<p><strong>Purpose/Aim:</strong> To create a communication strategy for PADI Nordic with the intention of getting Swedish divers, who have been certified abroad, to Swedish dive centers.</p><p><strong>Material/Method: </strong>The study is based on a number of personal interviews conducted with a) divers who are active in Sweden, b) divers who are not active in Sweden and c) representatives from PADI and PADI affiliated dive centers.</p><p><strong>Main results: </strong>The main reason that people who have been certified abroad do not dive in Sweden is that they regard it as being too complicated, too cold, too expensive and with nothing interesting to see. These might partly be misconceptions that can be corrected through a communication strategic effort. The best way to change this perception is by two different forms of communication. One will go from PADI Nordic straight to the divers through an email. This will have the purpose of getting their attention, making diving sound interesting and raise their awareness in preparation for the other part of the process. The other part is communication from PADI affiliated dive centres directed towards the divers. This will be in the form of more traditional marketing, and will have the purpose of making diving in Sweden sound easy, uncomplicated and price worthy. Hopefully this will bring people in to the dive centres, and in the ideal case they will in time also bring their friends along – by becoming the first link in a two step flow of communication.</p><p> </p>

Purpose/Aim: To create a communication strategy for PADI Nordic with the intention of getting Swedish divers, who have been certified abroad, to Swedish dive centers. Material/Method: The study is based on a number of personal interviews conducted with a) divers who are active in Sweden, b) divers who are not active in Sweden and c) representatives from PADI and PADI affiliated dive centers. Main results: The main reason that people who have been certified abroad do not dive in Sweden is that they regard it as being too complicated, too cold, too expensive and with nothing interesting to see. These might partly be misconceptions that can be corrected through a communication strategic effort. The best way to change this perception is by two different forms of communication. One will go from PADI Nordic straight to the divers through an email. This will have the purpose of getting their attention, making diving sound interesting and raise their awareness in preparation for the other part of the process. The other part is communication from PADI affiliated dive centres directed towards the divers. This will be in the form of more traditional marketing, and will have the purpose of making diving in Sweden sound easy, uncomplicated and price worthy. Hopefully this will bring people in to the dive centres, and in the ideal case they will in time also bring their friends along – by becoming the first link in a two step flow of communication.

Vicinal surfaces consist of terraces separated by atomic steps. In the step-flow regime, deposited atoms (adatoms) diffuse on terraces, eventually reaching steps where they attach to the crystal, thereby causing the steps to move. There are two main objectives of this work. First, we analyze rigorously the differences in qualitative behavior between vicinal surfaces consisting of infinitely many steps and nanowires whose top surface consists of a small number of steps bounded by a reflecting wall. Second, we derive the continuum model that describes the macroscopic behavior of vicinal surfaces from detailed microscopic models of step dynamics. We use the standard theory of Burton-Cabrera-Frank (BCF) to show that in the presence of an Ehrlich-Schwoebel barrier, i.e., a preferential attachment of adatoms from the lower terraces, N-periodic step motions are stable with respect to step collisions. Nonetheless, for N > 2 step collisions may occur. Moreover, we consider a single perturbed terrace, in which we distinguish three cases: no attachment from the upper terraces (perfect ES barrier), no attachment from the lower terraces (perfect inverse ES barrier), and symmetric attachment. For a perfect ES barrier, steps never collide regardless of the initial perturbation. In contrast, for a perfect inverse ES barrier, collisions occur for any nonzero perturbation. Finally, for symmetric attachment, step collisions occur for sufficiently large outward perturbations. To model nanowire growth, we consider rectilinear steps and concentric steps bounded by reflecting walls. In contrast to a vicinal surface with infinitely many steps, we prove analytically that the Ehrlich-Schwoebel barrier is destabilizing with respect to step collisions. We further consider nanowire growth with desorption, and prove that the initial conditions that lead to step collisions are characterized by a unique step motion trajectory. We take as our starting point a thermodynamically consistent (TC) generalization of the BCF model to derive PDE that govern the evolution of the vicinal surface at the macroscale. Whereas the BCF model yields a fourth-order parabolic equation for the surface height, the TC model yields a system of coupled equations for the surface height and the surface chemical potential.

Denna uppsats avser att undersöka publikens attityder gentemot svenska influencers på Instagram. Studien undersöker hur omfattande publiken påverkas av sponsrade samarbeten mellan influencers och företag på Instagram. Vidare studeras effekten av publikens attityder och följaktligen deras agerande där utvecklingen av influencer marketing tas i beaktning. Med hjälp av materialet från studiens kvantitativa metod har data bearbetats tillsammans med teorier som huvudsakligen bygger på Katz &amp; Lazarsfelds teori om Tvåstegshypotesen. Utefter teorins utveckling följer därefter Word of Mouth, Influencer marketing och slutligen Uses and gratifications. I samband med att influencer marketing blir alltmer populärt avser studien att bidra till forskningen i ämnet. Sammanfattningsvis har metod och teori bidragit till att hantera och analysera uppsatsens frågeställningar och syfte. Uppsatsens slutsats är att publiken upplever att deras attityd påverkas av sponsrade samarbeten på Instagram vilket bidrar till ytterligare fördjupning kring influencers som varumärke. Respondenterna upplever att deras attityd påverkas i samband av mängden samarbeten som förekommer och enligt studiens resultat påverkas publiken oavsett om de följer influencers på Instagram eller inte.

Syftet med studien är att ge insikt i om och hur lokala kampanjer kan användas för att öka framgången hos större välgörenhetskampanjer. Metoden som använts för att undersöka detta är en serie av intervjuer med personer som besitter insikter i hur kampanjen gick till och mottogs. Teorierna som använts är teorier kring kampanjande, tvåstegshypotesen samt dagordningsteorin. Resultatet visar att tvåstegshypotesen följts i kampanjen och att det varit framgångsrikt. Genom att använda sig av passande budskap och kanal har kampanjen lyckats engagera fler personer än vid tidigare Musikhjälpen-kampanjer. Slutsatsen efter denna studie är att lokala kampanjer kan användas framgångsrikt i dessa typer av kampanjer i Sverige och att valet av budskap och kanal är viktigt för kampanjens framgång. Vid framtida studier vore det intressant att undersöka välgörenhetskampanjer där de använt sig av andra typer av budskap och kanaler. Det vore även intressant att undersöka tvåstegshypotesen vid kommersiella kampanjer samt att undersöka eventuella risker vid denna typen av kampanjer. / The purpose of this study is to examine if, and how local campaigns can be used to increase the success of a bigger charity campaign. The method used to study this is a series of interviews with people with insight in the campaign. For the study interviews have been conducted with both the targeted audience and with one of the creators and head figures of the local campaign. The theories used in the study are various theories about campaigning, the two step-flow of communication and the agenda-setting theory. The result shows that local campaigns can be used successfully in bigger campaigns. By using a channel and a message well suited for the cause the campaign managed to engage people in a way that earlier campaigns failed to. The conclusion of this study is that the two-step flow of communication still is relevant in these types of campaigns in Sweden. Through the two-step flow of communication the campaigns can reach and engage people in a way that a more direct strategy cannot achieve. Future studies could examine campaigns that have used a different message and channel to achieve its goals. The usage of the two-step flow of communication in commercial campaigns would also be interesting to study in order to see potential differences between campaigns for profit versus not for profit. Something that in the future can contribute to the studies around the two-step flow of communication and charity campaigns are the potential risks it brings for the organization regarding public relations.

In 2019, the World Health Organization classified vaccine hesitancy as one of the ten biggest threats to global health. Since then, the anti-vaccination movement has expanded, at the same time as the Covid-19 virus has spread around the world. This thesis examines how opinion leaders in an anti-vaccination Facebook group design their communication in order to spread their alternative realities of Covid-19 vaccines. This case study focuses on what a specific anti-vaccination online community’s rhetorical situation looks like, and which rhetorical appeals are being used by the group’s opinion leaders. It has its theoretical starting point in a modified version of Lazarsfeld and Katz’s Two-step flow of communication that was put in relation to Bitzer’s and Aristotle's rhetoric theories. The result shows that the use of logos, ethos and pathos depends on the rhetorical situation. Pathos dominated the opinion leader's Facebook posts as their language was emotionally emphasized and appealed to individuals' feelings. Emotional arguments were seen as an effective approach to receive engagement from the recipients. Logos was the least used appeal and the opinion leaders' arguments rarely involved scientific proof or credible sources. This was considered to be due to the fact that the rhetorical audience consisted of like-minded people who already shared the views of the opinion leader. Therefore, they did not need to be convinced with fact-based arguments. This study was conducted through a netnographic approach and a rhetorical analysis with the aim of helping to fill a knowledge gap that can be helpful as support in preventative measures to reduce vaccine resistance through communication.

The purpose of this study is to gain knowledge and provide information about the attitudes that young females have about influencers and influencer marketing, but also to examine the factors that persuade them to a purchase that they have been exposed to through influencer marketing on Instagram. The study has a qualitative method and was made by three focus groups. Every group was composed with four participants between the age of 16 to 18 years. The conclusion of this study is that overall there is a positive attitude towards influencer marketing since it is believed to open up to a more personalized commercial. Factors such as maintaining a good relationship between the influencer and their followers is crucial for followers to perceive the collaborations with companies as genuine and accepting the information. The participants are considered to be aware about the influence and therefore can control how much they want to be affected. The influencer has the opportunity to create new needs in the consumer minds, but whether it leads to a purchase are also often affected by events like the surroundings, personal thoughts or unforeseen events.

Creator or billboard? An interview study based on influencers’ participation and impact in a clothing company’s campaign. The purpose of this study is to examine six influencers’ experiences of participating in a clothing company's campaign. The aim is to acquire a deeper understanding of what impact the influencers have in the campaign. The method used is qualitative interviews with six of fifteen influencers who participated in a clothing company's campaign in October 2017. The influencers were given the ability to freely interpret what the company’s lifestyle meant for them by creating movies, pictures and text.  The People’s Choice and two-step flow theory are used to mark the influencers’ impact on their networks, where they are working as opinion leaders. The Theory of Practice gives an understanding for how the influencers are positioning themselves with the company and also contributes with the concept of “social capital”. Trust in today's society shows a world which is changing quickly and the importance for companies to create relationships. Impression management helps with an understanding about the creation of oneself, and branding, identity, image and reputation gives an understanding about the creation of the company. The results are that they are given the opportunity to interpret and put their own interpretations on the company’s campaign even though there are implicit power structures who control the campaign. The influencers get to create freely - as long as they make a material that corresponds with the company's impression management, branding, identity, image and reputation.

In this article, we explore the Black Lives Matter activist Alicia Garza's Twitter usage during the month of June in 2020 with a critical discourse analysis (CDA). Our aim with the study was to examine the underlying motives and values in Garzas tweeting, and if there were any prevailing themes, in order to see if there was a difference between the discourse used for personal matters and the discourse related to her activism. To support our analysis we utilized critical theory to gain a critical reference and the two-step flow hypothesis to delve into the possible effects Garza's position as an opinion leader has on her tweeting. After processing and examining a total of 48 tweets from the month of June, through the use of coding, our analysis suggests that there are several prevalent themes that can be distinguished in her tweeting. The themes we found were personal tweets, tweets expressing solidarity, tweets urging for action, tweets exuding authority, and promotional tweets. The line between personal matters and the discourse related to her activism was found to be fluid and unable to be strictly defined.

The diploma thesis "Analysis of the Czech and American News Coverage of the 2008 Presidential Elections in the U.S. and American President" examined if American press, represented by The New Your Times, is influencing the coverage of presidential candidates in Czech press, which is represented by Mladá fronta DNES and Hospodářské noviny. The examination is based on the example of presidential race in 2008 in USA. The aim of the research is if there are signs of international two-step flow in Czech press. The second part of the research is focused on so called honeymoon effect in Czech press on the example of news Coverage of President Barack Obama in his first term in office. The quantitative content analysis showed that there are similar features in the coverage of presidential race in Czech and American press. The investigation also showed that Czech press is more positive in the coverage of Barrack Obama at the beginning of his first term in office and this positivity declined in the second year.