Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1955. / Vita. Bibliography: leaves 223-230.

This thesis is an analytical study of the legal and political aspects of the Strait of Hormuz. It involves an evaluation of the policies of the Gulf States towards the applicable legal regime of passage through the Strait of Hormuz and their reactions towards both the 1958 and 1982 conventions on the Law of the Sea. Special attention is made to the practice of the States bordering the Strait of Hormuz as contained in their national laws. Our analysis of the applicable legal regime of passage through the Strait of Hormuz is conducted in the light of the prevailing international rules governing passage through international straits. Extensive discussion is devoted to the principal sources of threats to the Gulf’s security and to the safety of navigation through the Gulf Sea lanes, including the Strait of Hormuz. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate

North American Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) are heavily exploited in coastal fisheries of the gantlet class (Paulik and Greenough, 1966). The Canadian fishery of Juan de Fuca Strait, British Columbia, is a particularly complex example involving four gear types: gillnet, seine, troll and sport which harvest, at various times, large numbers of all salmon species. Because salmon are highly available to fishing gears, exploitation must be carefully regulated. This study, based on various field data and catch statistics, documents factors affecting exploitation: seasonal timing of exploitable salmon, distribution and amount of fishing gear, relative gear efficiency, accessibility of salmon to the gear, vulnerability of salmon to the gear. All species and gears are covered to varying degrees. Each species has a characteristic seasonal timing, but species vary in run duration and timing consistency between years. There are considerable overlaps in species timing which complicate intraseasonal management. In general sockeye (O. nerka) enter in July and August followed by pink (O. gorbuscha) from mid-August to early September, coho (O. kisutch) in September, and chum (O. keta) in October. Chinook (O. tshawytscha) migrations intermingle with all species. Additionally, chinook and coho are exploited on oceanic migrations. Fishing gears are distributed over ninety linear miles from the Bonilla-Tatoosh net line to Victoria. During the August-October net fishery seines fish within five to ten miles of the net line; gillnets fish offshore, from the net line to Sheringham Point, the eastern commercial boundary. Sports fishermen are clumped near shore, east of Sheringham Point, in close proximity to launching or marina facilities. Gear types showed obvious overall differences in relative gear efficiency, based on catch and effort statistics from two or more gear types operating at the same time in a particular area. For example on coho, one seine equals 265 sport units; one gillnet, 63 sport units; and one troller, 8 sport units. Migrating salmon of all species favoured offshore Canadian waters except near Sooke; all species avoided waters east of Race Rocks where 30 per cent of the sport fleet fishes, the discrepancy was least pronounced for chinook. Based on troll catches using standardized gear, coho favoured surface waters above 27 meters; chinook were most abundant below 36 meters. During periods of spawning migration activity, all species favoured the 18-36 meter depth stratum. Gillnets were directionally size selective for all species, but direction and intensity of selection varied between species and between months within species. Because fleet mesh distribution remains relatively constant each year, changes in fish size will have a pronounced effect on gillnet exploitation. Troll gear was species and size selective; however of importance, subtle fishing techniques have a significant effect on selectivity of lures and may be a serious source of bias in empirical lure studies. Coho decreased in susceptibility to hook and line gear between mid-August and mid-September, apparently due to decreased feeding intensity; this has the effect of lowering hook and line catch success for constant abundance. Future studies on lure selection should stress selective mechanisms rather than empirical description. The complexity of inter seasonal and intraseasonal management strategies applicable to the Juan de Fuca fishery undoubtedly are best studied using techniques of systems analysis. However, present gantlet fishery simulation models (Royce et al., 1963; Paulik and Greenough, 1966, detailed in Greenough, MS 1967), although highly sophisticated, lack sufficient generality for direct application to the Juan de Fuca situation. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Observed properties of the internal wave groups which occur in the southern Strait of Georgia are summarized, with particular emphasis on those properties which must be explained by any theory of generation. Current measurements within Boundary Pass are described. These measurements suggest a generation mechanism in the form of impulsive disturbances to the stratified water mass within the Strait, caused by the abrupt changes in current speed which are observed to characterize the tidal flow close to both turns of the tide. Such a mechanism is shown to explain the most important observed properties: origin in space near the mouths of the passes between the Gulf Islands, origin in time near both turns of the tide, uni-directional propagation into the Strait, and origin of a varying number of groups on one turn of the tide. The form of wave groups which result from the initial-value problem for a stratified fluid is examined. A linear model is shown to result in wave groups which are of the same general form as the groups observed in the Strait, but much less compact, indicating the necessity of some effect to counteract dispersion. Since observed waves are of distinctly finite amplitude, nonlinear effects were included and time-dependent theory developed for "long-short" waves in a thin-layer system, characteristic of the southern Strait. For a restricted class of initial conditions, solutions are obtained by a comparison technique, using known solutions of the Korteweg-deVries equation. This class of solutions suggests that the general initial-value problem results, for large x and t, in a number of "solitons", individual solitary waves of the thin-layer system. Surface effects associated with the internal waves in the Strait are described, and the reflectivity changes examined in some detail. The usual explanation of the effect of shallow internal waves on the surface wave field is in terms of wave damping by a surface organic film which is periodically expanded and contracted by internal wave-induced motions. It is shown that, under certain conditions, the effect may equally well, be-due to periodic changes in-surface wave amplitude and vector wave number caused-by radiation stress effects induced by the presence of internal waves. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The seasonal and interannual variation of the water properties and deep water renewal in the Strait of Georgia are examined. Temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen data acquired over an intensively sampled one year period are presented to show the timing of renewal periods and the variation in properties across the Strait and with depth. The northward propagation of the renewal signal and of its variation across the Strait of Georgia are discussed. A volumetric analysis provides temperature and salinity averages of the Strait of Georgia waters and of renewal water during several stages of each renewal period. Estimates of the renewal volume are calculated using a heat and salt budget method. Data collected in the central part of the Strait over several decades are presented to show the interannual variation in water properties. Correlation coefficients relating the wintertime air temperatures to the deep water properties some time later in the Strait are given. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The northern Strait of Georgia (NSG) and adjacent Malaspina Complex of inlets (MC) were studied to determine the effect of stratification on microplankton communities. The NSG was dominated by nanoflagellates in spring. There was no evidence of a vernal diatom bloom in the Strait, perhaps due to wind turbulence or microzooplankton grazing. In early summer regimes were conducive to diatom growth but the northern Strait was experiencing a "mild" red tide. By late summer, diatoms bloomed and prevailed, presumably, till the fall decline. Stratification was greatest in late summer, due chiefly to temperature, with reduced surface salinities on the east side from Fraser River runoff. At this time biological partitioning was pronounced, resulting in a mosaic of organismal groups. Although stratification had declined by early autumn, the mosaicism was maintained and strengthened. Diatoms were most abundant in the north and on the west side where stratification was least, in areas of tidal turbulence. Photosynthetic nanoflagellates and photosynthetic dinoflagellates favoured the more stratified east side. Ciliate distributions mirrored those of the nanoflagellates. The MC was thought to be a more stratified version of the NSG but it was found to be a fairly mixed water body due to tidal action. It was sheltered from winds which allowed the early blooming of diatoms. These were maintained for several months by a tidal jet through Malaspina Inlet that probably injected nutrients into the junction of Malaspina, Okeover, and Lancelot Inlets. Principal components analysis was used to reduce the dimensionality of the biological dataset, and canonical correlation analysis allowed the coupling of environmental data to the biological principal components. It was found that PCI reflected general biomass while PC's II and III were most often related to depth and location. These latter two were utilised to resolve the species information in three-dimensions. In general, nanoflagellates populated surface waters whereas diatoms tended to occupy deeper depths. Multiple regression analysis was performed on organismal groups to explore how biomass was affected by stratification, pycnocline depth, surface temperature (seasonality), nitrate, and grazing. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

Appropriate sampling and experimental programs resulted in a qualitative and quantitative assessment of seaweed litter biomasses, decomposition rates and concomitant changes in nitrogen content; detritus biomass and decomposition rates; and faunal distribution patterns for the significant species within a successional seaweed community in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada. A simulation model incorporating suitable data obtained from these sampling and experimental programs facilitated prediction of detritus formation rates, biomass, nitrogen content and the seasonal availability of detritus as a food resource for fauna. Soluble matter release rates from decomposing seaweed litter and its nitrogen content were also determined. Of the ca 43 taxa identified within the seaweed litter collections, Fucus distichvs L. (41%), Irldaea cordata (Turner) Bory (26%), Nereocystis 1uetkeana (Mertens) Postels and Ruprecht (27%), and Laminaria (4%) (L. saccharina (L.) Lamouroux and L. groenlandica Rosenvinge) accounted for more than 97% of total litter deposition. The mean peak summer biomass of all litter was ca 5 g ash-free dry weight (AFDW)/m² with this figure approaching zero during January and February. Litter distribution was patchy and there was sufficient evidence to conclude that most litter was retained, and underwent decomposition, in the immediate vicinity of its place of deposition. Litter decomposition experiments performed on the 10 most significant contributors to seaweed community structure indicated that decomposition of seaweed litter occurs rapidly compared to vascular plant litter. The time required for seaweed litter to disappear from 2 mm mesh litter bags ranged from six days, for the lamina of Nereocystis luetkeana, to ca 70 days, for Fucus distichus. Some similarity in decomposition rates was observed amongst species displaying taxonomic and/or morphologic affinities. Assessment of nitrogen content of decomposing seaweed litter revealed that nine of the 10 species assayed lost nitrogen less rapidly than total litter biomass. As determined by assaying microbial consumption of particulate material, the time required for detritus (particle size < 1 mm, dry) to fully decompose was short. Of the 10 species tested, Iridaea cordata detritus decomposed most rapidly at a rate of 5.7% per day while rates for Gigartina papillata (C. Agardh) J. Agardh, Laminaria groenlandica, Laminaria saccharina and Nereocystis luetkeana ranged from 2-4% per day. Data for the remaining species were less conclusive although all decomposed at rates less than one percent per day. Variation in specific decomposition rates was shown to be correlated with the structural composition of the detritus. Those species with a relatively small percentage of crude fibre as a component of their particulate fraction decomposed more rapidly than those species with a higher percentage of crude fibre. For the two most rapidly decomposing species, Iridaea cordata and Nereocystis luetkeana, a trend toward a more rapid decomposition rate as mean particle size decreased was evident. Natural detritus (particle size < 2 mm, wet) biomass accumulation within the study site peaked at ca 1.4 g AFDW/m² during the latter half of August 19 76. This value represents 1-5% of the quantity of detritus predicted to have been formed from seaweed litter alone and a lesser percentage of the total quantity of seaweed detritus formed. Exportation out of the seaweed zone is believed to be responsible for this discrepancy. The predicted rates of detritus formation and soluble matter release from decomposing seaweed litter peaked at ca 0.6 and 0.5 g AFDW/m²per day, respectively, in early September 1976 from a low near zero in February. In total, ca 56% of litter biomass formed detritus, the remainder being released as soluble matter. The mean nitrogen contents of the detritus formed and the soluble matter released were 2.48 ± 0.03% and 1.36 ± 0.03% of their dry weights, respectively. The annual contribution of seaweed litter biomass via detritus and soluble matter to local coastal waters is estimated to be in the range of 70-85 g C/m². Detritus formed from seaweed litter was determined to have a C:N ratio of 10-13:1, rendering it suitably nutritious for utilization by fauna as a food resource, however it could not be shown conclusively that the coincidence, en masse, of specific fauna and maximum detritus availability was a response to the availability of detritus as a food resource. The possibility of such a correlation is discussed with reference to two species of caprellids, Caprella alaskana Mayer and Metacaprella anomala Mayer, and the benthic gastropod Lacuna marmorata Dall. / Science, Faculty of / Botany, Department of / Graduate

Populations of Euphausia pacifica Hansen in the Strait of Georgia region which have recently been commercially harvested were studied with respect to life history, distribution and population dynamics in order to examine aspects of the management of the resource. The potential use of local euphausiids as a food item for fish rearing was also evaluated through chemical analyses and feeding trials with juvenile coho salmon. The maximum life span in local populations was 19 months for males and 22 months for females. Spawning, which occurred from May to September, appeared to be closely related to phytoplankton abundance. First-year growth was maximal in summer (0.094 mm/day) but slowed in autumn and halted in winter. Growth in the following year showed a similar pattern. Males appeared to grow faster and experienced size-selective mortality following early maturity (11-12 mm). Survival increased with life phase changes between egg (6%/mo) and early adult stages (68%/mo) but declined sharply for individuals over 18 mm. Total biomass, B, in each population reached a maximum in October-November. Production by E. pacifica , P, in Saanich Inlet during July-November was 26.8 mgC/m²/day (P/B = 8.8), which is similar to that for herbivorous copepods, but higher than a previous estimate for E. pacifica . Juvenile coho salmon at 9 C showed mean growth rates of 3.8%/day on freeze-dried euphausiids compared to 3.0%, 2.7% and 3.1%/day on diets of euphausiid meal, frozen euphausiids and Oregon Moist Pellet, respectively. Local euphausiids have a well-balanced spectrum of amino acids in their proteins and high carotenoid concentrations (80-219 μ/g tissue) , making them suitable for use in aquacultural feeds. British Columbia's euphausiid fishery harvested about 100 metric tons during early 1977; the main uses are as an aquarium fish food and as a dietary supplement in salmon aquaculture. Yield calculations and other management considerations have indicated that the optimal harvesting time for E. pacifica is between October and December rather than from January to March as suggested by government guidelines on plankton harvesting, a limited and carefully monitored euphausiid fishery in the Strait of Georgia region appears to have potential value to the new plankton harvesting industry and to managers of associated fisheries who need further information on zooplankton population dynamics. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

No description available.

This thesis investigates a particular cultural period (the Charles Culture) existing from approximately 5500 to 3300 years ago on the Northwest Coast. The Charles Culture consists of three local phases known as Esilao, St. Mungo and Mayne. Three research questions are proposed in this study. The first question deals with the St. Mungo phase and focuses on the degree of cultural variability manifest within this particular sub-phase. Two sites known to contain St. Mungo components (Glenrose Cannery and St. Mungo Cannery) are compared to a third component originally proposed to be representative of the Mayne phase. The hypothesis states that the degree of variability between the three components will be minimal if all three are representative of the St. Mungo phase. This hypothesis is tested using both artifactual and non-artifactual data from the three sites and respective components. Of the three research questions proposed, this one is answered the most successfully. There is little variation present amongst the three components in terms of both artifactual and non-artifactual data. Unexpectedly, it was also demonstrated that while the Charles components from Glenrose and St. Mungo are often discussed interchangeably, there are differences in their artifact assemblages. The second research questions follows from the first and ponders the degree of variability present between the Charles and Locarno Beach components at the Crescent Beach site. A comparison between these two phases from the same site had not been previously possible. The hypothesis states that if the two phases demonstrate continuity with each other, this is evidence of a gradual insitu evolution of the Northwest Coast ethnographic pattern present at contact. This question is not answered as successfully as the first due to the high degree of similarity present between the two artifact assemblages. Several explanations for this are presented. The Locarno Beach artifact assemblage from Crescent Beach is also compared to the typesite artifact assemblage from the Locarno Beach site, with differences between the two components presented and discussed. This was done i n order to determine the feasibility of defining the middle component at Crescent Beach as Locarno Beach in nature. The artifactual differences present are argued to be partially reflective of site function and environmental differences present at the two sites. The final research question concerns the Charles Culture and the feasibility of its existence over such a long time period and physical area. This hypothesis states that there is sufficient cultural similarity present to continue usage of the term Charles Culture. Several components defined as Charles or tentative Charles components are examined. The data is gathered together to present a synopsis of what is known to date concerning the Charles Culture. As with the f i r s t research question, this question focuses on the degree of variability present between the three sub-phases of the Charles Culture (rather than just one) using both artifactual and non-artifactual data. There is some difficulty encountered during this final analysis due to the lack of published data. For example, little is published concerning the Esilao phase, yet it is an integral part of the Charles Culture. Nevertheless, this third research question is answered somewhat affirmatively. This section of my thesis includes further information concerning the placing of the Charles component at Crescent Beach into the St. Mungo phase as well as the status of the Mayne phase. The results of the study indicate that the three research questions and their resulting hypotheses can be answered in the affirmative with varying degrees of success. Recommendations for further research include the need for better published data concerning the early time periods on the Northwest Coast. It is also recommended that future analysis of the Charles Culture incorporate non-artifactual data such as debitage and faunal remains because these types of information are important when doing accurate comparisons of artifact assemblages. Finally, it is also suggested that Northwest Coast archaeologists work together to create more comparable archaeological data. Before one can make firm conclusions about the general research questions pertinent to the prehistory of the Northwest Coast, Northwest Coast archaeologists must start at the beginning and create interchangeable data sets.