<h2>Abstract</h2><p>In the substation automation applications the utility of Ethernet local area networks (LANs) that interconnects different network devices together has become so popular and has grown steadily, there is always an anxiety on how to protect against the event of a single link network failure? Though, the easiest way to be on the safest side is by the creation of more than one link between two network devices, having many paths between two network devices in the network establishes a loop (loops). A loop is very dangerous to have in data link layer where the frame doesn’t have TTL (time to live) counting down.[9] This can result in an endless loop in the entire LAN and put the network down [3]. To eliminate loop in Ethernet LAN with redundant link, we can use one of the data link layer protocol which is called STP (Spanning Tree Protocol).</p><p>In the past STP was not so popular but today more and more enterprises are beginning to use the STP. But not only companies have found the Spanning Tree Protocol to be very interesting, other establishments like schools, hospitals, businesses etc have also found this a great reliable protocol to have.</p><p>This thesis is focused on the study of how to create a redundancy link on the Skinnskatteberg council’s network and protecting loops by implementing the Spanning Tree Protocol on a fast growing council in the central region of Sweden. Actually the study is also useful to utilize in other LAN switched networks.</p>

Abstract In the substation automation applications the utility of Ethernet local area networks (LANs) that interconnects different network devices together has become so popular and has grown steadily, there is always an anxiety on how to protect against the event of a single link network failure? Though, the easiest way to be on the safest side is by the creation of more than one link between two network devices, having many paths between two network devices in the network establishes a loop (loops). A loop is very dangerous to have in data link layer where the frame doesn’t have TTL (time to live) counting down.[9] This can result in an endless loop in the entire LAN and put the network down [3]. To eliminate loop in Ethernet LAN with redundant link, we can use one of the data link layer protocol which is called STP (Spanning Tree Protocol). In the past STP was not so popular but today more and more enterprises are beginning to use the STP. But not only companies have found the Spanning Tree Protocol to be very interesting, other establishments like schools, hospitals, businesses etc have also found this a great reliable protocol to have. This thesis is focused on the study of how to create a redundancy link on the Skinnskatteberg council’s network and protecting loops by implementing the Spanning Tree Protocol on a fast growing council in the central region of Sweden. Actually the study is also useful to utilize in other LAN switched networks.

In the theoretical part of my thesis I am dealing with marketing planning, segmentation, targeting and positioning of a product in general. Further the marketing tools such as price, product, distribution and communication are introduced. The new chosen product cider is described together with its history, production and all famous cider brands around the world. The analytical part is introduced by the market survey, by the choice of a suitable supplier (cider making company located abroad) and by the analysis of the competitors. Finally the target group is presented together with the creation of the marketing mix for this particular product.

Abstract The development of economic improves the requirement of the high quality of life, and the focus of housing marketing have turned from the amount issues to the quality issues. Thus, the markets of luxury houses were due to be born. Filled with mansions, the New Civic Center of Taichung has become a arena of the building companies. In addition to the real estate boom, whether the sales of the cases of luxury houses could reach the targets is depend importantly on how much the building company grasps the market demand. Therefore, to target customers through accurate market positioning is a prerequisite for product sales, and the use of STP marketing is exactly a key management tool. Based on the background and motivation, there are five objectives of the research, including: (1) understanding the concept of real estates; (2) understanding the concept of luxury houses; (3) understanding the theoretical basis of STP; (4) exploring the development of luxury house markets in Taichung; and (5) using STP to develop the marketing strategy of the luxury house cases for Longbao Building. This research adopts the method of Secondary Data Collection and uses the case study of single-case design and single-analzing unit. It concludes four summaries in the study: 1. There are three types of segment variables in Taichung luxury house market: (1) geographic variables ¡V regional distribution; (2) demographic variables ¡V family income, occupation, and family structure; (3) buying behavior variables ¡V product purpose, product characteristics preference, and brand image. 2. Six market segments are deduced in Taichung luxury house market. 3. Based on the SWOT analysis of Longbao, this study regards the six market segments as the target luxury house market in Taichung. 4. The main target market of Longbao Building in Taichung luxury house marketare are "Segments C" and "Segments E", which use the existing cases as product positioning and high prices as pricing policy. In addition, the direct access model by the building company is adopted. The demand was good and for the promotion of environmental quality, quality of community culture, a strong facility of life, complete major construction, transport facilities, closing the political, economic, social and other locations.

Abstract The purpose of the thesis is to realize the development of mattress industry in Taiwan, and key successful factors of case company-Bedding World. Then based on the above analysis, some suggestions for entrance of Chinese market will be proposed as well. Not only some domestic studies, the reports & data of case company was studied, but some analysis tools such as marketing mixes and STP was also utilized to develop the better marketing strategies for entering the Chinese market. The conclusions will be followed, 1. The combination of production and sales and multi-brand strategies are the both of competitive advantages. 2. The case company should put emphasis on images of one brand of Taiwan and all products made in Taiwan. 3. The case company should start up at the second grade cities in Suzhou Province, and authorize franchisee to explorer markets of the inland cities. Keyword: marketing strategy, marketing mix, STP, Bedding World

The tendency of using flat panel display (FPD) to be the final receiver of digital information is going to take shape because of the digitization. Besides the traditional cathode ray tube (CRT) display , there are several display products in the FPD market, such as liquid crystal display (LCD) , Plasma Display Panels (PDP), organic light-emitter diode (OLED) and so on. Nowadays, because of the innovation of nanotechnnology, which drove the development of carbon nanotubes field effective display (CNT-FED). This new products driven by technology will confront two questions as follows : (1) The can¡¦t understand the real scale of market. (2) They can¡¦t forecast the time they need to spend to realize the market chance. Therefore , how to modify the new-products-entering model is an worthy problem to research . The research was done by using the ways of interviewing experts and secondary data collection. Then, we used scenario analysis to build the most possible scenario that CNT-FED may encounter in the future. Under the scenario, we used the approachs of STP strategy to develop th model that CNT-FED enters the market in the future.From the conclusion of this research, we know that CNT-FED should choose the market segment of big panel at the first time entering the market, and it will complete with PDP. Because the performance of CNT-FED is much better than PDP , we need to let the customers realizing and identifying this difference. Therefore, we can reduce the weakness of CNT-FED because of its high price , and , then, we can build the niche market of CNT-FED.

Staphylococcus aureus ist ein Kommensale, der die menschliche Haut und Schleimhaut der Nase und des Rachens besiedelt. Der Keim verursacht aufgrund zahlreicher Virulenzfaktoren leichte aber auch schwere Infektionen wie Pneumonie, Endokarditis oder Sepsis. Die Behandlung von S. aureus-Infektionen gestaltet sich heutzutage schwierig, da der Keim Resistenzen gegen verschiedenste Antibiotika ausgebildet hat. Zur Bekämpfung dieser Resistenzen werden neue Antibiotika benötigt, die u.a. mit der Zellphysiologie und der Zellwandwandsynthese der Bakterien interferieren. Die Zellphysiologie und Zellwandsynthese wird abhängig von der Wachstumsphase und Umwelt-einflüssen in den Bakterien streng reguliert. Neben den Zweikomponentensystemen sind Serin/Threonin-Proteinkinasen und -Phosphatasen wesentliche Sensoren und Regulatoren der Bakterien. Durch Phosphorylierung und Dephosphorylierung bewirken diese beiden Systeme eine Hemmung oder Aktivierung der entsprechenden Zielproteine. Dadurch kann sich die Bakterienzelle an innere und äußere Reize anpassen. In dieser Arbeit wurde die konservierte Serin/Threonin-Proteinkinase Stk und die Serin/Threonin-Phosphatase Stp von S. aureus untersucht. Die beiden Proteine Stk und Stp haben einen großen Einfluss auf die Signalweiterleitung, den zentralen Metabolismus, die Stressantwort, die Antibiotikaresistenz und die Virulenz von S. aureus. Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit wird dargelegt, dass Stk und Stp in der bakteriellen Membran lokalisiert sind, dort miteinander interagieren und antagonistisch Zielproteine phosphorylieren bzw. dephospho-rylieren. Die Deletion der Phosphatase Stp bewirkt, dass zahlreiche Proteine in der Zelle permanent phosphoryliert und daher vermutlich nur noch eingeschränkt funktionstüchtig sind. Die ausbleibende Dephosphorylierung der Proteine in der stp-Mutante hat einen dramatischen Effekt auf die Zellwand-synthese und die Virulenz von S. aureus. So hat die stp-Mutante eine verdickte Zellwand und ist weniger virulent als die stk-Mutante und der Wildtypstamm. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird erstmals eine Erklärung präsentiert, die die strukturellen Besonderheiten von Stk und deren Auswirkung auf die Zellwandsynthese zusammenführt: In der stp-Mutante akkumulieren Zellwandvorläufer in der Zelle, da vermutlich die entsprechenden Zellwandsyntheseproteine durch Stk-vermittelte Phosphorylierung gehemmt werden. Die Proteine FemXAB nehmen eine zentrale Rolle in der Zellwandsynthese ein, indem sie die Pentaglycin-Interpeptidbrücke des Zellwandvorläufers Pentaglycin-Lipid II syntheti-sieren. Stk wird durch die Bindung seiner extrazellulären Domänen an Pentaglycin-Lipid II aktiviert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte FemX als in vitro Substrat von Stk und Stp identifiziert werden. Die permanente Phosphorylierung von FemX in der stp-Mutante führt zur verminderten Synthese der Pentaglycin-Brücken am Lipid II und infolgedessen zum Einbau von unvollständigen Muropeptiden in den neuen Peptidoglycanstrang. Diese strukturelle Veränderung führt zur Verdickung der Zellwand und folglich zur verminderten Empfindlichkeit gegenüber der Glycyl-Glycinpeptidase Lysostaphin. Neben FemX interagiert Stk mit weiteren Zellwandsyntheseproteinen wie FemAB und einigen Zellteilungsproteinen. Diese Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass Stk das Vorkommen seines extrazellulären Liganden Lipid II detektiert und dementsprechend die Zellwandsynthese über FemX reguliert. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurde anhand verschiedener Omics-Techniken die stk-, stp- und stk/stp-Mutante im Vergleich zum S. aureus NewmanHG Wildtyp charakterisiert. Dabei zeigten sich teilweise große Unterschiede zwischen der stp-Mutante und den anderen Stämmen. Mit diesen Unter-suchungen konnten Ergebnisse aus anderen Studien bestätigt und mit weiteren Daten untermauert werden. So lässt sich die verminderte Virulenz der stp-Mutante mit der reduzierten Expression und Sekretion von Toxinen wie Hämolysinen und Leukozidinen erklären. Dies führt zu einer verminderten Hämolyse von Erythrozyten und einer verminderten Immunantwort gegen diese Toxine im Infektions-versuch. Stk und Stp phosphorylieren bzw. dephosphorylieren Transkriptionsfaktoren und Antwort-regulatoren von Zweikomponentensystemen, was zu der veränderten Expression und Sekretion der Virulenzfaktoren führt. Die Analyse der Mutanten offenbart, dass Stk ein negativer und Stp ein positiver Regulator der Virulenz in S. aureus ist. Außerdem regulieren Stk und Stp zentrale Aspekte des Metabolismus in S. aureus. So ist die Konzentration an Nukleotidtriphosphaten in der stp-Mutante reduziert, was auf eine verminderte Expression der Gene der Pyrimidinsynthese zurückzuführen ist. Anhand dieser Ergebnisse wird deutlich, dass Stk und Stp wesentliche Aspekte der Zellphysiologie wie die Zellwandsynthese, den zentralen Metabolismus und die Virulenz von S. aureus regulieren. / Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal that inhabits the human skin and mucosa. S. aureus causes a large variety of nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Nowadays, it is difficult to treat S. aureus infections because this bacterium has acquired resistance to multiple drugs. Therefore, there is a need for new antimicrobial drugs against S. aureus. The most promising strategy to combat antibiotic resistance is to find novel antibiotics which interfere with the cell physiology and cell wall synthesis pathway. The cell physiology and cell wall synthesis is tightly regulated depending on the bacterial growth phase and environmental influences. In addition to the two-component systems, serine/threonine protein kinases are essential sensors and regulators of bacteria. By phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, these systems cause inhibition or activation of the corresponding target proteins. This allows the bacterial cell to adapt to internal and external stimuli. In this work, the conserved serine/threonine protein kinase Stk and the phosphatase Stp in S. aureus were investigated. The two proteins Stk and Stp influence signal transduction, central metabolism, stress response, antibiotic resistance and virulence of S. aureus. In the first part of this work it is shown that Stk and Stp are localized in the bacterial membrane, where they interact with each other and phosphorylate or dephosphorylate target proteins antagonistically. The deletion of the phosphatase Stp leads to numerous proteins in the cell being permanently phosphorylated, which renders them partially unfunctional. The lack of protein dephosphorylation in the stp mutant has a dramatic effect on cell wall synthesis and virulence of S. aureus. Thus, the stp mutant has a thickened cell wall and is less virulent than the stk mutant and the wild-type strain. This work brings together the structural characteristics of Stk and their effect on cell wall synthesis for the first time. In the stp mutant, cell wall precursors accumulate in the cell, presumably because the corresponding cell wall synthesis proteins are inhibited by Stk-mediated phosphorylation. The proteins FemXAB play a key role in cell wall synthesis by synthesizing the pentaglycine interpeptide bridge of the final cell wall precursor pentaglycine lipid II. The pentaglycine lipid II is bound by the extracellular domains of Stk, thereby activating Stk. In the present work, FemX was identified as an in vitro substrate of Stk and Stp. The permanent phosphorylation of FemX in the stp mutant leads to inhibited synthesis of the pentaglycine bridges on the lipid II and consequently to the incorporation of incomplete muropeptides into the new peptidoglycan strand. This structural change leads to thickening of the cell wall and consequently reduced sensitivity to the glycyl-glycine peptidase lysostaphin. In addition to FemX, Stk interacts with other cell wall synthesis proteins such as FemAB and some cell division proteins. These results illustrate that Stk detects the presence of its extracellular ligand lipid II. This leads to an inhibition of FemX and a downregulation of the cell wall synthesis pathway. In the second part of this work, the stk, stp and stk/stp mutants were characterized by different omics- techniques in comparison to the S. aureus NewmanHG wild-type. There were some major differences between the stp mutant and the other strains. With these investigations, results from other studies were confirmed and substantiated with further data. Thus, the reduced virulence of the stp mutant can be explained by the reduced expression and secretion of toxins such as hemolysins and leukocidines. This leads to a reduced hemolysis of erythrocytes and a reduced immune response to these toxins in the infection experiment. Stk and Stp phosphorylate or dephosphorylate transcription factors and response regulators of two-component systems resulting in altered expression and secretion of virulence factors. Analysis of the mutants reveals that Stk is a negative and Stp is a positive regulator of virulence in S. aureus. In addition, Stk and Stp regulate central aspects of S. aureus metabolism. Thus, the concentration of nucleotide triphosphates in the stp mutant is reduced, which is due to a reduced expression of the genes of pyrimidine synthesis. From these results it becomes clear that Stk and Stp regulate essential aspects of cell physiology such as cell wall synthesis, central and virulence in S. aureus. This study of the function of Stk and Stp contributes significantly to the understanding of regulatory processes by phosphorylation in the bacterial cell.

摘要 台灣美髮服務產業蓬勃發展時，許多業者逐漸由家庭剪髮或個人工作室發展成美髮連鎖集團，但自2000年後由於市場的高度飽和與激烈競爭，使各大連鎖集團呈現發展停滯或甚至衰退的現象，因此近年來逐漸進入中國市場發展。 本研究分析外資業者進入上海市場的策略，以環境的影響與STP的分析方式來確認各業者在市場中的定位，再根據業者的定位來分析行銷策略，進而推論出最後的經營成效。 本研究以三家外資美髮連鎖集團為分析個案，研究發現：當個案公司進入一個全新的市場時，對於目標市場的選擇和經營模式往往受到過去台灣成功模式所影響，個案公司通常會保留70%以上和台灣相同的競爭模式，當原模式可吻合市場需要時，發展上就會順利許多，但若是不適合該市場的需求時，業者就會遭遇經營困境，甚至退出市場。 面對競爭激烈的市場環境，往往進入市場的行銷策略就是發展成敗的關鍵之一，而行銷策略深受環境和市場定位的影響，本研究期望能帶給剛進入或重返上海市場的美髮連鎖業者做為發展策略上的參考。 / Abstract When hairdressing service industry was flourishing in Taiwan, many firms started to transform from individual studios or family-run businesses to chain operation. However, since 2000, market saturation and high competition have caused major hairdressing chains to show signs of stagnation, and even recession, and many of them have started to enter the Chinese market in recent years. This research analyzes how foreign hairdressing chains entered Shanghai by three steps: first evaluate the impact of environment on the operations of foreign hairdressing chains and their STPs; second, how these chains utilize their marketing mixes; and third, how have them performed in the market. By looking into three chains, the study finds that: (1) For the choice of target market and business models, they tend to be influenced by their successful business models in Taiwan, and thus they adopted 70% of their operational approaches in Taiwan to the operations in Shanghai; (2) When their business models appealed to and marched the needs of the market, they would be successful; on the contrary, a mis-match would lead to financial difficulties and even exit the market. Facing a highly competitive market environment, entering a market with appropriate marketing mix (4Ps) often is critical and 4Psand market positioning are highly influenced by the environmental factors. By highlighting the linkages among environment, STP and 4Ps, this research hopes to offer suggestions to foreign hairdressing chains either planning to enter or re-enter Shanghai or other markets in China.

Nach der Euro-Einführung und der Jahr-2000-Umstellung stellt der Umbau der heutigen Kernanwendungssysteme auf den Großrechnersystemen unter z/OS die nächste große Herausforderung dar, insbesondere bei Unternehmen im Financial-Services-Bereich (Banken und Versicherungen). Der vorliegende Beitrag führt in die Systemarchitektur einer „Transaktionsmaschine“ ein, die als Middlewarekomponente für das Reengineering von Kernanwendungssystemen verwendet werden kann. Die Transaktionsmaschine stellt einen neuartigen Ansatz dar, der geeignet ist, die Herausforderungen im zentralen Serverbereich der großen Unternehmen und staatlichen Organisationen zu adressieren. Der Fokus liegt hierbei auf dem Entwurf der abstrakten Systemarchitektur und deren Charakteristika, geprägt durch funktionale und nichtfunktionale Anforderungen. Als praktische Beispielszenarien werden Projekterfahrungen der Firma IBM im Umfeld von Abwicklungssystemen bei Transaktionsbanken aufgezeigt. / This Paper introduces a new System Architecture of a Transaction Engine which can be used as a middleware component to reengineer core application systems. Starting with the requirement analysis in an existing customer environment and mapping these to key design criteria’s this paper leads to the design of an abstract System Architecture. At the end we show how this Transaction Engine could be used in a real customer environment as a platform for reengineering core application systems. We are using some practical example scenarios based on IBM’s experience in the transaction banking area.

CD46 is a ubiquitously expressed transmembrane protein in humans with a role in immune homeostasis. Originally identified as a complement regulator, CD46 has since been regarded a receptor for several pathogens and most recently, described as a T cell costimulatory molecule. Its coligation with CD3 and consequent cleavage from the T cell surface serves as a costimulatory stimulus for T cell activation. In addition, in the presence of IL-2, CD46 induces Tr1 cell differentiation which is characterised by low IFN-γ and high IL-10 secretion. CD3/CD46-induced Tr1 differentiation is defective in patients with MS, rheumatoid arthritis and asthma, highlighting the need to investigate the mechanisms involved in the regulation of the CD46 pathway. CD46 is a highly glycosylated protein with three N-glycosylation sites in the short consensus repeats and multiple O-glycosylation sites in the STP region. Previous data from the lab have shown that CD3 activation causes a change in CD46 glycosylation. Herein, I convey that this change is more pronounced in memory than naive CD4+ T cells and is mainly due to changes in CD46 O-glycosylation. Furthermore, these changes are required for the T cell responses triggered by CD46 costimulation including T cell activation and Tr1 differentiation. Interestingly, CD46 is recruited to the immunological synapse formed between a T cell and an antigen presenting cell and I illustrate that the STP region is needed for this also. These data suggest that the glycosylation status of CD46 regulates its function. In MS, vitamin D deficiency is considered to be a significant risk factor and many patients take vitamin D supplement to help manage their condition. Herein, I report that treatment of healthy and MS CD4+ T cells with vitamin D does not prevent T cell activation but it decreases adhesion molecule expression. Moreover, vitamin D supplementation in MS enhances CD46 cleavage. Therefore, vitamin D also plays a role in the regulation of the CD46 pathway and it would be interesting to investigate whether vitamin D affects CD46 glycosylation. During my MSc, I showed that a recombinant protein derived from adenovirus serotype 35 (which naturally binds CD46) known as Ad35K++ controls the CD46 pathway in CD4+ T cells. Lymphoma cells treated with Ad35K++ in combination with monoclonal antibody therapy rituximab have demonstrated increased sensitivity to rituximab and prove that virus-derived recombinant proteins that target CD46 have therapeutic potential. Considering the key role of CD46 as a T cell costimulatory molecule, I have investigated the effects of Ad35K++ on the CD46 pathway following its use in vivo and confirm CD46 is still cleaved from the cell surface and the cells still become activated. Overall these results provide insight into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of the CD46 pathway and highlight how it can be manipulated for therapeutic use.