Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 314-339). / Microfiche. / xi, 339 leaves, bound maps 29 cm

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 162-176).

This thesis investigates a particular cultural period (the Charles Culture) existing from approximately 5500 to 3300 years ago on the Northwest Coast. The Charles Culture consists of three local phases known as Esilao, St. Mungo and Mayne. Three research questions are proposed in this study. The first question deals with the St. Mungo phase and focuses on the degree of cultural variability manifest within this particular sub-phase. Two sites known to contain St. Mungo components (Glenrose Cannery and St. Mungo Cannery) are compared to a third component originally proposed to be representative of the Mayne phase. The hypothesis states that the degree of variability between the three components will be minimal if all three are representative of the St. Mungo phase. This hypothesis is tested using both artifactual and non-artifactual data from the three sites and respective components. Of the three research questions proposed, this one is answered the most successfully. There is little variation present amongst the three components in terms of both artifactual and non-artifactual data. Unexpectedly, it was also demonstrated that while the Charles components from Glenrose and St. Mungo are often discussed interchangeably, there are differences in their artifact assemblages. The second research questions follows from the first and ponders the degree of variability present between the Charles and Locarno Beach components at the Crescent Beach site. A comparison between these two phases from the same site had not been previously possible. The hypothesis states that if the two phases demonstrate continuity with each other, this is evidence of a gradual insitu evolution of the Northwest Coast ethnographic pattern present at contact. This question is not answered as successfully as the first due to the high degree of similarity present between the two artifact assemblages. Several explanations for this are presented. The Locarno Beach artifact assemblage from Crescent Beach is also compared to the typesite artifact assemblage from the Locarno Beach site, with differences between the two components presented and discussed. This was done i n order to determine the feasibility of defining the middle component at Crescent Beach as Locarno Beach in nature. The artifactual differences present are argued to be partially reflective of site function and environmental differences present at the two sites. The final research question concerns the Charles Culture and the feasibility of its existence over such a long time period and physical area. This hypothesis states that there is sufficient cultural similarity present to continue usage of the term Charles Culture. Several components defined as Charles or tentative Charles components are examined. The data is gathered together to present a synopsis of what is known to date concerning the Charles Culture. As with the f i r s t research question, this question focuses on the degree of variability present between the three sub-phases of the Charles Culture (rather than just one) using both artifactual and non-artifactual data. There is some difficulty encountered during this final analysis due to the lack of published data. For example, little is published concerning the Esilao phase, yet it is an integral part of the Charles Culture. Nevertheless, this third research question is answered somewhat affirmatively. This section of my thesis includes further information concerning the placing of the Charles component at Crescent Beach into the St. Mungo phase as well as the status of the Mayne phase. The results of the study indicate that the three research questions and their resulting hypotheses can be answered in the affirmative with varying degrees of success. Recommendations for further research include the need for better published data concerning the early time periods on the Northwest Coast. It is also recommended that future analysis of the Charles Culture incorporate non-artifactual data such as debitage and faunal remains because these types of information are important when doing accurate comparisons of artifact assemblages. Finally, it is also suggested that Northwest Coast archaeologists work together to create more comparable archaeological data. Before one can make firm conclusions about the general research questions pertinent to the prehistory of the Northwest Coast, Northwest Coast archaeologists must start at the beginning and create interchangeable data sets. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

This paper examines the cross-Strait relationship from the theoretical perspective of Joseph S. Nye Jr.’s soft power. It begins with a discussion of China’s grand soft power strategy throughout the global community highlighting the use of three resources of soft power: culture, political values and foreign policies. This paper then transitions into a more specific study of the cross-Strait relationship examining the evolution of Jiang Zemin’s hard power approach to Hu Jintao’s soft power approach. This paper argues, as reflected in opinion polls, Hu Jintao’s new soft power strategy has already had an impact on the Taiwanese public’s perception of China. Taiwanese today, have a significantly more positive perception of China than they did during Jiang Zemin’s era. Furthermore, Hu Jintao’s pragmatic strategy seems to be effective in deterring Taiwanese independence.

Aboriginal Law and cultures are based on a belief system centred on the 'country' and the creation of its elements. Traditional law provided a firm basis for survival and for the interconnectedness of people, land and their relationship to each other. The communities lived a largely nomadic lifestyle that moved within defined territories, tied together by kinship (tribe, clan, skin group etc), which prescribed the social roles and appropriate behaviours between indivisuals. Relationships were reinforced by systems of obligation between individuals, particularly with regard to provision of goods necessary for survival. / thesis (MRegionalUrbanPlanning)--University of South Australia, 2003.

Climate is emerging as a primary determinant of marine survival and migratory behaviour for Pacific salmon. For example, a regime shift in the mid-1990s was correlated to a major change in the migratory behaviour of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the Strait of Georgia, BC. The details of this new behaviour pattern remain relatively unknown. Furthermore, many coho stocks have been declining during the past three decades. Mitigative strategies –such as hatchery programs— have done little to reverse the trend, and little is known about how hatchery fish are affecting wild populations. The objective of this dissertation was to identify key mortality areas and provide the first look at the migratory behaviour of juvenile wild and hatchery coho in southwestern British Columbia using new telemetry technologies. As coho pre-smolts are relatively small compared with other salmonid species that are typically studied using acoustic telemetry, the identification of the appropriate sizes of fish and tags to use was critical. The first study tested the effects of surgically implanting the three smallest sizes of acoustic tags available on the growth, survival, performance and condition of coho pre-smolts. The first of three field studies to follow investigated the early migratory behaviour and survival of an endangered coho population. The second field study examined differences in physiology, survival and migratory behaviour between wild and hatchery-reared coho smolts. Finally, the third study analysed the altered marine migratory behaviour of juvenile coho in the Strait of Georgia. This dissertation provides the first evidence of high freshwater mortality rates in the endangered coho population, which has implications for the management and conservation of this and other at-risk stocks. I found differences in migratory behaviour and physiology between wild and hatchery-reared coho, suggesting that mitigative strategies need further evaluation. Finally, the timing of the anomalous coho migration out of the Strait of Georgia confirmed that population changes in the strait are a consequence of ecosystem-related impacts. These findings demonstrate how new technologies could be used to fill major information gaps and improve the management and conservation of Pacific salmon.

Abstract This study investigates the distributions and controls of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in marginal seas around Taiwan. In the euphotic zone of Kuroshio Water off southeast Taiwan, the concentration of TEP generally reached a maximum in the subsurface and then decreased with depth. The maximum concentration of TEP in every station in the Kuroshio Water coincides with the subsurface maximum of chlorophyll a (Chl. a). This implied that TEP in the euphotic zone was controlled by biological rather than physical processes. Furthermore, the ratios of TEP /POC and TEP/DOC increased with Chl. a indicating that the increase of primary production may enhance DOC transformation to POC through the formation of TEP. Concentrations of TEP in the Taiwan Strait and Gaoping coastal sea decreased generally with the increase of seaward distance, showing the same pattern of nutrient distribution. Apparently, the terrestrial input of nutrient may increase phytoplankton abundance and enhance the formation of TEP. Positive correlations were significant between TEP and Chl. a, suggesting that the distribution of TEP in the euphotic zone of Taiwan Strait and Gaoping coastal sea are also controlled by biological processes. During the study period, the concentrations of nutrient and Chl. a were elevated in the surface water around the Dongsha Island in the South China Sea (SCS), due to the influence of internal wave. According to the close relation between TEP and Chl. a, concentrations of TEP around Dongsha Island were also likely controlled by phytoplankton activity, but the different strength of internal wave may lead to the different conditions of TEP, Chl. a and POC distributions. The results of factor analysis support the fact that distributions of TEP are mainly controlled by biological processes, but various physical conditions could also influence distributions of TEP in the water column. Overall, concentrations of TEP are generally higher in the Taiwan Strait and Gaoping coastal sea than in the Donshia shelf sea and Kuroshio Water off southeast Taiwan. Nevertheless, distributions of TEP are all comparable with previous findings in other coastal and marginal seas.

In order to understand tidal circulation and oceanic current for the seas around Taiwan, this study use a baroclinic unstructured grid model to build a high resolution model. This model use semi-implicit method to solve the dynamic of ocean movement and larger time step can be used to calculate. Unstructured grid can be used to resolve complex coastline and variation of depth. TaiDBMv6 depth data were chosen to describe the depth distribution and grid mesh size were determined by local depth, minimum mesh size is about 0.75 minutes, and maximum 13 minutes. Tidal boundaries use 8 constituents derived from FES2004 and calibrated with 34 tide station records. Data of 2009 were used to evaluate the model results. The average of all station root mean square error was 10.1 cm. Station at east side of Taiwan have smaller errors, which almost lower than 5 cm. The maximum error can be found inside Taiwan Strait, about 25cm, mainly caused by lack of depth data near the coastal area. For oceanic current model, GFS and NFS-MC CWB wind forecast were used as meteorology input. Initial fields and boundary condition are derived from HYCOM results. Nudging of salinity and temperature also were used to stabilize the model. Transport of Kuroshio of 2009 is about 17.0¡Ó3.2Sv. Maximum value is about 28.6Sv, occurred in summer. Minimum value is about 8.3Sv, occurred in winter.

This study collected zooplankton and hydrographic data in the Taiwan Strait (TS) using the cruises of ¡§Fishery Research I¡¨ from January 2005 to October 2006, to investigate the seasonal and spatial distribution of planktonic pteropods associated with hydrographic conditions. In total, 29 species of pteropods belonging to 10 genera and 5 families were identified, with mean abundance of 97.14 ¡Ó 66.16 ind./100 m3. The abundances and species number of pteropods exhibited apparent seasonal changes, abundance was higher in summer and lower during winter, while species numbers was higher in fall and lower in winter. Pteropods showed higher diversity in oceanic waters than in shallower shelf waters, but the abundance showed no significant difference. The night-time abundance and species number were significantly higher than the day-time. The effect of typhoon on the abundance and species numbers of pteropods was not significant. The four predominant species found in this study area were Creseis clava, Creseis acicula, Limacina inflate and Limacina trochiformis, together they accounted for 95% of the total pteropod catch, among these, C. clava constitued 48% of the total catch. The pteropod communition was similar among seasons, but ranked differently. Different dominant species showed different seasonal distribution patterns. The distribution of pteropods showed no clear spatial difference in the TS, but higher species richness was usually observed in the southern TS. The pteropods found in this study mostly belonged to the widespread oceanic species, and the dominant species were similar to the previous studies in the South China Sea. The total abundance, species number, and species diversity index of pteropods showed significantly positive correlation with the seawater temperature, and the species number was negative correlated with salinity. Among the four predominant species, the abundance of C. clava, C. acicula, and L. trochiformis were positively correlation with seawater temperature, meanwhile, C. acicula and L. trochiformis showed significantly negative correlations with salinity. This study proposed that the abundance, species number, and species diversity of Pteropods were not obviously influenced by typhoon, instead seasonal succession of water masses and day/night change might be the important factor affecting the distribution patterns of pteropods.

The water masses in the Taiwan Strait (TS) contain the Kuroshio Branch Water (KBW), the South China Sea Surface Water (SCSSW), and the China Coastal Water (CCW). The seasonality of their temporal and spatial variations is modified by the East Asia monsoon and the bottom topography. Hydrographic data acquired during 1985-2003 were studied using a cluster analysis for the classification of the water masses. In addition to the three water masses identified previously, the cluster analysis further classified the Subsurface Water (SBW) under 100 m depth in the Penghu Channel (PHC) and the Coastal Water (CW) along the China coast in summer. Results derived from the cluster analysis together with the T-S diagram suggest that the KBW and SBW dominates in the PHC, whereas CCW occupies in the north TS from January to April. After May, the SCSSW replaces the KBW in the TS through PHC. Meanwhile, the CW distributes along the northwest bank of the TS. After the onset of northeast monsoon in October, the CCW intrudes southward to the northern TS, yet the KBW is confined in the PHC. A zonal oceanic front is clearly seen between the two water masses over the Chang-Yuen Rise in winter. As for the NTMW, it presents below 30 m depth during May and September, and would distribute in depths 0-100 m in other months. The monthly hydrographic databank established in this study has a horizontal grid resolution of 10'x10'. The vertical levels are set at depths 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 125, 150, and 200 m. The study also concludes that there is hardly a northward flow in the TS in winter connecting the South China Sea Warm Current to the so-called Taiwan Warm Current.