternative low-cost substrates from food processing, determining the properties, applications and chemistry composition of compounds obtained. Were isolated 21 strains, being that 2 isolates were able to growth and produce rhamnolipids and PHAs in the substrates. These bacteria were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The polymers and surfactants produced were characterized by gas-chromatography mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) and by high performance liquid chromatography-MS (HPLC-MS), and their composition was found to vary with the carbon source and the strain used in the fermentation. The best overall production of rhamnolipids and PHAs was obtained with cassava wastewater added with waste cooking oil (CWO) as the carbon source, with PHA production corresponding to 39% of the cell dry weight and rhamnolipids production being 660 mg/L. It would appear that CWO has the highest potential as alternative substrate, and its use may contribute to a reduction in the overall environmental impact generated by discarding such residues. The rhamnolipid produced by P. aeruginosa L2-1 in CWO showed excellent tension-active properties (low values of critic micellar concentration and superficial and interfacial tensions) and potential to use in remediation of contaminated environmental, removing 89% of petroleum after washing process in sand, with characteristics similar or better than commercial rhamnolipid JBR599 (Jeneil Biosurfactant Co.)

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-05-12T13:56:38Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Bruna de Oliveira Tavares - 2014.pdf: 1252047 bytes, checksum: 5ac42551628afe8edb2fb4003ca5ed29 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-05-12T13:58:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Bruna de Oliveira Tavares - 2014.pdf: 1252047 bytes, checksum: 5ac42551628afe8edb2fb4003ca5ed29 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-12T13:58:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Bruna de Oliveira Tavares - 2014.pdf: 1252047 bytes, checksum: 5ac42551628afe8edb2fb4003ca5ed29 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Cookie is a product consumed internationally for all social classes, obtained by mixing flour(s), starch(s) with other ingredients, undergo the process of kneading and cooking, fermented or not. The present study aimed to use of co-products from rice and soybeans, the cookies donut type production for celiac patients, also adding more value commodities (rice bran, grits and okara) that in most industries are discarded. First, we performed experiments with mixtures (Simplex) and evaluated physical and chemical analysis of the experimental and commercial biscuit, biscuit being chosen for the sensory analysis that came closest commercial biscuit. Upon sensory evaluation, only one formulation was evaluated for 10 months during the storage test. The results showed that the biscuit developed with okara and rice bran showed no significant difference (p> 0.05), with the commercial biscuit, as to the questions of appearance, color, flavor and aroma; the moisture, ash, lipids and energy value of both biscuits, were significantly influenced by the factors type interactions of biscuit and storage time (p <0.05), whereas protein and carbohydrates suffered influence, significantly, only the time factor alone (p <0.05); in relation to protein digestibility, there was a significant difference (p <0.05) between the two product reviews (experimental Cookie - 71.64% and commercial biscuit - 73.24%), which does not mean that the cookie does not have good experimental in vitro digestibility. Therefore, the experimental cookie, using the co-products of rice and soybean was feasible from a technological and nutritional standpoint, being a product that caters to the public in patients with celiac disease. / O biscoito é um produto consumido, internacionalmente, por todas as classes sociais, obtido pela mistura de farinha(s), amido(s) e/ou fécula(s), com outros ingredientes, submetidos a processos de amassamento e cocção, fermentados ou não. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo, o aproveitamento dos co-produtos do arroz e da soja, na elaboração de biscoitos tipo rosquinha para pacientes celíacos, agregando, também, maior valor as matérias primas (farelo de arroz, quirera e okara) que, na maioria das indústrias, são descartadas. Primeiramente, foi realizado delineamento de misturas (Simplex) e avaliadas análises físicas e químicas do biscoito experimental e comercial, sendo o biscoito escolhido para a análise sensorial os que mais se aproximaram do biscoito comercial. Após análise sensorial, apenas uma formulação foi avaliada, durante 10 meses, no decorrer do ensaio de armazenamento. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o biscoito desenvolvido com okara e farelo de arroz não mostraram diferença significativa (p>0,05), com o biscoito comercial, quanto aos quesitos aparência, cor, sabor e aroma; os teores de umidade, cinzas, lipídeos e valor energético, de ambos os biscoitos, foram influenciados, significativamente, pelas interações dos fatores tipo de biscoito e tempo de armazenamento (p < 0,05), enquanto que o teor de proteínas e carboidratos sofreu influência, significativa, somente do fator isolado tempo (p < 0,05); em relação a digestibilidade protéica, houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre os dois produtos avaliados (biscoito experimental – 71,64% e biscoito comercial – 73,24%), o que não significa que o biscoito experimental não possua boa digestibilidade in vitro. Portanto, o biscoito experimental, utilizando os co-produtos do arroz e da soja, foi viável do ponto de vista tecnológico e nutricional, sendo um produto que atende ao público de portadores de doença celíaca.

Resumo: O presente trabalho visou estudar a produção de biossurfactante e PHAs de Pseudomonas sp. em substratos alternativos oriundos do processamento de alimentos bem como determinar as propriedades, composição química e aplicações dos compostos obtidos. Foram isoladas 21 cepas bacterianas, sendo que duas cepas demonstraram capacidade de crescer no meio de cultivo proposto e produzir ramnolipídios e PHAs. Estas cepas foram identificadas como Pseudomonas aeruginosa e receberam as seguintes terminações: P. aeruginosa L2-1 e P. aeruginosa B1-3. Com relação a caracterização de ramnolipídios e PHAs, suas composições variaram de acordo com a fonte de carbono e a linhagem utilizada na fermentação. O meio manipueira adicionado com óleo de fritura (MOF) apresentou os melhores resultados, alcançando uma produção de PHA de 39% do peso seco de células e uma produção de ramnolipídios de 660 mg/L. A manipueira se mostrou um substrato alternativo com potencial para a produção de ramnolipídios e PHAs, principalmente quando adicionada com óleo de fritura, além de ser uma solução do ponto de vista ambiental e também agregar valor a estes resíduos. A manipueira adicionada de óleo de fritura pode reduzir os custos de produção permitindo a obtenção concomitante de ramnolipídios e PHAs. O ramnolipídio produzido pela linhagem P. aeruginosa L2-1 no substrato manipueira adicionado de óleo de fritura foi recuperado e apresentou excelentes propriedades tenso-ativas, (baixos valores de concentração micelar crítica e de tensão superficial e interfacial, excelente atividade emulficante e estabilidade da emulsão), além de potencial para uso na remediação de ambientes contaminados, removendo até 89% de petróleo na areia após processo de lavagem, conferindo características semelhantes e algumas vezes melhores que o ramnolipídio comercial JBR599 (Jeneil Biosurfactant Co.) / Abstract: This work evaluated the rhamnolipid and PHAs production by Pseudomonas sp. in alternative low-cost substrates from food processing, determining the properties, applications and chemistry composition of compounds obtained. Were isolated 21 strains, being that 2 isolates were able to growth and produce rhamnolipids and PHAs in the substrates. These bacteria were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The polymers and surfactants produced were characterized by gas-chromatography mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) and by high performance liquid chromatography-MS (HPLC-MS), and their composition was found to vary with the carbon source and the strain used in the fermentation. The best overall production of rhamnolipids and PHAs was obtained with cassava wastewater added with waste cooking oil (CWO) as the carbon source, with PHA production corresponding to 39% of the cell dry weight and rhamnolipids production being 660 mg/L. It would appear that CWO has the highest potential as alternative substrate, and its use may contribute to a reduction in the overall environmental impact generated by discarding such residues. The rhamnolipid produced by P. aeruginosa L2-1 in CWO showed excellent tension-active properties (low values of critic micellar concentration and superficial and interfacial tensions) and potential to use in remediation of contaminated environmental, removing 89% of petroleum after washing process in sand, with characteristics similar or better than commercial rhamnolipid JBR599 (Jeneil Biosurfactant Co.) / Orientador: Jonas Contiero / Coorientador: Marcia Nitschke / Banca: José Gregório Cabrera Gomez / Banca: Marcos Rogério Tótola / Banca: Humberto Márcio Santos Milagre / Banca: Lucia Regina Durrant / Doutor

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o desempenho físico-mecânico e a durabilidade de painéis de partículas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar com resina bicomponente a base de mamona (BCP) e compará-los com painéis de partículas de madeira comerciais (Medium Density Particleboard - MDP). Os painéis de bagaço de cana de açúcar foram fabricados com um teor de resina poliuretana a base de óleo de maona de 15%. O desempenho físico e mecânico dos painéis particulados foi analisado com base nas prescrições dos documentos normativos vigentes. Ambos os materiais foram revestidos superficialmente com resina poliuretana bicomponente à base de óleo de mamona. Avaliou-se a influência do tratamento das bordas na deterioração e no desempenho dos painéis. O acompanhamento das propriedades físico-mecânicas foi realizado antes e após os ensaios de envelhecimento por exposição natural durante 3, 6 e 12 meses, envelhecimento acelerado e de intemperismo artificial. Foi feita a avaliação, da suscetibilidade ao crescimento gerada pelo ataque de fungos emboloradores e apodrecedores nos materiais durante o envelhecimento natural e no ensaio acelerado. Foi realizada a análise colorimétrica para a identificação de mudanças de cor e brilho nos materiais após os ensaios de deterioração. Foram utilizadas as técnicas de densitometria de raios X, espectroscopia por infravermelho próximo (NIR). Os resultados obtidos indicaram a selagem lateral permitiu avaliar a superfície exposta do material permitindo a entrada da água pela superfície avaliando o efeito dos agentes de deterioração. A porcentagem de retenção para o Módulo de ruptura após o ensaio de envelhecimento por imersão em agua e secagem (APA D1) foi de 87% e 3% para BCP e MDP sem revestimento respectivamente e de 90% e 3% para BCP e MDP com revestimento. A porcentagem de retenção das propriedades mecânicas em ambos os submetidos à exposição natural diminuiu em função do tempo. Entretanto o porcentagem de retenção para os materiais BCP e MDP com revestimento superficial foi de 76% e 60% para MOR. A exposição natural mostrou que os fungos emboloradores foram predominantes em ambos os materiais. Ambos os materiais com revestimento superficial apresentaram entre 1-10% de colonização com um 70% de probabilidade. Revestimento de resina de óleo de mamona reduz o crescimento de fungos em ambos os materiais no ensaio acelerado. O perfil de densitometria permitiu analisar o processo de fabricação dos painéis e permitiu identificar a deterioração gradativa do ambos os materiais após os ensaios de envelhecimento. A intepretação mediante a analise de componentes principais (ACP) na aplicação do NIR comportou a classificação das características relacionadas a cada ensaio de deterioração de ambos os materiais sem revestimento superficial. Com base nos resultados deste trabalho, foram propostas contribuições para ajustes de metodologias para a avaliação da durabilidade e do desempenho físico e mecânico dos painéis particulados, tendo em vista a sua viabilidade técnica, em sistemas construtivos da construção civil. / This work aimed to evaluate the physical-mechanical support and durability of sugarcane bagasse particle boards with a castor oil based bicomponent resin (BCP), and compare them to commercial wood particle boards (Medium Density Particleboard - MDP). The sugarcane bagasse boards were produced with a 15% castor oil based polyurethane resin. The physical and mechanical performance of the particle boards were analyzed based on the requirements of existing standardization documents. Both materials were superficially coated with castor oil based bicomponent polyurethane resin. The influence of treated edges on the decay and performance of the boards were evaluated. Monitoring the physical and mechanical properties was carried out before and after the aging tests by natural exposure during 3, 6, and 12 months, accelerated aging, e artificial weathering. An evaluation was made of the susceptibility to growth generated by the attack of moldy and rotting fungi in materials during the natural aging and accelerated tests. A colorimetric analysis was performed to identify the changes in color and brightness in the materials after the deterioration tests. X-rays densitometry and infra-red spectroscopy (NIR) techniques were used. The results obtained indicated that the lateral sealing allowed for an evaluation of the material surface exposed, permitting the entrance of water by the evaluating the effect of the deterioration agents. The retention percentage for the Module of rupture after the aging test by immersion in water and drying (APA D1) was 87% and 3% for BCP and MDP without coating, respectively, and 90% and 3% for BCP and MDP with coating. The retention percentage of the mechanical properties in both samples submitted to natural exposure decreased in relation to time. Meanwhile, the retention percentage for the BCP and MDP with a superficial coating was 76% and 60% MOR. Natural exposure showed that mold were predominant in both materials. Both of the materials with superficial coatings presented between 1-10% colonization with a 70% probability. Castor oil based resin decreased mold in both materials. The densitometry profile to analyze the production of the boards and allowed the identification of the gradual degradation of both materials after the aging tests. The interpretation through Principal component analysis (PCA) in the NIR application permitted the classification of characteristics related to each deterioration test for both materials without superficial coating. Based on the results of this work, contributions were proposed to adjust methodologies for the evaluation of durability and physical and mechanical performance of the particle boards, having in view its technical viability, in structural systems of construction.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:14:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_bm_me_sjrp_parcial.pdf: 80021 bytes, checksum: 99997b29ac6df560bf0af42e9f8ea37e (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-05-28T14:25:15Z: lima_bm_me_sjrp_parcial.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-05-28T14:26:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000687968.pdf: 676213 bytes, checksum: 520749eb50ca5a41470631b041bfed18 (MD5) / Surfactantes são compostos anfipáticos, que reduzem a tensão interfacial e superficial, além disso, possuem capacidade de detergência, emulsificação, espumante, molhante, de solubilização e dispersão de substâncias. Os biossurfactantes, surfactantes biológicos derivados do metabolismo secundário de microrganismos, são amplamente utilizados na biorremediação e nas indústrias petrolíferas, de alimentos e de produtos de limpeza. Esses compostos podem ser produzidos por fermentação semi-sólida, a qual pode aproveitar resíduos agroindustriais como substrato para o crescimento microbiano. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram produzir biossurfactante utilizando os fungos Aspergillus ochraceus e Penicillium expansum por fermentação semi-sólida usando bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e farelo de trigo como substratos; avaliar a influência destes substratos; avaliar a influência da concentração de sacarose, glicose, óleo diesel e óleo residual de fritura no crescimento microbiano e o potencial de biorremediação dos biossurfactantes produzidos, assim como dos fungos utilizados. Os microrganismos foram propagados em tubos de ensaio inclinados incubados a 25oC em meio PDA. Posteriormente os esporos foram suspensos em solução nutriente e incubados em frascos de Erlenmeyer contendo cinco gramas do substrato a ser utilizado, bagaço de cana-de-açúcar ou farelo de trigo, 30 mL da solução nutriente contendo os esporos (1,7 x 107 esporos/mL) e uma fonte de carbono adicional testada: sacarose, glicose, óleo diesel e óleo residual de fritura. Os experimentos foram realizados a 25oC e tempo de fermentação de 72, 120 e 168h. A presença do biossurfactante no caldo de fermentação foi determinada pela medida da tensão superficial, do índice de emulsificação, da concentração micelar... / Surfactants are amphiphilic compounds that reduce the interfacial and surface tension; also they have capacity of detergency, emulsifying, wettability, of solubilization and dispersation of substances. The biosurfactants, biologic surfactants derivated from secundary metabolism of microorganism, are widely used in the bioremediation and in the petroleum, food and cleaning industries. These compounds can be produced under solid-state fermentation, which can use agro-industrial wastes as substrates for the microbial growth. The purposes of this study were produce biosurfactants using the fungi Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium expansum by solid-state fermentation using sugarcane bagasse and wheat bran as substrates; evaluate the influence of these substrates; evaluate the influence of sucrose, glucose, diesel oil and residual frying oil in the microbial growth and the biosurfactants bioremediation potencial, and microorganisms bioremediation potencial. First, for the inoculum preparation, the microorganisms were propagated in the inclined Erlenmeyers flasks containing PDA and kept at 25°C. After that, the spores were suspended in nutrient solution and incubated in Erlenmeyers flasks containing five grams of the substrate, sugarcane bagasse or wheat bran, 30 mL of nutrient solution containing the spores (1,7 x 107 spores/mL) and an additional carbon source tested: sucrose, glucose, diesel oil and frying oil. The experiments were realized in 25°C and 72, 120 and 168 hours. The presence of the biosurfactant in the fermentation broth was determinated by the surface tension, the emulsification index and the critical micelle concentration. The microorganisms Aspergillus ochraceus e Penicillium expansum showed a high potentiality for biosurfactant production using sugarcane bagasse... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Crispin Humberto Garcia Cruz / Banca: Vanildo Luiz Del Bianchi / Banca: Márcia Nitschke / Resumo: Surfactantes são compostos anfipáticos, que reduzem a tensão interfacial e superficial, além disso, possuem capacidade de detergência, emulsificação, espumante, molhante, de solubilização e dispersão de substâncias. Os biossurfactantes, surfactantes biológicos derivados do metabolismo secundário de microrganismos, são amplamente utilizados na biorremediação e nas indústrias petrolíferas, de alimentos e de produtos de limpeza. Esses compostos podem ser produzidos por fermentação semi-sólida, a qual pode aproveitar resíduos agroindustriais como substrato para o crescimento microbiano. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram produzir biossurfactante utilizando os fungos Aspergillus ochraceus e Penicillium expansum por fermentação semi-sólida usando bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e farelo de trigo como substratos; avaliar a influência destes substratos; avaliar a influência da concentração de sacarose, glicose, óleo diesel e óleo residual de fritura no crescimento microbiano e o potencial de biorremediação dos biossurfactantes produzidos, assim como dos fungos utilizados. Os microrganismos foram propagados em tubos de ensaio inclinados incubados a 25oC em meio PDA. Posteriormente os esporos foram suspensos em solução nutriente e incubados em frascos de Erlenmeyer contendo cinco gramas do substrato a ser utilizado, bagaço de cana-de-açúcar ou farelo de trigo, 30 mL da solução nutriente contendo os esporos (1,7 x 107 esporos/mL) e uma fonte de carbono adicional testada: sacarose, glicose, óleo diesel e óleo residual de fritura. Os experimentos foram realizados a 25oC e tempo de fermentação de 72, 120 e 168h. A presença do biossurfactante no caldo de fermentação foi determinada pela medida da tensão superficial, do índice de emulsificação, da concentração micelar... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Surfactants are amphiphilic compounds that reduce the interfacial and surface tension; also they have capacity of detergency, emulsifying, wettability, of solubilization and dispersation of substances. The biosurfactants, biologic surfactants derivated from secundary metabolism of microorganism, are widely used in the bioremediation and in the petroleum, food and cleaning industries. These compounds can be produced under solid-state fermentation, which can use agro-industrial wastes as substrates for the microbial growth. The purposes of this study were produce biosurfactants using the fungi Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium expansum by solid-state fermentation using sugarcane bagasse and wheat bran as substrates; evaluate the influence of these substrates; evaluate the influence of sucrose, glucose, diesel oil and residual frying oil in the microbial growth and the biosurfactants bioremediation potencial, and microorganisms bioremediation potencial. First, for the inoculum preparation, the microorganisms were propagated in the inclined Erlenmeyers flasks containing PDA and kept at 25°C. After that, the spores were suspended in nutrient solution and incubated in Erlenmeyers flasks containing five grams of the substrate, sugarcane bagasse or wheat bran, 30 mL of nutrient solution containing the spores (1,7 x 107 spores/mL) and an additional carbon source tested: sucrose, glucose, diesel oil and frying oil. The experiments were realized in 25°C and 72, 120 and 168 hours. The presence of the biosurfactant in the fermentation broth was determinated by the surface tension, the emulsification index and the critical micelle concentration. The microorganisms Aspergillus ochraceus e Penicillium expansum showed a high potentiality for biosurfactant production using sugarcane bagasse... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o desempenho físico-mecânico e a durabilidade de painéis de partículas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar com resina bicomponente a base de mamona (BCP) e compará-los com painéis de partículas de madeira comerciais (Medium Density Particleboard - MDP). Os painéis de bagaço de cana de açúcar foram fabricados com um teor de resina poliuretana a base de óleo de maona de 15%. O desempenho físico e mecânico dos painéis particulados foi analisado com base nas prescrições dos documentos normativos vigentes. Ambos os materiais foram revestidos superficialmente com resina poliuretana bicomponente à base de óleo de mamona. Avaliou-se a influência do tratamento das bordas na deterioração e no desempenho dos painéis. O acompanhamento das propriedades físico-mecânicas foi realizado antes e após os ensaios de envelhecimento por exposição natural durante 3, 6 e 12 meses, envelhecimento acelerado e de intemperismo artificial. Foi feita a avaliação, da suscetibilidade ao crescimento gerada pelo ataque de fungos emboloradores e apodrecedores nos materiais durante o envelhecimento natural e no ensaio acelerado. Foi realizada a análise colorimétrica para a identificação de mudanças de cor e brilho nos materiais após os ensaios de deterioração. Foram utilizadas as técnicas de densitometria de raios X, espectroscopia por infravermelho próximo (NIR). Os resultados obtidos indicaram a selagem lateral permitiu avaliar a superfície exposta do material permitindo a entrada da água pela superfície avaliando o efeito dos agentes de deterioração. A porcentagem de retenção para o Módulo de ruptura após o ensaio de envelhecimento por imersão em agua e secagem (APA D1) foi de 87% e 3% para BCP e MDP sem revestimento respectivamente e de 90% e 3% para BCP e MDP com revestimento. A porcentagem de retenção das propriedades mecânicas em ambos os submetidos à exposição natural diminuiu em função do tempo. Entretanto o porcentagem de retenção para os materiais BCP e MDP com revestimento superficial foi de 76% e 60% para MOR. A exposição natural mostrou que os fungos emboloradores foram predominantes em ambos os materiais. Ambos os materiais com revestimento superficial apresentaram entre 1-10% de colonização com um 70% de probabilidade. Revestimento de resina de óleo de mamona reduz o crescimento de fungos em ambos os materiais no ensaio acelerado. O perfil de densitometria permitiu analisar o processo de fabricação dos painéis e permitiu identificar a deterioração gradativa do ambos os materiais após os ensaios de envelhecimento. A intepretação mediante a analise de componentes principais (ACP) na aplicação do NIR comportou a classificação das características relacionadas a cada ensaio de deterioração de ambos os materiais sem revestimento superficial. Com base nos resultados deste trabalho, foram propostas contribuições para ajustes de metodologias para a avaliação da durabilidade e do desempenho físico e mecânico dos painéis particulados, tendo em vista a sua viabilidade técnica, em sistemas construtivos da construção civil. / This work aimed to evaluate the physical-mechanical support and durability of sugarcane bagasse particle boards with a castor oil based bicomponent resin (BCP), and compare them to commercial wood particle boards (Medium Density Particleboard - MDP). The sugarcane bagasse boards were produced with a 15% castor oil based polyurethane resin. The physical and mechanical performance of the particle boards were analyzed based on the requirements of existing standardization documents. Both materials were superficially coated with castor oil based bicomponent polyurethane resin. The influence of treated edges on the decay and performance of the boards were evaluated. Monitoring the physical and mechanical properties was carried out before and after the aging tests by natural exposure during 3, 6, and 12 months, accelerated aging, e artificial weathering. An evaluation was made of the susceptibility to growth generated by the attack of moldy and rotting fungi in materials during the natural aging and accelerated tests. A colorimetric analysis was performed to identify the changes in color and brightness in the materials after the deterioration tests. X-rays densitometry and infra-red spectroscopy (NIR) techniques were used. The results obtained indicated that the lateral sealing allowed for an evaluation of the material surface exposed, permitting the entrance of water by the evaluating the effect of the deterioration agents. The retention percentage for the Module of rupture after the aging test by immersion in water and drying (APA D1) was 87% and 3% for BCP and MDP without coating, respectively, and 90% and 3% for BCP and MDP with coating. The retention percentage of the mechanical properties in both samples submitted to natural exposure decreased in relation to time. Meanwhile, the retention percentage for the BCP and MDP with a superficial coating was 76% and 60% MOR. Natural exposure showed that mold were predominant in both materials. Both of the materials with superficial coatings presented between 1-10% colonization with a 70% probability. Castor oil based resin decreased mold in both materials. The densitometry profile to analyze the production of the boards and allowed the identification of the gradual degradation of both materials after the aging tests. The interpretation through Principal component analysis (PCA) in the NIR application permitted the classification of characteristics related to each deterioration test for both materials without superficial coating. Based on the results of this work, contributions were proposed to adjust methodologies for the evaluation of durability and physical and mechanical performance of the particle boards, having in view its technical viability, in structural systems of construction.

It is clear that renewable resources have received great interest from the international community during the last decades and play a crucial role in the current CO2-mitigation policy. In this regard, energy from biomass and waste is seen as one of the most dominant future renewable energy sources. Thus, organic waste i.e. animal wastes, wastewaters, energy crops, agricultural and agro-industrial residues are of specific importance since these sources do not compete with food crops in agricultural land usage. The various technologies that are available for power generation from biomass and waste can be subdivided into thermochemical, biochemical and physicochemical conversion processes. Anaerobic digestion (AD), classified within the biochemical conversion processes, is a robust process and is widely applied. Various types of biomass and waste, can be anaerobically co-digested to generate a homogeneous mixture increasing both process and equipment performance. This study focused on the valorization of agro-industrial wastes (such as olive mill wastewater (OMW), cheese whey (CW) and liquid cow manure (LCM)) and sweet sorghum stalks. Olive mills, cheese factories and cow farms are agro-industries that represent a considerable share of the worldwide economy with particular interest focused in the Mediterranean region. These industries generate millions of tons of wastewaters and large amounts of by-products, which are in many cases totally unexploited and thus dangerous for the environment. On the other hand, sweet sorghum as a lignocellulosic material represents an interesting substrate for biofuels production due to its structure and composition. Anaerobic co-digestion experiments using different mixtures of agro-industrial wastes were performed in a two-stage system consisting of two continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) under mesophilic conditions (37°C). Subsequently, more mixtures were studied, where sweet sorghum was added, in order to simulate the operation of a centralized AD plant fed with regional agro-wastes which lacks OMW or/and CW due to seasonal unavailability. Two operational parameters were examined in a two-stage system, including pH and HRT. Batch experiments were performed in order to investigate the impact of controlled pH on the production of bio-hydrogen and volatile fatty acids, whereas continuous experiments (CSTRs) were conducted for the evaluation of HRT effect on hydrogen and methane production. Moreover, further exploitation of digestate from an anaerobic methanogenic reactor was studied using a combined ultrafiltration/nanofiltration system and further COD reduction was obtained. On the other hand, vermicomposting was conducted in order to evaluate the sludge transformation to compost and as a result, good results in terms of increased N-P-K concentration values were obtained. Furthermore, simulation of mesophilic anaerobic (co)-digestion of different substrates was applied, using the ADM1 modified model, where the results indicated that the modified ADM1 was able to predict reasonably well the steady-state experimental data. / Είναι φανερό ότι οι ανανεώσιμες πηγές ενέργειας έχουν προσελκύσει το ενδιαφέρον της διεθνούς κοινότητας τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες καθώς διαδραματίζουν καθοριστικό ρόλο στην μείωση του CO2. Η ενέργεια από βιομάζα και απόβλητα θεωρείται ως μία από τις πλέον κυρίαρχες ανανεώσιμες πηγές ενέργειας του μέλλοντος. Έτσι, τα οργανικά απόβλητα όπως κτηνοτροφικά, ενεργειακές καλλιέργειες, γεωργικά και βιομηχανικά υπολείμματα κ.ά έχουν ιδιαίτερη σημασία, δεδομένου ότι οι πηγές αυτές δεν ανταγωνίζονται με τις καλλιέργειες τροφίμων της γεωργικής γης και ωστόσο μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν για την παραγωγή ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας, θερμότητας και βιοκαυσίμων. Το αυξημένο ενδιαφέρον για τις διεργασίες που αφορούν στη μετατροπή της βιομάζας σε ανανεώσιμες πηγές ενέργειας, όπως είναι η αναερόβια χώνευση, τόνωσε την έρευνα σε αυτόν τον τομέα με αποτέλεσμα την υλοποίηση ενός σημαντικού αριθμού ερευνητικών έργων για να αξιολογηθούν οι ιδανικές συνθήκες χώνευσης διαφόρων υποστρωμάτων, όπως είναι τα αγροτο-βιομηχανικά απόβλητα και οι ενεργειακές καλλιέργειες. Στη παρούσα διατριβή πραγματοποιήθηκαν πειράματα αναερόβιας συγχώνευσης χρησιμοποιώντας αγροτο-βιομηχανικά απόβλητα ή/και γλυκό σόργο. Τα αγροτο-βιομηχανικά απόβλητα, όπως είναι τα απόβλητα ελαιοτριβείου, τυροκομείου αλλά και βουστασίου, χαρακτηρίζονται από υψηλό οργανικό φορτίο και συνεπώς θεωρούνται ακατάλληλα για απευθείας διάθεση σε περιβαλλοντικούς αποδέκτες. Συγχώνευση αυτών οδήγησε σε υψηλές αποδόσεις μεθανίου κάτι το οποίο οφείλεται σε συνεργιστικές επιδράσεις όπως η συμβολή επιπλέον αλκαλικότητας, ιχνοστοιχείων, θρεπτικών κτλ. Περαιτέρω μίγματα μελετήθηκαν χρησιμοποιώντας το γλυκό σόργο με σκοπό την προσομοίωση λειτουργίας μιας κεντρικής μονάδας αναερόβιας χώνευσης, η οποία τροφοδοτείται με τοπικά απόβλητα τα οποία θα αντικατασταθούν σε περίοδο μη εποχικής διαθεσιμότητας από το γλυκό σόργο. Τα μίγματα αυτά μελετήθηκαν σε διβάθμιο σύστημα διερευνώντας την επίδραση των δύο σημαντικότερων λειτουργικών παραμέτρων (του pH και του υδραυλικού χρόνου παραμονής, HRT) στην απόδοση του συστήματος. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, πραγματοποιήθηκαν πειράματα διαλείποντος έργου προκειμένου να διερευνηθεί η επίδραση του pH στην παραγωγή υδρογόνου και μεταβολικών προϊόντων, ενώ πειράματα συνεχούς λειτουργίας διεξήχθηκαν για τη μελέτη της επίδρασης του HRT στην παραγωγή υδρογόνου και μεθανίου σε διβάθμιο σύστημα. Περαιτέρω αξιοποίηση του χωνευμένου υπολείμματος μελετήθηκε με χρήση συνδυασμένου συστήματος υπερδιήθησης/νανοδιήθησης επιτυγχάνοντας επιπρόσθετη μείωση του οργανικού φορτίου στο διήθημα. Η μετατροπή της αναερόβια χωνευμένης ιλύος σε λίπασμα αξιολογήθηκε μέσω κομποστοποίησης με γεωσκώληκες (vermi-composting) επιτυγχάνοντας ικανοποιητικά αποτελέσματα στην αύξηση των συγκεντρώσεων N-P-K. Επιπλέον, αναπτύχθηκε τροποποιημένο μοντέλο της αναερόβιας χώνευσης (ADM1) με στόχο την προσομοίωση της αναερόβιας συγχώνευσης διαφορετικών υποστρωμάτων. Τα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν έδειξαν ότι το μοντέλο ήταν σε θέση να προβλέψει σε ικανοποιητικό βαθμό την πορεία των πειραματικών δεδομένων.