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Awareness of environmental degradation has stimulated inquiry into the relationship between humans and the environment, increased the demand for ecological conservation, and contributed to the idea of "sustainable development". Community based decision-making has emerged as a crucial focus in environmental management and sustainable development research. This dissertation examines community based environmental decision-making in an area where traditional institutions for communal land holding are facing pressures of modernisation. The dissertation examines the potential, limitations and challenges these institutions face, from a community based perspective, if they are to function as effective vehicles for local environmental management and sustainable development. Drawing on the United Nations ideas of North-South partnerships for development, and on the recognition that access to information is critical in environmental decision-making; the dissertation also explores academic-community partnerships as a means of enhancing community based environmental decision-making. The research uses a case study approach with qualitative and participatory methodologies to explore traditional and emerging decision-making bodies in a rural, resource-based, community. The study draws on conceptual insights from the fields of conservation, development, environmental decision-making, natural resource management, land tenure and commons property research, and from popular education and participatory research. / Through examining the comunidad of Huitzilac in the state of Morelos, Mexico, this study identifies the importance of the shared history of struggle for land as a factor facilitating collective action in comunidades. The internal organization of comunidades however, is found to present limitations for facilitating community based and sustainable decision-making. Notably, the membership of comunidades is not representative of diverse community based actors and interests, and the mandate of these communal land-holding institutions does not address environmental protection or sustainability. Factors external to community based decision-making structures such as the increased accessibility to markets, perceived changes in conditions for agriculture and governmental conservation policy are found to have repercussions on community based environmental decision-making. Internal and external factors are combined with one another in intricate ways resulting in the weakening of traditional institutions and resulting in environmental degradation and social turmoil. / Academic-community partnerships, studied through the creation and analysis of ACCES, Academic and Community Cooperation for Environmental Sustainability, were found to contribute to community based environmental decision-making by creating conditions for community organizing and action for groups marginalized from the traditional communal decision-making mechanisms. Through a process that integrates popular education and academic research, characterized by flexibility, the promotion of information and awareness, and the promotion of values such as trust and cooperation, academic-community partnerships can facilitate community based organizing for environmental decision-making and action.

Thesis (M. Tech) -- Central University of Technology, Free State, 2008 / In terms of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Act 108 of 1996), local government in South Africa is obliged to ensure that sustainable services are provided to communities. Without any doubt, the effective and efficient execution of this responsibility would bring about an environment conducive to service excellence on local government level. However, South African municipalities are characterised by poor service provision; and the various incidents arising from dissatisfaction on the part of residents in respect of the services rendered are daily becoming a greater challenge to municipalities in the Free State Province. In order to meet the service provision standards, as stipulated in the Constitution, the development and implementation of municipal policies is essential. Policy is defined, inter alia, as the setting out of basic principles that must be pursued in order to achieve specific objectives. Local government has the legislative and executive competency to develop and implement policies. As a result of the diversity and complexity of policy-making, a conceptual framework for the policy-making process at local government level is an essential requirement. This process is described in the dissertation as a sequential pattern consisting of the following phases: policy agenda-setting, policy formulation, policy adoption, policy implementation and execution and policy evaluation. However, municipalities do not have the institutional capacity, skills and experience necessary for the development and implementation of municipal policies. A further aspect that complicates the creation and implementation of policies is the large amount of legislation that regulates local government in South Africa. This legislation also requires municipalities to develop and implement various policies. There are several factors that influence policy-making at local government level. Aspects such as the political environment, the financial environment and community needs have a direct and significant effect on policy-making at this level of government. Capacity shortages probably comprise the factor that has the most detrimental effect on policy-making at local government level; and therefore the necessity for the relevant skills and knowledge relating to policymaking is indisputable. It is just as essential, however, that the other two spheres of government, namely national and provincial government, should carry out their constitutional obligation to support municipalities and strengthen their capacity. Therefore, the aim of this study is, firstly, to identify specific actions that could be implemented by local and district municipalities to improve the policy-making process. Secondly, to determine the reasons for the inadequate formulation, adoption and implementation of the municipal policies. Thirdly, to determine the specific role of national and provincial government, as well as that of the South African Local Government Association (SALGA), in supporting municipalities in the policy-making process. In addition, strategies that could be implemented in order to improve the institutional capacity, skills and experience at local government level, with a view to developing and implementing appropriate policies, have also been identified.

譚秉源. / 論文(哲學碩士) -- 香港中文大學硏究院敎育學部, 1996. / 參考文献 : leaves iii-xvi (3rd group). / Tan Bingyuan [Tam Ping Yuen]. / Chapter 第一章 --- 問題闡述 / Chapter 第一節 --- 前言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節 --- 槪念的界定 --- p.3 / Chapter 第三節 --- 硏究背景 --- p.4 / Chapter 第四節 --- 硏究問題綜述 --- p.12 / Chapter 第二章 --- 文獻評述 / Chapter 第一節 --- 政策分析及政策釐訂過程 --- p.14 / Chapter 第二節 --- 現代資本主義國家內的政策釐訂過程 --- p.15 / Chapter 第三節 --- 協同主義 --- p.21 / Chapter 第四節 --- 敎育政策的釐訂架構 --- p.25 / Chapter 第五節 --- 敎育團體與教育政策釐訂 --- p.32 / Chapter 第六節 --- 理論總結與香港現實的剖析 --- p.34 / Chapter 第三章 --- 硏究設計 / Chapter 第一節 --- 硏究意義 --- p.41 / Chapter 第二節 --- 研究目的 --- p.42 / Chapter 第三節 --- 硏究問題 --- p.43 / Chapter 第四節 --- 硏究範圍 --- p.44 / Chapter 第五節 --- 硏究方法 --- p.45 / Chapter 第六節 --- 硏究架構 --- p.47 / Chapter 第七節 --- 硏究設計 --- p.4 9 / Chapter 第四章 --- 香港敎育政策個案分析一 中學敎學語文政策（1974一一19 8 5) / Chapter 第一節 --- 簡述 --- p.50 / Chapter 第二節 --- 政策的背景和內容 --- p.51 / Chapter 第三節 --- 政府對中學敎學語文政策的立場 --- p.60 / Chapter 第四節 --- 敎協對中學敎學語文政策的立場 --- p.63 / Chapter 第五節 --- 敎協與政府就中學敎學語文政策爭論的焦點 --- p.66 / Chapter 第六節 --- 節敎協與政府就中學敎學語文政策問題的爭持行動 --- p.72 / Chapter 第七節 --- 敎協和政府就本政策釐訂所作的敎育互動 --- p.77 / Chapter 第八節 --- 對本個案的理論分析 --- p.81 / Chapter 第五章 --- 香港敎育政策個案分析二 中學敎學語文政策(19 8 ´6´ؤؤ1996) / Chapter 第一節 --- 簡述 --- p.88 / Chapter 第二節 --- 政策的背景和內容 --- p.89 / Chapter 第三節 --- 政府對中學敎學語文政策的立場 --- p.9 7 / Chapter 第四節 --- 敎協對中學敎學語文政策的立場 --- p.101 / Chapter 第五節 --- 敎協與政府就中學敎學語文政策爭論的焦點 --- p.104 / Chapter 第六節 --- 敎協與政府就中學敎學語文政策問題的爭持行動 --- p.107 / Chapter 第七節 --- 敎協和政府就本政策釐訂所作的敎育互動 --- p.115 / Chapter 第八節 --- 對本個案的理論分析 --- p.119 / Chapter 第六章 --- 香港敎育政策個案分析三 初中會考及初中成績評核政策 / Chapter 第一節 --- 簡述 --- p.123 / Chapter 第二節 --- 政策的背景和內容 --- p.124 / Chapter 第三節 --- 政府對初中會考及初中成績評核政策的立場 --- p.129 / Chapter 第四節 --- 敎協對初中會考及初中成績評核政策的立場 --- p.131 / Chapter 第五節 --- 敎協與政府就初中會考及初中成績評核政策爭論 的焦點 --- p.134 / Chapter 第六節 --- 敎協與政府就初中會考及初中成績評核政策問題 的爭持行動 --- p.1 9 / Chapter 第七節 --- 敎協和政府就本政策釐訂所作的敎育互動 --- p.144 / Chapter 第八節 --- 對本個案的理論分析 --- p.147 / Chapter 第七章 --- 香港敎育政策個案分析四 學習目標及目標爲本評估政策（英文簡稱TTRA ) / Chapter 第一節 --- 簡述 --- p.151 / Chapter 第二節 --- 政策的背景和內容 --- p.152 / Chapter 第三節 --- 政府對學習目標及目標爲本評估政策的立場 --- p.161 / Chapter 第四節 --- 敎協對學習目標及目標爲本評估政策的立場 --- p.163 / Chapter 第五節 --- 敎協與政府就學習目標及目標爲本評估政策爭論的焦點頁 --- p.170 / Chapter 第六節 --- 敎協與政府就學習目標及目標爲本評估政策問題的爭持 行動 --- p.183 / Chapter 第七節 --- 敎協和政府就本政策釐訂所作的敎育互動 --- p.190 / Chapter 第八節 --- 對本個案的理論分析 --- p.197 / Chapter 第八章 --- 總結 / Chapter 第一節 --- 簡述 --- p.203 / Chapter 第二節 --- 關於敎協爲影響敎育政策釐訂所作敎育互動的分析 --- p.204 / Chapter 第三節 --- 關於政府對敎協或整體社會所作敎育互動的分析 --- p.208 / Chapter 第四節 --- 關於政府釐訂及推行敎育政策所採策略的分析 --- p.210 / Chapter 第五節 --- 關於協同主義在香港的敎育政策釐訂過程中的體現分析頁 --- p.212 / Chapter 第六節 --- 關於派系互動理性取向在香港敎育政策釐訂過程中的體 現分析 --- p.215 / Chapter 第七節 --- 關於敎育團體影響敎育政策釐訂的效能分析 --- p.215 / Chapter 第八節 --- 關於敎育團體在本港敎育政策釐訂過程中的角色 --- p.217 / Chapter 第九節 --- 本硏究的意義 --- p.219 / Chapter 第十節 --- 本硏究的限制 --- p.220 / Chapter 第十一節 --- 結語 --- p.221 / 註釋 --- p.i / 參考文件 --- p.iii / 中文參考書目 --- p.x / 英文參考書目 --- p.xii

Text in English / The study investigated the policing of service delivery protests in South Africa with specific reference to Free State province. Failure by local governments to provide basic services to the previously disadvantaged South Africans has led to a number of service delivery protests taking place. The manner in which these protests are managed by the police in South Africa more especially the Public Order Police who are specialists in this field, raises concerns. One would perceive that the police are losing the battle in dealing with protest action for they are criticised for their brutal tactics in quelling the violence. This brutal handling of protesters dates back to the apartheid era and not much has changed contrary to the expectations of a newly formed democratic country. This therefore led to the investigation as to why the police in South Africa fail to contain such protest actions. The South African Police Services (SAPS) as it is known in a democratic South Africa employed tactics from international countries in order to introduce more professionalism in the SAPS. Although better tactics have been introduced, this did not seem to improve the situation because not only are properties destroyed but many lives are also lost through police action. The researcher conducted his investigation in the central part of South Africa in the Free State Province concentrating in the three main areas; namely Bloemfontein, Welkom and Bethlehem where the Public Order Police units are based. The investigation resulted in the researcher arriving at the conclusion that there are a number of challenges that are experienced by the SAPS when dealing with protests and the main problem identified was that of a shortage of manpower. This problem create challenges when it came to managing the number of protests taking place and exacerbated by not allowing the police to use the tactics that they were trained in. As much as we acknowledge these challenges, there are best practices that can be learnt from international countries. The crowd psychology strategies applied by the Swedish police as well as the high tolerance level of the British police, are the good practices that can be recommended in dealing with protests in South Africa. / Police Practice / M.Tech. (Policing)

This exploratory and qualitative investigation is used as a research strategy to indicate a preventative policing style for public violence in the Eastern Free State. The research's integration of problem-solving methods may be used in instances where public violence is common and pre-empted. The study researched the policing of public expression against poor service delivery in a democratic South Africa after the adoption of a new Constitution. The Scanning, Analysis, Response and Assessment Model is applied by way of a service-oriented, preventative policing style involving the principles of the Community Policing Style. The dissertation argues that though the South African Police Service's handling of public violence in the Eastern Free State, was reminiscent of the former public violence of political oppression, it should gradually move away from the military approach to a preferred community policing style and include relevant role players in using a systematic and service-orientated preventative policing style to address public violence. / CRIMINOLOGY / MTECH: POLICING

This exploratory and qualitative investigation is used as a research strategy to indicate a preventative policing style for public violence in the Eastern Free State. The research's integration of problem-solving methods may be used in instances where public violence is common and pre-empted. The study researched the policing of public expression against poor service delivery in a democratic South Africa after the adoption of a new Constitution. The Scanning, Analysis, Response and Assessment Model is applied by way of a service-oriented, preventative policing style involving the principles of the Community Policing Style. The dissertation argues that though the South African Police Service's handling of public violence in the Eastern Free State, was reminiscent of the former public violence of political oppression, it should gradually move away from the military approach to a preferred community policing style and include relevant role players in using a systematic and service-orientated preventative policing style to address public violence. / CRIMINOLOGY / MTECH: POLICING