Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία πραγματεύεται την μελέτη και την κατασκεύη μιας αυτοματοποιημένης διάταξης επίστρωσης ηλεκτροδίου σε στερεό ηλεκτρολύτη για εφαρμογή σε κυψέλες καυσίμου.Η εργασία εκπονήθηκε στο Εργαστήριο Ηλεκτρομηχανικής Μετατροπής Ενέργειας του Τμήματος Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών της Πολυτεχνικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Σε αυτό το πλαίσιο,σχεδιάστηκε μια εργαλειομηχανή τύπου CNC(Computer Numerical Control),υψηλής ακρίβειας,ικανή να εκτελέσει κινήσεις σε τρείς άξονες,ελεγχόμενη από μικροελεγκτή και οδηγούμενη από βηματικούς κινητήρες. Αν και ο απώτερος στόχος της εργασίας είναι η κατασκευή της διάταξης που επιτελεί το επιθυμητό έργο,προηγήθηκε εκτενής θεωρητική μελέτη και ανάλυση όλων των χαρακτηριστικών και παραγόντων του συστήματος. Αρχικά,γίνεται αναφορά στις κυψέλες καυσίμου,στους διάφορους τύπους της συγκεκριμένης τεχνολογίας καθώς και στις εφαρμογές που αυτή ενσωματώνεται. Οι κυψέλες καυσίμου,ως αντικείμενο επιστημονικής μελέτης αλλά και ως εμπορευματικό προϊόν παρουσιάζει εξαιρετικό ενδιαφέρον και έχει απασχολήσει σε μεγάλο βαθμό την επιστημονική κοινότητα τα τελευταία χρόνια λόγω της μεγάλης αποδοτικότητάς τους στην παραγωγή ενέργειας αλλά και της φιλικής προς το περιβάλλον λειτουργίας τους. Εν συνεχεία,αναλύεται ο όρος αριθμητικός έλεγχος και αναλύονται οι εφαρμογές στις οποίες αυτός χρησιμοποιείται ενώ παράλληλα γίνεται αναφορά στο μηχανολογικό τμήμα της κατασκευής,στα υλικά και στο σχεδιασμό τέτοιων διατάξεων. Σημαντικό μέρος της εργασίας αφιερώθηκε στους βηματικούς κινητήρες που επελέχθησαν ως κινητήρες προώσεως της εργαλειομηχανής.Αναλύονται τόσο οι τύποι βηματικών κινητήρων όσο και ο έλεγχος τους ενώ ακόμα παρουσιάζεται και η στατική αλλά και η δυναμική τους συμπεριφορά σε ένα σύστημα. Τον ‘’εγκέφαλο’’ της διάταξης αποτελεί ο μικροεπεξεργαστής που ενσωματώνει το πρόγραμμα λειτουργίας της εργαλειομηχανής,ο οποίος αναλύεται σε μεγάλο βαθμό ξεκινώντας από τον ορισμό του,τη φύση της λειτουργίας του και καταλήγωντας στον ειδικότερο ρόλο που διαδραματίζει στο κύκλωμα ελέγχου της διάταξης. Ακόμα, περιγράφεται η αρχή λειτουργίας και η κατασκευαστική λογική της πλακέτας ελέγχου και οδήγησης του συστήματος.Τα συμπεράσματα της εργασίας και οι μελλοντικές επεκτάσεις που πιθανώς η διάταξη επιδέχεται παρουσιάζονται ως επίλογος. / The purpose of this thesis is the construction of an automated device that coats electrodes in to solid electrolyte for application in fuel cells. The project was conducted in Electromechanical Energy Conversion Laboratory, at Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering of the University of Patras. In this context, a CNC (Computerized Numerical Control) machine, capable of carrying out movements in three axes, controlled by stepper motors was designed. Although the ultimate purpose is the construction of such a device, an extensive theoretical study and analysis of all parameters and characteristics of the system was preceded. Initially, a reference to fuel cells is being made, describing the different types of the technology and the applications which fuel cells are incorporated. In general, fuel cell technology as an object of theoretical study and as a commodity product as well, is considered to be of high scientific interest, due to its high efficiency and it’s environmental friendly operation. In addition, a general definition of numerical control is being given relatively to its applications, providing a special interest in the mechanical design of systems that incorporate this particular method of control. A significant part of the project was consumed by the analysis of stepper motor behavior, both static and dynamic. Different types of stepper motors are being described along with several types of control schemes. Extensive description of the system’s incorporated micro-controller has been made, from its general description down to its specialized role to the system. Finally, the basic principles of operation are being described, given a special interest in to the board of control and drive of the system. The evaluation of the project’s status as well it’s future development were given as final conclusions.

This master´s thesis deals with the modernization of the EMCO milling machine control system. The theoretical part is focused on the basic description of CNC machine and current state of EMCO milling machine control system. The main point of this thesis is new control system design for given milling machine, when the proposed variants are described and compared according to construction and price. The one variant is selected that best suits the specified parameters. Also, in the TwinCAT development interface from Beckhoff the new control system is created and described in the end of this work.

The theme of this thesis is the design and optimization of algorithms for controlling stepper motors with feedback by measuring the BEMF. The emphasis was on self-management stepper motor current depending on the load. To verify the algorithm was designed and built sample devices with integrated circuit NCV70514 from ON Semiconductor. The result is a sample device, the control program and algorithm to control a stepper motor.

Recycling is becoming more crucial due to the fast pace of consumerism. This thesis explores how well a robot arm, with three degrees of freedom, can be implemented to give an autonomous recycling process. After the prototyping phase it was found that a cylindrical robot arm was best suited for the project. Computer vision in addition with machine learning is used for sorting and detecting objects. The end effector is a suction cup, connected to a plastic 60-milliliter syringe. Negative pressure is created by pulling and pushing a lead screw connected to a stepper motor. The accuracy of the ML-model, the robot’s movement andmax weight are evaluated. The ML-model is trained to detect four classes; plastic, metal, paper, and glass. The thesis found that the ML-model could classify plastic the most sufficient and paper the least. The robot arm’s movement had an average error of 0.54 cm and the maximum weight was 900 grams. For future development it would be interesting to compare a range of different suction cups, to see how the material, diameter, and depth would affect its ability to pick up various objects. Additionally, the model could be enhanced by training it on a larger dataset.

Este trabalho contempla o projeto de um manipulador robótico cilindro atuado por motores de passo com cinco juntas de atuação. As etapas do projeto do robô, que tratam este estudo, foram divididas em: projeto mecânico; modelagem matemática; projeto do controlador; e simulações. O projeto mecânico apresenta uma proposta de configuração e dimensionamento mecânicos que supre a demanda exigida para a operação analisada. O modelo matemático apresenta as características elétricas e mecânicas do atuador e as características mecânicas do robô. O projeto de um controlador linear é realizado por meio da alocação dos polos do sistema em malha fechada através da realimentação dos estados de posição e de velocidade angulares do rotor unidos a um integrador do erro de posição angular. Para o primeiro grau de liberdade, por conta da variação do momento de inércia de massa associado a essa junta, um controlador com ganhos parametrizados foi projetado, no qual os ganhos são calculados baseado no modelo matemático relativo ao momento de inércia de massa associado a essa junta. Por meio de simulações computacionais, avaliou-se o projeto dos controladores no movimento ponto a ponto dos cinco eixos de atuação e a variação do momento de inércia de massa sobre a primeira junta. Os resultados dessas simulações mostraram que os controladores propostos cumprem com a dinâmica desejada nos cinco graus de liberdade do robô. / This work contemplates the design of a robotic manipulator, which is operated by a stepper motor with five actuation joints. The robot design steps were divided into: mechanical design; mathematical modeling; controller design; and simulations. The mechanical design presents a proposal of mechanical configuration and sizing that supplies the required demand for the analyzed operation. The mathematical model presents the electrical and mechanical characteristics of the actuator and the mechanical characteristics of the robot. The design of a linear controller is accomplished by allocating the poles of the closed loop system by states feedback of the position and angular speed of the rotor attached to an angular position error integrator. For the first degree of freedom, due to the variation of mass moment of inertia associated with this joint, a controller with parameterized gains was projected, in which the gains are calculated based on the mathematical model related to the mass moment of inertia associated to this joint. By means of computational simulations, we evaluated the design of the controllers in the point-to-point movement of the five actuation joints and the variation of the mass moment of inertia on the first joint. The results of these simulations showed that the proposed controllers comply with the desired dynamics in the robot’s five degrees of freedom.

Αντικείμενο της εργασίας αποτελεί η ανάπτυξη συστήματος βασισμένου σε DSP για τη λήψη και επεξεργασία εικόνας υψηλής ανάλυσης με δυνατότητα ρύθμισης της γωνίας λήψης μέσα στο χώρο μέσω πρωτότυπου μηχανισμού που κινείται με τη βοήθεια δύο βηματικών κινητήρων και ελέγχου της διάταξης από απόσταση μέσω σύνδεσης δικτύου με το πρωτόκολλο TCP. Η δικτυακή επικοινωνία, επεξεργασία, μεταφορά και αποθήκευση των δεδομένων εικόνας στηρίζονται στην κάρτα DSK TMS320C6416, που βασίζεται στον DSP 6416 της Texas Instruments, ενώ ο έλεγχος της κάμερας και η οδήγηση των βηματικών κινητήρων επιτυγχάνονται με τη χρήση της θυγατρικής κάρτας DSK-EYE Gigabit, πυρήνα της οποίας αποτελεί ένα FPGA της οικογένειας Cyclone II της ALTERA και περιλαμβάνει τον OV5610 αισθητήρα εικόνας 5.2 Megapixel. Ένα γραφικό περιβάλλον επιτρέπει στο χρήστη της εφαρμογής τον έλεγχο της διάταξης και τη ρύθμιση των παραμέτρων για τη λήψη και επεξεργασία εικόνας ανάμεσα στις οποίες είναι η ρύθμιση φωτεινότητας, κέρδους, ανάλυσης της εικόνας, κατεύθυνσης και γωνίας κίνησηςγια κάθε κινητήρα ξεχωριστά και επιλογή του αλγορίθμου επεξεργασίας της αρχικής εικόνας. / A remote controlled DSP-based system for high resolution image capturing and processing, featuring 2-axis rotational motion was developed using the TMS320C6416 DSK board, which is based on TMS320C6416T DSP. A prototype device holding a pair of bipolar stepper motors and a gear set providing proper gear ratio and holding torque, is used for motion transmission to the 5.2 Megapixel Omnivision OV5610 camera module, connected to the Bitec DSK-EYE Gigabit daughtercard, which is built around a FPGA of the ALTERA Cyclone II family. The remote operation of the whole system is carried out over a network connection via the dedicated Ethernet adapter of the DSK-EYE board, using the TCP/IP protocol. The device is controlled by means of a Graphical User Interface (GUI) which grants access to some key parameters of the image sensoring process, allowing for easy adjustment of gain and exposure values, stepper motor control and image processing algorithm selection

Este trabalho contempla o projeto de um manipulador robótico cilindro atuado por motores de passo com cinco juntas de atuação. As etapas do projeto do robô, que tratam este estudo, foram divididas em: projeto mecânico; modelagem matemática; projeto do controlador; e simulações. O projeto mecânico apresenta uma proposta de configuração e dimensionamento mecânicos que supre a demanda exigida para a operação analisada. O modelo matemático apresenta as características elétricas e mecânicas do atuador e as características mecânicas do robô. O projeto de um controlador linear é realizado por meio da alocação dos polos do sistema em malha fechada através da realimentação dos estados de posição e de velocidade angulares do rotor unidos a um integrador do erro de posição angular. Para o primeiro grau de liberdade, por conta da variação do momento de inércia de massa associado a essa junta, um controlador com ganhos parametrizados foi projetado, no qual os ganhos são calculados baseado no modelo matemático relativo ao momento de inércia de massa associado a essa junta. Por meio de simulações computacionais, avaliou-se o projeto dos controladores no movimento ponto a ponto dos cinco eixos de atuação e a variação do momento de inércia de massa sobre a primeira junta. Os resultados dessas simulações mostraram que os controladores propostos cumprem com a dinâmica desejada nos cinco graus de liberdade do robô. / This work contemplates the design of a robotic manipulator, which is operated by a stepper motor with five actuation joints. The robot design steps were divided into: mechanical design; mathematical modeling; controller design; and simulations. The mechanical design presents a proposal of mechanical configuration and sizing that supplies the required demand for the analyzed operation. The mathematical model presents the electrical and mechanical characteristics of the actuator and the mechanical characteristics of the robot. The design of a linear controller is accomplished by allocating the poles of the closed loop system by states feedback of the position and angular speed of the rotor attached to an angular position error integrator. For the first degree of freedom, due to the variation of mass moment of inertia associated with this joint, a controller with parameterized gains was projected, in which the gains are calculated based on the mathematical model related to the mass moment of inertia associated to this joint. By means of computational simulations, we evaluated the design of the controllers in the point-to-point movement of the five actuation joints and the variation of the mass moment of inertia on the first joint. The results of these simulations showed that the proposed controllers comply with the desired dynamics in the robot’s five degrees of freedom.

Este trabalho contempla o projeto de um manipulador robótico cilindro atuado por motores de passo com cinco juntas de atuação. As etapas do projeto do robô, que tratam este estudo, foram divididas em: projeto mecânico; modelagem matemática; projeto do controlador; e simulações. O projeto mecânico apresenta uma proposta de configuração e dimensionamento mecânicos que supre a demanda exigida para a operação analisada. O modelo matemático apresenta as características elétricas e mecânicas do atuador e as características mecânicas do robô. O projeto de um controlador linear é realizado por meio da alocação dos polos do sistema em malha fechada através da realimentação dos estados de posição e de velocidade angulares do rotor unidos a um integrador do erro de posição angular. Para o primeiro grau de liberdade, por conta da variação do momento de inércia de massa associado a essa junta, um controlador com ganhos parametrizados foi projetado, no qual os ganhos são calculados baseado no modelo matemático relativo ao momento de inércia de massa associado a essa junta. Por meio de simulações computacionais, avaliou-se o projeto dos controladores no movimento ponto a ponto dos cinco eixos de atuação e a variação do momento de inércia de massa sobre a primeira junta. Os resultados dessas simulações mostraram que os controladores propostos cumprem com a dinâmica desejada nos cinco graus de liberdade do robô. / This work contemplates the design of a robotic manipulator, which is operated by a stepper motor with five actuation joints. The robot design steps were divided into: mechanical design; mathematical modeling; controller design; and simulations. The mechanical design presents a proposal of mechanical configuration and sizing that supplies the required demand for the analyzed operation. The mathematical model presents the electrical and mechanical characteristics of the actuator and the mechanical characteristics of the robot. The design of a linear controller is accomplished by allocating the poles of the closed loop system by states feedback of the position and angular speed of the rotor attached to an angular position error integrator. For the first degree of freedom, due to the variation of mass moment of inertia associated with this joint, a controller with parameterized gains was projected, in which the gains are calculated based on the mathematical model related to the mass moment of inertia associated to this joint. By means of computational simulations, we evaluated the design of the controllers in the point-to-point movement of the five actuation joints and the variation of the mass moment of inertia on the first joint. The results of these simulations showed that the proposed controllers comply with the desired dynamics in the robot’s five degrees of freedom.

This work describes development of control hardware and software for automatic production of tuning fork with tip for atomic force microscopy (AFM). A specialized device implementing the problem is developed and tested. The advantage of the proposed solution is the ability to produce the tuning forks with constant parameters, which is an important condition for successful work with the microscope.

Although a robot vacuum cleaner is a well-known product, development is still interesting. Better working sensors and more sophisticated algorithms and sensors are used in new cleaners. The purpose with this thesis was to learn more about different sensors, algorithms, and designs of robot vacuum cleaners, to try ideas and to find improvements to implement on the demonstrator. The initial work was to make a market investigation to find customer needs and expectations. Also making a rough design and layout for the mechanical and electrical system. The budget for the demonstrator was 1000 SEK. Using laser cut plastic sheets, 3D printed parts, and receiving motors for free, costs did not exceed budget. Literature and theses in the area of interest were studied to find answers to some of the research questions. The theses studied subjects such as driving pattern and designs to find back to charge station. Some ideas for driving patterns were implemented on a demonstrator. The development method used was iteration of finding useful information, testing components, codes and also the complete demonstrator. The components used were DC motor, stepper motors, ultrasonic sensors, Arduino mega micro controller, switches and AA batteries. The different components required different voltage and the stepper motors used driver cards. / Även om robot dammsugare är en välkänd produkt är produktutveckling fortfarande intressant. Bättre sensorer och mer sofistikerade algoritmer och sensorer används i dammsugare. Syftet med denna avhandling var att lära sig mer om olika dammsugare, algoritmer och konstruktioner av robot dammsugare, för att prova idéer och möjliga hitta förbättringar att implementera på demonstranten. Det första arbetet var att göra en marknadsundersökning för att hitta kundens behov och förväntningar. Även att göra en grov design och layout för det mekaniska och elektriska systemet. Budgeteringen för demonstranten var 1000 kr. Kostnaderna översteg inte budgeten eftersom vi använde oss av laser skurna plastplattor, 3D-printade delar och erhöll motorer utan kostnad. Sex olika avhandlingar studerades för att hitta svar på några av frågorna. Avhandlingarna studerade ämnen som körmönster och mönster för att hitta tillbaka till laddstationen. Vissa idéer för körmönster implementerades på demonstranten. Den använda utvecklingsmetoden var iteration av att hitta användbar information, testa komponenter, koder och även den fullständiga demonstranten. De komponenter som användes var likströmsmotor, stegmotorer, ultraljudssensorer, Arduino mega-mikrokontroller, strömbrytare och AA-batterier. De olika komponenterna krävde olika spänningar och stegmotorn använder ett specifikt drivkort.