This thesis investigates the WCSPH model by considering fluid entry and exit, and integrates the WCSPH method into a new, novel, particle-based Bluff Morphology Model (BMM). Using the BMM, this thesis investigates the stability, collapse and equilibrium position of soft coastal bluffs (cliffs). Fluid and floating object interaction using a novel adaptation of the WCSPH method is investigated by incorporating a floating object model. In particular, this thesis examines the water impact, hydrodynamic forces, fluid motions, and movement of objects in the conventional case studies of object entry and exit from still water. A two-dimensional wedge drop analysis was examined, and the hydrodynamic forces show acceptable agreement with published experimental and numerical results. Simulations for water entry and exit of a buoyant and neutral density cylinder compares well with the previous experimental, numerical and empirical studies. These results provide a good foundation to evaluate the accuracy and stability of WCSPH for modelling complex flows, and therefore offers a platform for the use of WCSPH in a Bluff Morphology Model. The BMM combines a multiple wedge displacement method with an adapted Weakly Compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (WCSPH) method. At first the wedge method is applied to compute the stability of the bluff. Once the critical failure mechanism of the bluff slope has been identified, if the Factor of Safety for the mechanism is less than 1, the adapted WCSPH method is used to predict the failure movement and residual shape of the slope. The model is validated against benchmark test cases of bluff stability for purely frictional, purely cohesive, and mixed strength bluff materials including 2D static water tables. The model predictions give a good correlation with the expected values, with medium resolution models producing errors of typically less than 2.0%. In addition, the prediction of lateral movement of a surveyed cliff and the dynamic collapse of a vertical bluff are computed, and compare well with published literature. This model is further extended to then investigate the effect of two dimensional seepage on the stability and collapse of soil slopes and levees. To incorporate the seepage in the model, Darcy’s Law is applied to the interactions among neighbouring soil particles and ghost particles are introduced along the enclosed soil boundary to ensure that no fluid crosses the boundary. The contribution of partially saturated soils and matric suction, as well as the change in hydraulic conductivity due to seepage, are predicted well by this model. The predicted time evolution of slope stability and seepage induced collapse are in reasonable agreement with the experimental results for homogeneous frictional sand and multiple layered cohesive soils. Rapid drawdown over a sand soil is also investigated, and the location and time of the levee collapse occurrence are captured well. A toe erosion model is incorporated within the numerical model, and the location and quantity of erosion caused by lateral seepage is well predicted. The interplay of erosion, seepage and slope instability is examined.

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Die Oberflächen von Erdbauwerken sind neben den von der Funktion abhängigen Beanspruchungen z. B. als Verkehrsdamm, Deponieböschung oder Deich, auch witterungsbedingten Einwirkungen ausgesetzt. Frost-Tau-Wechsel können zur Auflockerung der obersten Schichten führen und Tauperioden sowie starke Niederschläge zur Sättigung des Bodens. In letzter Zeit häufen sich Rutschungen der oberflächennahen Bereiche an Verkehrsdämmen, Lärmschutzwällen und teilweise auch an Deichen. Ursachen sind die unzureichende Festigkeit des Bodens, die fehlende Stabilisierung durch Bewuchs und Beanspruchungen durch abströmendes Wasser. Das Forschungsprojekt am ZAFT hat zum Ziel, die oberste Schicht von Böschungen zu verbessern. Es sollen wirtschaftliche Alternativen zu den klassischen Verfahren des Erd- und Grundbaus entwickelt werden, mit denen die flächendeckende Sicherung von Erdbauwerken möglich wird.

Die Oberflächen von Erdbauwerken sind neben den von der Funktion abhängigen Beanspruchungen z. B. als Verkehrsdamm, Deponieböschung oder Deich, auch witterungsbedingten Einwirkungen ausgesetzt. Frost-Tau-Wechsel können zur Auflockerung der obersten Schichten führen und Tauperioden sowie starke Niederschläge zur Sättigung des Bodens. In letzter Zeit häufen sich Rutschungen der oberflächennahen Bereiche an Verkehrsdämmen, Lärmschutzwällen und teilweise auch an Deichen. Ursachen sind die unzureichende Festigkeit des Bodens, die fehlende Stabilisierung durch Bewuchs und Beanspruchungen durch abströmendes Wasser. Das Forschungsprojekt am ZAFT hat zum Ziel, die oberste Schicht von Böschungen zu verbessern. Es sollen wirtschaftliche Alternativen zu den klassischen Verfahren des Erd- und Grundbaus entwickelt werden, mit denen die flächendeckende Sicherung von Erdbauwerken möglich wird.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-11-10T14:50:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CARLOS ALBERTO MARQUES DOS ANJOS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGECA 1992..pdf: 32207870 bytes, checksum: 40dd8e34e2d3e3630817b7ad57cbfa48 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-10T14:50:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CARLOS ALBERTO MARQUES DOS ANJOS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGECA 1992..pdf: 32207870 bytes, checksum: 40dd8e34e2d3e3630817b7ad57cbfa48 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1992-12-11 / Esta dissertação apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa sobre as encostas de Maceió. Como se sabe, na cidade de Maceió, capital do Estado de Alagoas, a exemplo dos grandes centros populacionais, cresce de forma desordenada. Com isso é contaminada com problemas de ordem social, pelo assentamento desordenado de população de baixa renda em áreas de encostas com declividades superiores a 45%. Essas encostas, que ligam os tabuleiros às planícies, são geologicamente constituídas de sedimentos terciários do Grupo Barreiras - Formação Guararapes. Constituem-se de solos areno-argilosos de baixa permeabilidade e baixa a nehuma plasticidade. Por fim, são constituídos mineralogicamente por quartzo, caulinita e ilinita. Os ensaios triaxiais (UU) e de cisalhamento direto confirmaram elevada resistência à ruptura quando os solos encontram-se em baixos teores de umidade, ou mesmo na umidade natural. No entanto essa resistência decai em cerca de quatro vezes, quando o teor de umidade aproxima-se da saturação. Por fim, o estudo da estabilidade realizado através de método de Bishop, mostra que todas as encostas pesquisadas são estáveis nas épocas de estiagem e, instáveis durante chuvas de longa duração. / This thesis presents the results of an investigation carried aut in order to assess the condition of Maceió Slopes. The City of Maceió, capital of the state of Alagoas (Brazil), like many other coturbation nationwide, grows without any land-use control. Consequently, the number of social problems increases rapidly, due to the disorrdely ocupation of city slopes by low-income population. Even slopes with declivity above 45% is largely ocupied. The city slopes connects the plateau and the plains and are formed by the terciary sediments of the Barreiras Group - Guararapes formation. They are formed by sand-clay soils, with low permeability and low to none plasticity. Mineralogically they are formed by quartz, kaolinaud and ilite. Trixials tests (UU) and direct shear strenght confirm the hight strenght to breaking load when soils have low levels of humidity. However this strenght decreases almost four times when humity level is enar saturation. In conclusion, the research shows through the Bishop method, that all slopes studies are stable during dry seasons, and unstable during long rainning season.

Les routes sont normalement pourvues de systèmes de drainage dimensionnés et exécutés conformément aux règles de l’art en vue d’évacuer, le plus rapidement possible de l’emprise de la route, les eaux des précipitations à considérer sur la base des périodes de retour prises en compte. Toutefois, il subsiste souvent des écoulements d’eau indésirables au niveau des talus et parfois dans les accotements et/ou les surfaces de roulement non imperméabilisées. Une succession de pluies entraîne des infiltrations d’eau qui varient notamment en fonction des conditions climatiques et suivant la texture et la structure du sol. De telles infiltrations ont pour conséquence la réduction des coefficients de sécurité des talus.<p><p>Bien qu’il existe plusieurs publications scientifiques traitant de pluies qui ont conduit à des glissements de terrain (Lim et al. 1996 ;Cho et al. 2001 ;Kim et al. 2004 ;Xue et al. 2007 ;Gavin et al. 2008), les incidences des infiltrations résultant de pluies successives sur le comportement des couches superficielles des sols non saturés ne sont généralement pas prises en compte. Les modèles permettant le calcul de la stabilité de talus des massifs de sols non saturés exigent beaucoup de paramètres parfois difficiles à évaluer et se rapportent ordinairement aux cas d’instabilité provoqués par une remontée du niveau piézométrique des nappes phréatiques.<p><p>Sur la base des essais réalisés en laboratoire, une méthodologie adaptée permettant d’évaluer la variation spatio-temporelle de la teneur en eau du sol en fonction d’une suite de pluies a été développée. Cette méthodologie facilite la prise en compte des effets cumulés des taux d’infiltration associés aux évènements pluvieux et permet d’en déduire le profil de succion ainsi que celui de la cohésion apparente à utiliser en vue de calculer, pour une inclinaison β du talus, l’intervalle de variation du coefficient de sécurité Fs. La méthodologie développée présente un intérêt particulier dans le cas de budgets et infrastructures limités.<p><p>ABSTRACT<p><p>Roads are normally equipped with drainage systems sized and implemented in accordance with the rules of art to evacuate as quickly as possible to the right of way, water precipitation to be considered on the basis of return periods taken into account. However, there are often water flows at the slope side and sometimes in the shoulders and / or running surfaces that are not waterproof. A succession of rain causes a certain amount of water infiltration, which varies according to climatic conditions and depending on the soil texture and structure. Such infiltrations have resulted in reduced safety factor of slopes.<p><p>Although there are several scientific publications on rainfall leading to landslides (Lim et al. 1996; Cho et al. 2001, Kim et al. 2004; Xue et al. 2007; Gavin and al. 2008), impacts resulting from infiltration of successive rains on the behavior of surface layers of unsaturated soils are usually not taken into account. Models for calculating the slope stability of unsaturated soils require many parameters that can be, in certain circumstances, difficult to assess and refer generally to cases of instability caused by a rise in groundwater level.<p><p>Based on laboratory tests, a suitable methodology for assessing the spatial and temporal variation of soil water content induced by a set of rains has been developed. This methodology facilitates the inclusion of the cumulative effects of the infiltration rates associated with rain events and infers from them the profile of suction and that of the apparent cohesion to be used to calculate, for a slope angle β, the range of variation of the safety factor Fs. This methodology is particularly relevant in the case of limited budgets and infrastructures. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished