A principal função da arborização viária, nos últimos 30 anos, passou de apenas estética para promotora de serviços ambientais, mas essas árvores estão submetidas a diversos fatores estressantes, como a poluição do ar, a baixa disponibilidade de água, solo compactado, podas severas, e área de crescimento limitada. As redes aéreas de distribuição de energia são um dos elementos que mais interferem no manejo das árvores viárias, pois o conflito, geralmente, já está estabelecido e as concessionárias de energia optam por podas drásticas, que podem comprometer a sanidade da árvore e estimular brotações epicórmicas que crescem rapidamente e vão de encontro com as fiações. Posto isso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a taxa de crescimento de brotações epicórmicas após poda executada pela Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz (CPFL) em indivíduos das espécies tipuana (Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze), ipê-roxo (Tabebuia heptaphylla (Vell.) Mart.), e chapéu-de-sol (Terminalia catappa L.), na cidade de Piracicaba/SP e relacionar esta taxa com as características da árvore e do meio. Para isso, foi realizado levantamento em campo de variáveis como a espécie, diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP), índice de área foliar (IAF), tipo de calçada, tipo de solo, fotos do canteiro e dos brotos ao lado de uma baliza para posterior medição digital, que teve sua confiabilidade testada e aprovada nesta pesquisa. A análise foi executada com todas as espécies juntas, para cada espécie, e por classe de DAP dentro de cada espécie. O índice de crescimento médio diário para a tipuana foi de 0,360 cm; para o ipê-roxo, 0,298 cm; e para chapéu-de-sol, 0,404 cm. Houve diferença significativa entre a taxa de crescimento da espécie chapéu-de-sol e ipê-roxo, indicando que a espécie e o grupo sucessional a qual pertencem influenciam no ritmo de crescimento. Não foi constatada influência do tipo de calçada e nem do tipo de solo. O IAF também não influenciou no crescimento, a não ser em ipês com DAP entre 50 e 60 cm. A dimensão do canteiro não influenciou o crescimento dos brotos de chapéu-de-sol, mas influenciou positivamente tanto as tipuanas com 60 a 70 cm de DAP, que foram as árvores com o maior ritmo de crescimento da espécie, como os ipês com DAP entre 30 e 40 cm que ainda estão vigorosos e suas raízes continuam explorando o solo. Os estudos com essa temática são poucos e fatores como clima, época de poda e histórico de manejo da área podem exercer influência na resposta da árvore à poda. Portanto, é sugerido maior tempo de estudo com os mesmos indivíduos e a inclusão de mais árvores. / The main function of the street trees, in the last 30 years, had been switched from aesthetic to the promotion of environmental services. However, this trees are submitted to a lot of stressful factors like limited growth aerea, air pollution, low water availability, compacted soil and drastic pruning. Aerial power networks distribution are the elements that most interfere with the management of street trees, because the conflict is usually already established and the energy concessionaires opt for drastic pruning, which can compromise tree sanity and stimulate epicormic shoots, that grows quickly toward the aerial networks. Therefore, the present study had the objective of determining the growth rate of epicormic shoots after it having been pruned by CPFL for the species Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze; Tabebuia heptaphylla (Vell.) Mart.; and Terminalia catappa L. in the city of Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil, and relate this rate to the tree and environment characteristics. For that, a field survey was made of variables such as the species, diameter at breast height (DBH), leaf area index (LAI), type of pavement, type of soil, and photos of the treebed and shoots next to a beacon for later digital measurement, which had its reliability tested and approved in this study. The analysis was performed with all species together, for each species separately, and by dbh class within each species. The average daily growth rate for Tipuana tipu was 0.360 cm; for Tabebuia heptaphylla was 0.298 cm; and for Terminalia catappa was 0.404 cm. There was a significant difference between the growth rate of Terminalia catappa and Tabebuia heptaphylla, indicating that the species and its successional group influence the growth rhythm. There was no influence of the type of sidewalk or of the type of soil in the growth rate. The LAI also did not influence any growth, just for Tabebuia Heptaphylla with DBH between 50 and 60 cm. The treebed area did not influenced the Terminalia catappa shoots growth, but it had influenced positively the Tipuana tipu with 60 to 70 cm of DBH, wich were the trees with the greater growth rate of the species, as much as the Tabebuia heptaphylla with DBH between 30 and 40 cm, which are at a fairly vigorous age and their roots continue to explore the soil. There are a few studies with this theme and factors such as climate, pruning season and area management history can influence tree response to pruning. Therefore, longer study time with the same individuals and more trees included is suggested.

A principal função da arborização viária, nos últimos 30 anos, passou de apenas estética para promotora de serviços ambientais, mas essas árvores estão submetidas a diversos fatores estressantes, como a poluição do ar, a baixa disponibilidade de água, solo compactado, podas severas, e área de crescimento limitada. As redes aéreas de distribuição de energia são um dos elementos que mais interferem no manejo das árvores viárias, pois o conflito, geralmente, já está estabelecido e as concessionárias de energia optam por podas drásticas, que podem comprometer a sanidade da árvore e estimular brotações epicórmicas que crescem rapidamente e vão de encontro com as fiações. Posto isso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a taxa de crescimento de brotações epicórmicas após poda executada pela Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz (CPFL) em indivíduos das espécies tipuana (Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze), ipê-roxo (Tabebuia heptaphylla (Vell.) Mart.), e chapéu-de-sol (Terminalia catappa L.), na cidade de Piracicaba/SP e relacionar esta taxa com as características da árvore e do meio. Para isso, foi realizado levantamento em campo de variáveis como a espécie, diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP), índice de área foliar (IAF), tipo de calçada, tipo de solo, fotos do canteiro e dos brotos ao lado de uma baliza para posterior medição digital, que teve sua confiabilidade testada e aprovada nesta pesquisa. A análise foi executada com todas as espécies juntas, para cada espécie, e por classe de DAP dentro de cada espécie. O índice de crescimento médio diário para a tipuana foi de 0,360 cm; para o ipê-roxo, 0,298 cm; e para chapéu-de-sol, 0,404 cm. Houve diferença significativa entre a taxa de crescimento da espécie chapéu-de-sol e ipê-roxo, indicando que a espécie e o grupo sucessional a qual pertencem influenciam no ritmo de crescimento. Não foi constatada influência do tipo de calçada e nem do tipo de solo. O IAF também não influenciou no crescimento, a não ser em ipês com DAP entre 50 e 60 cm. A dimensão do canteiro não influenciou o crescimento dos brotos de chapéu-de-sol, mas influenciou positivamente tanto as tipuanas com 60 a 70 cm de DAP, que foram as árvores com o maior ritmo de crescimento da espécie, como os ipês com DAP entre 30 e 40 cm que ainda estão vigorosos e suas raízes continuam explorando o solo. Os estudos com essa temática são poucos e fatores como clima, época de poda e histórico de manejo da área podem exercer influência na resposta da árvore à poda. Portanto, é sugerido maior tempo de estudo com os mesmos indivíduos e a inclusão de mais árvores. / The main function of the street trees, in the last 30 years, had been switched from aesthetic to the promotion of environmental services. However, this trees are submitted to a lot of stressful factors like limited growth aerea, air pollution, low water availability, compacted soil and drastic pruning. Aerial power networks distribution are the elements that most interfere with the management of street trees, because the conflict is usually already established and the energy concessionaires opt for drastic pruning, which can compromise tree sanity and stimulate epicormic shoots, that grows quickly toward the aerial networks. Therefore, the present study had the objective of determining the growth rate of epicormic shoots after it having been pruned by CPFL for the species Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze; Tabebuia heptaphylla (Vell.) Mart.; and Terminalia catappa L. in the city of Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil, and relate this rate to the tree and environment characteristics. For that, a field survey was made of variables such as the species, diameter at breast height (DBH), leaf area index (LAI), type of pavement, type of soil, and photos of the treebed and shoots next to a beacon for later digital measurement, which had its reliability tested and approved in this study. The analysis was performed with all species together, for each species separately, and by dbh class within each species. The average daily growth rate for Tipuana tipu was 0.360 cm; for Tabebuia heptaphylla was 0.298 cm; and for Terminalia catappa was 0.404 cm. There was a significant difference between the growth rate of Terminalia catappa and Tabebuia heptaphylla, indicating that the species and its successional group influence the growth rhythm. There was no influence of the type of sidewalk or of the type of soil in the growth rate. The LAI also did not influence any growth, just for Tabebuia Heptaphylla with DBH between 50 and 60 cm. The treebed area did not influenced the Terminalia catappa shoots growth, but it had influenced positively the Tipuana tipu with 60 to 70 cm of DBH, wich were the trees with the greater growth rate of the species, as much as the Tabebuia heptaphylla with DBH between 30 and 40 cm, which are at a fairly vigorous age and their roots continue to explore the soil. There are a few studies with this theme and factors such as climate, pruning season and area management history can influence tree response to pruning. Therefore, longer study time with the same individuals and more trees included is suggested.

As climate change continues to intensify, growing interest in equitable clean energy transition has emerged to address the environmental and public health impacts of aging energy infrastructure. Of special concern is aging natural gas infrastructure, which serves as a significant source of the potent greenhouse gas (GHG) methane (CH4) and poses risk to the health and safety of the public. The concentration of aging natural gas distribution pipelines in urban centers has motivated this research, examining dynamic interactions among natural gas distribution pipelines, street tree canopies, and local climate action plans. This dissertation approaches the study of urban natural gas systems using an infrastructure ecology framework – a framework to investigate the dynamic relationships among elements of built, natural, and social infrastructure. The results of three studies reported below aim to improve our knowledge of the environmental impacts of aging natural gas infrastructure in urban centers and examine policy opportunities for a clean energy transition. Using a temporal and spatial dataset of street tree condition and soil CH4 and oxygen concentrations across Brookline, MA we were able to model the impact of CH4 on the success of a street tree using the spatial Durbin model. We find that persistent exposure to CH4 and diminished oxygen in the soil pit is correlated with poor tree condition. Next, utilizing a novel virtual data collection application, we tracked the location of leak-prone natural gas distribution infrastructure along the streets of Chelsea, MA. By producing and combining this unique dataset with the comprehensive street tree inventory completed by the municipality, we examined for the first time the relationship between street tree condition and proximity to leak-prone distribution pipe. Results from this analysis were suggestive and demonstrated a need for more comprehensive spatial data collection using virtual tools that can detect dynamic changes in the infrastructure to explain phenomena we are not yet able to interpret. Findings suggest the importance of considering the location of leak-prone pipelines when planting new street trees and protecting existing mature trees. Finally, we introduce the term and conceptual framework ‘infrastructure biome’ to define and describe the interconnected and dependent built, social, and natural infrastructure systems that extend beyond jurisdictional borders. We propose that energy transition policy, specifically a transition off natural gas, would benefit from a regional collaborative policy to achieve the ambitious climate action goals of cities and states throughout the region. Using publicly available natural gas pipeline data, we examine aging and leak-prone natural gas infrastructure for the first time at a regional scale and recommend a collaborative policy to address the shared obstacle of aging natural gas infrastructure to achieve climate action goals.

No description available.

Para planejar, manejar e estudar as árvores, seja em um fragmento florestal, uma plantação ou em uma cidade é necessário conhecer tanto suas características individuais quanto as do seu entorno. O inventário é uma ferramenta amplamente utilizada para este fim e demanda investimento em tempo e recursos para sua realização. O surgimento de novas tecnologias de registro e análise de dados permite uma nova perspectiva sobre essa ferramenta e traz inovações para sua aplicação. O presente estudo comparou cinco métodos de diagnóstico da floresta urbana diferenciados, principalmente, pela tecnologia de registro de dados: Clássico: com uso de papel e caneta, Foto: com mensuração de fotografias em software ImageTool, Tablet e Tablet 2: com uso de tablets de tecnologias diferentes e Personal Digital Assistant (PDA): com uso de um iPAQ. Os resultados apontaram que existe diferença estatística no tempo de realização do inventário de acordo com a tecnologia empregada. O método Foto é o mais econômico dos cinco. A comparação de biometria por teste de Wilcoxon aponta que os valores obtidos por todos os métodos são equivalentes estatisticamente. Foi realizado também um experimento de validação do método Fotoonde se investigou a influência da distância de tomada da foto nos valores mensurados, no qual se obteve os resultados de que existe essa influência, mas ela não é significativa, sendo a mensuração por foto tão confiável quanto a mensuração por vertex. / To plan, manage and study the trees in a forest, a plantation or a city it\'s necessary to know both their individual characteristics as the characteristics of their surroundings. The inventory is a widely used tool for this purpose and demand investment in time and resources for its realization. The emergence of new technologies for recording and analyzing data allows a new perspective on this tool and brings innovations to its application. This study compared five urban forest diagnosis methods mainly differentiated by data collection technology: Classic: using pen and paper, Photo: with pictures measurement in software ImageTool, Tablet and Tablet 2: using different tablet technology and Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) with use of an iPAQ. The results showed that there is statistical difference in the time of completion of the inventory according to the technology employed. Photo method is the fastest and the cheapest of 5. The biometric comparison by Wilcoxon shows that the values obtained by all methods are statistically equivalent. An experiment was also performed to validate the method Photo and investigated the influence of photo distance in measured values, where the results show that there is influence, but it is not significant and the measurement by photo as reliable as measurement per Vertex.

Para planejar, manejar e estudar as árvores, seja em um fragmento florestal, uma plantação ou em uma cidade é necessário conhecer tanto suas características individuais quanto as do seu entorno. O inventário é uma ferramenta amplamente utilizada para este fim e demanda investimento em tempo e recursos para sua realização. O surgimento de novas tecnologias de registro e análise de dados permite uma nova perspectiva sobre essa ferramenta e traz inovações para sua aplicação. O presente estudo comparou cinco métodos de diagnóstico da floresta urbana diferenciados, principalmente, pela tecnologia de registro de dados: Clássico: com uso de papel e caneta, Foto: com mensuração de fotografias em software ImageTool, Tablet e Tablet 2: com uso de tablets de tecnologias diferentes e Personal Digital Assistant (PDA): com uso de um iPAQ. Os resultados apontaram que existe diferença estatística no tempo de realização do inventário de acordo com a tecnologia empregada. O método Foto é o mais econômico dos cinco. A comparação de biometria por teste de Wilcoxon aponta que os valores obtidos por todos os métodos são equivalentes estatisticamente. Foi realizado também um experimento de validação do método Fotoonde se investigou a influência da distância de tomada da foto nos valores mensurados, no qual se obteve os resultados de que existe essa influência, mas ela não é significativa, sendo a mensuração por foto tão confiável quanto a mensuração por vertex. / To plan, manage and study the trees in a forest, a plantation or a city it\'s necessary to know both their individual characteristics as the characteristics of their surroundings. The inventory is a widely used tool for this purpose and demand investment in time and resources for its realization. The emergence of new technologies for recording and analyzing data allows a new perspective on this tool and brings innovations to its application. This study compared five urban forest diagnosis methods mainly differentiated by data collection technology: Classic: using pen and paper, Photo: with pictures measurement in software ImageTool, Tablet and Tablet 2: using different tablet technology and Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) with use of an iPAQ. The results showed that there is statistical difference in the time of completion of the inventory according to the technology employed. Photo method is the fastest and the cheapest of 5. The biometric comparison by Wilcoxon shows that the values obtained by all methods are statistically equivalent. An experiment was also performed to validate the method Photo and investigated the influence of photo distance in measured values, where the results show that there is influence, but it is not significant and the measurement by photo as reliable as measurement per Vertex.

This study focuses on certain urban forestry aspects of the City of Tshwane (previously Pretoria) and in particular that of growth rate and carbon sequestration estimates of street trees with the aim of quantification of the value of these trees. The relationships between tree height and crown dimensions to stem diameter and tree age, as well as the relationship between stem diameter to tree age enable the development of growth rate equations that predict tree dimensions and carbon storage. This permits the calculation of monetary values of urban trees and thus the modelling of costs and benefits of urban forests. The main objectives were (1) to develop tree height, crown diameter, crown height, and crown base height to stem diameter relationships for the indigenous street tree species Combretum erythrophyllum, Rhus lancea andRhus pendulina, (2) to develop tree height, crown diameter, crown height, crown base height and stem diameter to tree age relationships for the above street tree species, (3) to determine the 30 year carbon sequestration estimate and monetary value of 115 000 street trees to be planted mainly in poorer previously disadvantaged communities during the period 2002 to 2008 and (4) to determine the monetary value of the 33 630 Jacaranda mimosifolia street trees in the City based on the quantity of carbon stored in the trees. Combretum erythrophyllum had the most rapid growth rate in many instances, thereafter came Rhus pendulina and then Rhus lancea, which consistently had the slowest growth rate for the investigated parameters. It is estimated that the 115 000 street trees to be planted will sequestrate more than 200 000 tonne CO2 equivalent and have an estimated monetary value of more than US$2 million if a market related CO2 price of US$10.00 per tonne is assumed. The Jacaranda street trees have an estimated carbon stock of 41 978 tonne CO2 equivalent and this would value the Jacaranda urban forest at US$419 786. Copyright / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Plant Science / unrestricted

As urban greening efforts continue, it is important to assess whether decisions to intensify street tree planting are meeting intended goals of improving urban canopy cover and increasing ecosystem services. Benefits of the urban forest take many forms, from ecological and economic to social and cultural, and are frequently cited in support of street tree planting. However, it is unknown to what extent factors such as species or nursery production method affect the ability of trees to successfully establish and provide ecosystem services in the urban environment. Using a system of oak trees planted along roads in South Amherst, Massachusetts during spring 2014, growth in caliper at six inches, diameter at breast height, and total tree height from fall 2014 to fall 2018 were modeled to determine whether species and/or nursery production method influenced street tree establishment and growth. Economic benefits were examined using a novel approach, whereby the breakeven point of costs and returns in ecosystem services was identified. Results indicated that both species and nursery production method influenced the success of these trees, which provided a return on investment by year 2018, in terms of both growth and benefits provided. This information is relevant to tree wardens and others tasked with street tree planning and maintenance, who must work within the confines of limited budgets in an environment that poses many challenges for trees.

In 2006, the U.S. Forest Service implemented performance measures to evaluate urban forestry management in communities in each state. The Forest Service implemented these measures under its Community Accomplishment Reporting System (CARS). To achieve four CARS measures that pertain to management, communities must have a management plan, professional staff, tree ordinances, and an advisory or advocacy organization. It is unclear whether attaining the CARS measures reflects the status of the urban forest itself. We analyzed street tree inventories from communities in Massachusetts that met the CARS measures. We considered the net gain or loss in the number of street trees in 2007 and cost-benefit analyses from the Street Tree Resource Analysis Tool for Urban Forest Managers (STRATUM). We analyzed the diversity of street tree populations. We used a correlation analysis to discover associations between these variables and both community demographic measures and qualification of the urban forester managers. Thirty-three communities met the CARS measures and 9 had active street tree inventories. Fewer than half of the communities planted more trees than they removed in 2007. Planting and removal activity increased with tree budget. Cost-benefit analysis showed that for 8 of 9 communities with inventories, benefits of street trees outweighed the cost of management. Community population was associated with trees planted, trees removed, and tree budget. Demographic measures were not associated with tree performance. Tree warden certification did not impact tree condition or diversity, however non-certified tree wardens planted trees at a higher rate than non-certified tree wardens. Tree budgets were higher for communities with certified arborists and for communities with inventories used for management. Results serve as a baseline for future study of the impact of the CARS measures on street tree populations in Massachusetts.

The positive relationship between humans and nature is manifest in the urban greening movement, which has taken root in cities around the world. Street trees are an essential component of urban design and have emerged from a variety of historic legacies, both human and environmental. While the growing body of research on street trees has considered street tree density and distribution across cities, it has not situated these metrics in the broader discussion on the historical legacies of urban greening. This study considers five capital cities (Ottawa, Stockholm, Buenos Aires, Paris, and Washington, D.C.) spanning two climate zones and three continents to analyze the density and distribution of street trees by asking two questions: (1) what is the density and distribution of street trees across a given city and its street hierarchy? (2) how do these metrics compare within and between cities by climate zone? Preexisting datasets from local authorities are used to execute a geospatial analysis of the street tree structure of the central zone of each city. The results of this study shed light on the importance of place-specificity in informing the street tree legacy of cities and questions the existing primacy of the city-wide canopy cover metric as a global norm in planning practice. / Det positiva förhållandet mellan människor och natur är manifest i stadsförgröningsrörelsen (urban greening movement), vilket har etablerat sig i städer runtom i världen. Gatuträd är en essentiell komponent av stadsutformning och har växt fram från en mångfald av historiska arv, båda mänskliga och miljömässiga. Medan allt mer forskning om gatuträd har betraktat gatuträdtäthet och distribution tvärs över städer, har den inte placerat dessa mätmetoder i den större diskussionen om historiska arv av stadsförgröning. Denna studie betraktar fem huvudstäder (Ottawa, Stockholm, Buenos Aires, Paris, och Washington, D.C.) över två klimatzoner och tre kontinenter för att analysera gatuträdtäthet och distribution genom att ställa två frågor: (1) vad är tätheten och distributionen av gatuträd genom en stad och dess gatunätverkshierarki? (2) hur jämförs dessa mätmetoder inom och mellan städer i samma klimatzon? Befintliga data från lokala myndigheter används för att utföra en georumslig analys av gatuträdstrukturen i centralzonen av varje stad. Resultaten belyser platsspecificitetens vikt att inverka stadsgatuträdsarv och ifrågasätter den befintliga dominansen av stadsträdkronstäckning som en global norm inom planeringspraktik.