Recently, the importance of quantifying the success of stream/river restoration projects has become a priority in restoration. The absence of ecological monitoring of stream restoration has been made very evident, resulting in the questioning of the viability of restoration activities that have taken place, the ecological approaches used and of restoration as a field of study as a whole. Priority has been set towards illustrating what a successfully restored stream should consist of with development of conceptual frameworks. My study builds upon that concept, by drawing a methodological framework that illustrates how successful stream restoration projects should be quantified using a stream restoration monitoring protocol; asking the question whether a stream restoration monitoring protocol can be created and whether it can appropriately quantify the success of restored stream reaches; further, what assessment technique(s) are best suited for monitoring; ecological, geomorphic or a hybrid approach. In Waterloo, Ontario 29 restored test stream reaches were assessed using benthic macroinvertebrates. Benthos community composition was described using Family Richness, Simpson’s Diversity, % EPT, and % Chironomidae. The same reaches were also assessed using a geomorphic assessment technique I designed for this study, which focused on channel stability measures and substrate type as habitat. The methodology was then used to develop information on disturbed (n=7) and natural (n=5) reference reaches in Waterloo. The reference condition approach was used to quantify the relative placement of the restored test streams to reference condition. The ecological assessment technique was best able to quantify the success of a restored reach, by showing linear relationships between benthic metrics in a PCA analysis (0.657). The geomorphic approach, as analyzed by a Non-metric multidimensional scaling test did not consistently evaluate or significantly distinguish between restored reaches and reference conditions, shown by a stress of 25.31. However, a canonical correspondence analysis showed that there are some relationships, although weak, between the ecological approach and geomorphic approach (0.696; p=0.03). This study showed that it is possible to quantify the success or lack of success of restored stream reaches and it is recommended that a hybrid approach be used when monitoring for stream restoration success.

Impending natural resources development and concern about the effects of climate change have spurred increased efforts to study and monitor aquatic habitats in the Mackenzie River system. As part of Environment Canada’s attempt to survey the system in advance of the construction of the Mackenzie Gas Pipeline, benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled at 50 streams spanning the geographical range of the Mackenzie system in the Northwest Territories, Canada, to assess spatial patterns in diversity and assemblage structure and the environmental factors driving them. Replicated, quantitative D-net samples were collected during the late summer of 2005 through 2008, mostly at crossings of the proposed pipeline route. 373 macroinvertebrate taxa were recorded, mainly aquatic insects, which were identified to the genus or species levels; other groups were identified to higher taxonomic levels. Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera diversity declined along a latitudinal gradient, while Trichoptera diversity declined in the middle of the latitudinal range and rose towards the far north. Chironomidae (Diptera) increased in diversity and abundance towards the far north, becoming dominant in the northern sub-arctic forest and lowland tundra of the Mackenzie Delta. Diversity, measured as the average generic richness per stream, correlated with a composite environmental variable representing stream size, but not much else; spatial trends in local generic richness were only apparent in the far north of the study area. Regional diversity was assessed using rarefaction curves and showed a clear decrease from south to north across the study area for most taxa; the major exception was the chironomid subfamilies Orthocladiinae and Chironomini, the former being diverse throughout the study area and the latter increasing in diversity on the tundra. Odonata, Hemiptera and Coleoptera were well-represented in the south of the study area, but decreased sharply in diversity and abundance in the north; another common order, Megaloptera, was entirely absent from the study area, as were crayfish. Community composition varied along a latitudinal gradient, with some species restricted to northern latitudes and many more species restricted to the southern areas. Composition varied by region, as did the environmental factors that control it. Streams in the north of the system are connected to hundreds of small lakes and tend to freeze in the winter, which increases habitat stability; assemblages in this region were characterized by relatively large chironomids that are usually associated with lentic habitats and by a lack of taxa that are intolerant to freezing. Substrate was the main factor explaining differences in assemblage composition in this region. Just to the south, alluvial streams are more common and permafrost is continuous with very shallow active layers, iv which likely results in intense discharge peaks and ice scour in the spring and flashy summer hydrographs. Invertebrates in this region were mainly short-lived, small sized orthoclads, baetids and chloroperlids; the annual disturbance regime seems likely to be an important factor shaping community composition in this region. Many streams in this region received input from saline springs, resulting in perennial flow, and these streams harboured several taxa that were absent or rare in other streams at similar latitudes, including several stoneflies (e.g. Pteronarcys, Sweltsa); the presence of flow during the winter was found to be a major factor affecting community composition in this region, which surrounded the town of Norman Wells, NT. Nutrient dynamics appeared to be important in structuring benthic assemblages in the southern portion of the study region, with highnutrient streams supporting a diverse fauna which included many taxa that were absent in the north, while communities in low-nutrient streams were more similar to the northern alluvial stream fauna. There was no spatial distinction between low- and high-nutrient streams in the southern region, and the difference may be due to the local conditions of permafrost, which is patchy and discontinuous in the region. Evidence that winter ice and permafrost conditions are important drivers of benthic invertebrate diversity and community composition in the Mackenzie system, along with the latitudinal gradients which are consistent with a temperature/climate gradient, raises the possibility that benthic assemblages may be useful as indicators of effects of global climate change on freshwater habitats in the Canadian north. More immediately, construction of the Mackenzie Gas Pipeline may affect stream habitat due to sedimentation, and plans for the operation of the pipeline have raised concerns about potential effects on permafrost conditions. Implications for development of a biomonitoring program utilizing benthic invertebrates and their potential as indicators of climate change are discussed.

Rivers are said to be self-shaping when a stream is able to create its own morphological features. This occurs when bankfull Shields stress (τbf*) is greater than reference Shields stress (τr*). Shields stress in the channel is affected during upstream progression by the height and width of the water decreasing, the slope becoming steeper, and the bed material becoming coarser. Bankfull Shields stress decreased progressing upstream while reference Shields stress increased due to increased slope. The self-shaping portions of the Conasauga occur in areas where the relative roughness of the bed material is fully submerged or greater than 5. Once the relative submergence is no longer fully submerged the stream channel no longer produces enough bankfull Shields stress to overcome the reference Shields stress. This occurs about midway through the study. This study allows better classification of streams using Shields stress and better understanding of channel processes for hydrologic engineering.

Recently, the importance of quantifying the success of stream/river restoration projects has become a priority in restoration. The absence of ecological monitoring of stream restoration has been made very evident, resulting in the questioning of the viability of restoration activities that have taken place, the ecological approaches used and of restoration as a field of study as a whole. Priority has been set towards illustrating what a successfully restored stream should consist of with development of conceptual frameworks. My study builds upon that concept, by drawing a methodological framework that illustrates how successful stream restoration projects should be quantified using a stream restoration monitoring protocol; asking the question whether a stream restoration monitoring protocol can be created and whether it can appropriately quantify the success of restored stream reaches; further, what assessment technique(s) are best suited for monitoring; ecological, geomorphic or a hybrid approach. In Waterloo, Ontario 29 restored test stream reaches were assessed using benthic macroinvertebrates. Benthos community composition was described using Family Richness, Simpson’s Diversity, % EPT, and % Chironomidae. The same reaches were also assessed using a geomorphic assessment technique I designed for this study, which focused on channel stability measures and substrate type as habitat. The methodology was then used to develop information on disturbed (n=7) and natural (n=5) reference reaches in Waterloo. The reference condition approach was used to quantify the relative placement of the restored test streams to reference condition. The ecological assessment technique was best able to quantify the success of a restored reach, by showing linear relationships between benthic metrics in a PCA analysis (0.657). The geomorphic approach, as analyzed by a Non-metric multidimensional scaling test did not consistently evaluate or significantly distinguish between restored reaches and reference conditions, shown by a stress of 25.31. However, a canonical correspondence analysis showed that there are some relationships, although weak, between the ecological approach and geomorphic approach (0.696; p=0.03). This study showed that it is possible to quantify the success or lack of success of restored stream reaches and it is recommended that a hybrid approach be used when monitoring for stream restoration success.

Impending natural resources development and concern about the effects of climate change have spurred increased efforts to study and monitor aquatic habitats in the Mackenzie River system. As part of Environment Canada’s attempt to survey the system in advance of the construction of the Mackenzie Gas Pipeline, benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled at 50 streams spanning the geographical range of the Mackenzie system in the Northwest Territories, Canada, to assess spatial patterns in diversity and assemblage structure and the environmental factors driving them. Replicated, quantitative D-net samples were collected during the late summer of 2005 through 2008, mostly at crossings of the proposed pipeline route. 373 macroinvertebrate taxa were recorded, mainly aquatic insects, which were identified to the genus or species levels; other groups were identified to higher taxonomic levels. Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera diversity declined along a latitudinal gradient, while Trichoptera diversity declined in the middle of the latitudinal range and rose towards the far north. Chironomidae (Diptera) increased in diversity and abundance towards the far north, becoming dominant in the northern sub-arctic forest and lowland tundra of the Mackenzie Delta. Diversity, measured as the average generic richness per stream, correlated with a composite environmental variable representing stream size, but not much else; spatial trends in local generic richness were only apparent in the far north of the study area. Regional diversity was assessed using rarefaction curves and showed a clear decrease from south to north across the study area for most taxa; the major exception was the chironomid subfamilies Orthocladiinae and Chironomini, the former being diverse throughout the study area and the latter increasing in diversity on the tundra. Odonata, Hemiptera and Coleoptera were well-represented in the south of the study area, but decreased sharply in diversity and abundance in the north; another common order, Megaloptera, was entirely absent from the study area, as were crayfish. Community composition varied along a latitudinal gradient, with some species restricted to northern latitudes and many more species restricted to the southern areas. Composition varied by region, as did the environmental factors that control it. Streams in the north of the system are connected to hundreds of small lakes and tend to freeze in the winter, which increases habitat stability; assemblages in this region were characterized by relatively large chironomids that are usually associated with lentic habitats and by a lack of taxa that are intolerant to freezing. Substrate was the main factor explaining differences in assemblage composition in this region. Just to the south, alluvial streams are more common and permafrost is continuous with very shallow active layers, iv which likely results in intense discharge peaks and ice scour in the spring and flashy summer hydrographs. Invertebrates in this region were mainly short-lived, small sized orthoclads, baetids and chloroperlids; the annual disturbance regime seems likely to be an important factor shaping community composition in this region. Many streams in this region received input from saline springs, resulting in perennial flow, and these streams harboured several taxa that were absent or rare in other streams at similar latitudes, including several stoneflies (e.g. Pteronarcys, Sweltsa); the presence of flow during the winter was found to be a major factor affecting community composition in this region, which surrounded the town of Norman Wells, NT. Nutrient dynamics appeared to be important in structuring benthic assemblages in the southern portion of the study region, with highnutrient streams supporting a diverse fauna which included many taxa that were absent in the north, while communities in low-nutrient streams were more similar to the northern alluvial stream fauna. There was no spatial distinction between low- and high-nutrient streams in the southern region, and the difference may be due to the local conditions of permafrost, which is patchy and discontinuous in the region. Evidence that winter ice and permafrost conditions are important drivers of benthic invertebrate diversity and community composition in the Mackenzie system, along with the latitudinal gradients which are consistent with a temperature/climate gradient, raises the possibility that benthic assemblages may be useful as indicators of effects of global climate change on freshwater habitats in the Canadian north. More immediately, construction of the Mackenzie Gas Pipeline may affect stream habitat due to sedimentation, and plans for the operation of the pipeline have raised concerns about potential effects on permafrost conditions. Implications for development of a biomonitoring program utilizing benthic invertebrates and their potential as indicators of climate change are discussed.

In recent years, mining data streams has been widely studied. A data streams is a sequence of dynamic, continuous, unbounded and real time data items with a very high data rate that can only be read once. In data mining, clustering is one of use- ful techniques for discovering interesting data in the underlying data objects. The problem of clustering can be defined formally as follows: given n data points in the d- dimensional metric space, partition the data points into k clusters such that the data points within a cluster are more similar to each other than data points in different clusters. In the data streams environment, the difficulties of data streams clustering contain storage overhead, low clustering quality and a low updating efficiency. Cur- rent clustering algorithms can be broadly classified into four categories: partition, hierarchical, density-based and grid-based approaches. The advantage of the grid- based algorithm is that it can handle large databases. Based on the density-based approach, the insertion or deletion of data affects the current clustering only in the neighborhood of this data. Combining the advantages of the grid-based approach and density-based approach, the CDS-Tree algorithm was proposed. Although it can handle large databases, its clustering quality is restricted to the grid partition and the threshold of a dense cell. Therefore, in this thesis, we present a new clustering algo- rithm with high quality, GDense, for data streams. The GDense algorithm has high quality due to two kinds of partition: cells and quadcells, and two kinds of threshold: £_ and (1/4) . Moreover, in our GDense algorithm, in the data insertion part, the 7 cases takes 3 factors about the cell and the quadcell into consideration. In the deletion part, the 10 cases take 5 factors about the cell into consideration. From our simulation results, no matter what condition (including the number of data points, the number of cells, the size of the sliding window, and the threshold of dense cell) is, the clustering purity of our GDense algorithm is always higher than that of the CDS-Tree algorithm. Moreover, we make a comparison of the purity between the our GDense algorithm and the CDS-Tree algorithm with outliers. No matter whether the number of outliers is large or small, the clustering purity of our GDense algorithm is still higher than that of the CDS-Tree and we can improve about 20% the clustering purity as compared to the CDS-Tree algorithm.

This report compares programmes of coordinated recipient control for rivers in northern Sweden. The aim was to investigate differences in the programme of the Ume and Vindel Rivers compared with those of Skellefte, Torne, Kalix and Ångerman Rivers. Future impacts on Ume and Vindel Rivers, and consequently the programme, were also studied. A quantitative method, namely meta-analysis, was used in order to collect data of programmes on Water Information System Sweden (VISS). The results of this study showed that the programme for the streams is slightly different regarding measured parameters, number of sampling points and sampling frequency. However, the similarities between the programmes of Ume and Vindel Rivers and Torne and Kalix Rivers are greater than compered to Skellefte River. The conclusion is that the differences in the programmes may have a natural explanation such as different emissions to the recipients, but can also indicate different ambitions. The programme may be affected and in need of change if a potential nickel sulphide mine in Tärnaby, Storuman is established and joins the water conservation association of the Ume and Vindel Rivers. Intensified forestry might also increase future impacts.

No description available.

Recent research addresses the problem of data-stream mining to deal with applications that require processing huge amounts of data such as sensor data analysis and financial applications. Data-stream mining algorithms incorporate special provisions to meet the requirements of stream-management systems, that is stream algorithms must be online and incremental, processing each data record only once (or few times); adaptive to distribution changes; and fast enough to accommodate high arrival rates. We consider the problem of data-stream classification, introducing an online and incremental stream-classification ensemble algorithm, Streaming Random Forests, an extension of the Random Forests algorithm by Breiman, which is a standard classification algorithm. Our algorithm is designed to handle multi-class classification problems. It is able to deal with data streams having an evolving nature and a random arrival rate of training/test data records. The algorithm, in addition, automatically adjusts its parameters based on the data seen so far. Experimental results on real and synthetic data demonstrate that the algorithm gives a successful behavior. Without losing classification accuracy, our algorithm is able to handle multi-class problems for which the underlying class boundaries drift, and handle the case when blocks of training records are not big enough to build/update the classification model. / Thesis (Ph.D, Computing) -- Queen's University, 2008-07-15 16:12:33.221

I denna studie har policyutvecklingen av den svenska terrorismbekämpningen undersökts. Utvecklingen av den svenska kontraterrorpolicy sedan den nationella strategins introduktion, har ägt rum under en period när allmänheten och det politiska styret inte tillskrivit problemområdet samma betydelse. Medan allmänhetens oro ökat, har det politiska intresset kommit och gått. Med en fallstudiedesign har utvecklingen från 2008 års nationella strategi fram tills idag studerats och analyserats. Genom en kvalitativ textanalys har utvecklingen visat sig ha två trender. Mellan 2008 och 2012 rådde det en internationalisering i svensk policyutveckling. Denna utveckling skiftade till en av nationell förankring mellan 2012 och 2014. Analysen av denna utveckling har visat att stora internationella organisationer varit påverkande, och i mycket styrt denna utveckling. Finns det idag någon nationell självständighet när det kommer till policyutveckling inom terrorismbekämpning, eller har det internationella säkerhetsberoendet länkat samman oss alla?