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Quantitative genetics of growth, carcass-quality traits, and disease resistance in hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops [female] x Morone saxatilis [male])Wang, Xiaoxue 15 May 2009 (has links)
A 10 x 10 factorial mating design and a ‘common-garden’ rearing approach were
employed to examine genetic effects and heritability of growth, carcass-quality traits,
and disease resistance, important production traits in the aquaculture of hybrid striped
bass (♀ white bass, Morone chrysops, crossed with ♂striped bass, Morone saxatilis).
Genotypes at four to ten nuclear-encoded microsatellites were used for parentage
assignment and a general, linear-mixed model and a Restricted Maximum Likelihood
(REML) algorithm were used to estimate variance components associated with dam, sire,
and dam x sire interaction effects.
Dam and sire effect on juvenile growth (weight, length and growth rates) were
significant, whereas dam by sire interaction effect was not. Estimates of broad-sense
heritability for growth, based on family means (h2
f), in dams ranged from 0.60 ± 0.20 to
0.82 ± 0.10 and in sires ranged from 0.43 ± 0.20 to 0.75 ± 0.18. High correlations were
found between growth rates measured at two time intervals. Estimates of general
combining ability for growth rates differed significantly among dams and among sires,
whereas estimates of specific combining ability for each dam × sire combination did not differ significantly from zero. These results suggest that additive-effect genes
contributed to the differences in juvenile growth.
Dam and sire effect on fillet weight were significant; dam effect on liver weight
and sire effect on total viscera weight were also significant. Dam and sire effect on
hepatosomatic index and viscerasomatic index were significant, as was dam and sire
interaction effect on viscerasomatic index. Phenotypic and genetics correlations between
body weight and carcass-quality traits were high (0.85 - 1.00). Phenotypic correlations
between body weight and standardized carcass-quality traits were positive but low,
ranging from 0.07 to 0.19.
Resistance to S. iniae was assessed in a challenge experiment, using the 10 dam x
10 sire factorial mating design. A significant effect of sire on resistance to S. iniae was
found, and offspring from one sire had a 2.4 times higher probability of dying than
offspring from the ‘average’ sire. Genetic effects on the immune-response parameters
and on stress-response parameters assessed were non-significant.
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Evaluation of various dietary supplements and strategies to enhance growth and disease management of hybrid striped bass Morone chrysops x M. saxatilisLi, Peng 12 April 2006 (has links)
The US hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops x M. saxatilis) industry has been
negatively impacted by infectious diseases because there are very few approved drugs
and vaccines. Therefore, a series of experiments was conducted to explore the potential
use of various dietary supplements including autolyzed brewers yeast, the commercial
prebiotic GroBiotic®, oligonucleotides and levamisole for improvement of hybrid
striped bass growth, immunity and resistance to disease caused by various pathogenic
bacteria.
In two trials with brewers yeast, fish fed diets supplemented with yeast at 2%
generally showed enhanced weight gain and feed efficiency compared with those fed a
basal diet. Brewers yeast also positively influenced resistance to S. iniae infection. In
addition, results of immune response assays demonstrated that brewers yeast can be
administered for relatively long periods without causing immunosuppression.
GroBiotic® (Grobiotic) also resulted in significantly enhanced weight
gain, innate immune responses and resistance of juvenile hybrid striped bass to S. iniae
infection. An additional experiment with sub-adult fish showed significantly reduced
mortality of fish fed a diet supplemented with GroBiotic® at 2% when subjected to an in-situ Mycobacterium marinum challenge. This is the first report of positive effects from
dietary prebiotics for fish health management, although many fundamental questions
should be pursued further.
Dietary supplementation of a commercial oligonucleotide product (Ascogen P®)
at 0.5% of the diet was shown to enhance resistance of hybrid striped bass against S. iniae
infection and increased their neutrophil oxidative radical production. However, the effect
on growth was marginal.
Dietary levamisole supplementation at a low level (100 mg/kg) enhanced the
growth and feed efficiency of juvenile hybrid striped bass. However, an elevated dosage
(1000 mg/kg diet) strongly suppressed growth, feed intake and feed efficiency.
Hypothesized beneficial influences, including antibody production and resistance to S.
iniae and A. hydrophila were not substantiated. Although dietary levamisole increased
fish macrophage respiratory burst, an in vitro study failed to show a direct effect on
cultured macrophages.
This suite of studies demonstrated the potential use of some dietary supplements
to enhance hybrid striped bass production. Thus, immunonutrition represents a valuable
strategy to apply in aquaculture.
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Overwintering abundance and distribution of striped bass (Morone saxtilis) in the Hudson River Estuary using hydroacoustic techniquesNagy, Brian W. January 1900 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2002. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 113 p. : ill. (some col.), col. map. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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Using geomorphology and animal “individuality” to understand ‘scape-scale predator distributionsTaylor, Ryland January 1900 (has links)
Master of Science / Department of Biology / Martha E. Mather / Determining patterns and drivers of organismal distribution and abundance are fundamental and enduring challenges in ecology, especially for mobile organisms at a ‘scape scale. To address the problem presented by individuals whose distributions are dynamic across large geographic areas, here I tracked 59 acoustically-tagged migratory striped bass (Morone saxatilis) with an array of 26 stationary receivers in Plum Island Estuary (PIE), MA. Specifically, I asked (1) how these predators were distributed across the estuarine seascape, (2) if these fish used three types of geomorphic sites (exits, confluences, and non-confluences) differently, (3) if distinct types of individual distributional “types” existed, and (4) if fish within distinct distributional groups used geomorphic site types and regions differently. Based on three components of predator trajectories (site specific numbers of individuals, residence time, and number of movements), striped bass were not distributed evenly throughout PIE. Confluences attracted tagged striped bass although not all confluences or all parts of confluences were used equally. Use of non-confluences sites was more variable than exits or confluences. Thus, geomorphic drivers and regions link mobile organisms to physical conditions across the seascape. Based on spatial and spatial-temporal cluster analyses, these striped bass predators clustered into four seasonally-resident distributional types. These included the (1) Rowley River group (fish that primarily resided in the Rowley River), (2) Plum Island Sound group (fish that primarily resided in the Middle Sound region), (3) Extreme Fidelity group (fish that spent most of their time in PIE at a single receiver location), and (4) the Exploratory group (fish that showed no affiliation with any particular location). These distributional groups used geomorphic site types and regions differently. Thus, my data show a rare link between behavioral (i.e., individual animal personalities) and field ecology (seascape geomorphology) that can advance the understanding of field-based patterns and drivers of organismal distribution.
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Aspects of the Biology of Aeromonas Hydrophilia with Respect to the Striped Mullet, Mugil Cephalus L. in the St. Johns RiverFensch, Gerald E. 01 April 1983 (has links) (PDF)
The aspects of the biology of Aeromonas hydrophila with respect to a striped mullet (Mugil cephalus L.0 nursery were examined. A. hydrophila density in the natural water was found to be strongly correlated with turbidity and weakly correlated with water temperature. No correlations were found between A. hydrophila density and water depth, dissolved oxygen, pH, total alkalinity, specific conductivity, or phytoplankton chlorophyll concentration. A. hydrophila density/g dry weight of stomach content were found to be correlated with chlorophyll concentration/g dry weight stomach content. The survivability of striped mullet after capture was found to be primarily related to stress. Stressed striped mullet tended to become infected by A. hydrophila more readily. The mortality of transported striped mullet was reduced with the use of quinaldine, a fish tranquilizer, and by reducing crowding during transport.
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Seasonal movements of western chorus frogs (Pseudacris triseriata triseriata) tagged with radioactive cobaltKramer, David C. January 1971 (has links)
The movements of Western Chorus Frogs (Pseudacris, triseriata triseriata) were studied from March, 1970, to March, 1971, at the Robert H. and Esther L. Cooper Woodland Area near Muncie, Delaware County, Indiana. The objectives of the study were to determine: (1) the time and rate of dispersal from the breeding pool; (2) the day-to-day movements, including the time and minimal distance traveled; (3) the preferred cover or microhabitat; and (4) the site of hibernation.Seventy-three Chorus Frogs were tagged with approximately 50 μc Co60 and toe-clipped, and each was released at its capture site. The frogs were then sought at intervals by surveying the area with a portable survey meter equipped with a scintillation probe. The location of each recovered specimen and a description of the recapture site was recorded.Sixty-two individual specimens were recaptured at least one time. The number of recaptures for each specimen was variable, and the maximum number of recaptures for a single specimen was 26 times. In all, 324 recoveries of tagged specimens were made. The tagged specimens graduallybecame lost to the investigator, and the last specimen was found on August 4. The longest period of contact for an individual frog was 134 days.Some Chorus Frogs began leaving the breeding pools soon after the first eggs were observed on April 1. The exodus appeared to be gradual as a few (one to eight) additional tagged specimens were found out of the pools throughout April and early May. Four of these specimens returned at least once to their original pool and seventeen frogs entered a second pool.From a single attempt to monitor the overnight activities of these frogs, it appears that they remain quiescent during the daylight hours and become active between dusk and dawn.The minimal distances traveled by the tagged, specimens during the study are more a function of the length of the contact period and the number of recaptures than of the activity of the frogs. The average rate of movement for all of the specimens over the entire study period was 11.3 feet/day. However, the fastest observed rate of movement for a single specimen between two recapture sites was 138 feet/day. The greatest straight distance any specimen was found from its original pool was 700 feet. Most recaptures were within 500 feet of the pools where the specimens were tagged.In 213 (91.3%) of the 234 recaptures made daylight hours after the frogs left the breeding pools,the frogs were hidden in the leaf litter of the woods or dead grasses of the grassland. In the remaining recaptures the frogs were hidden under small objects. The frogs seemed to prefer moist rather than dry or wet cover, but this is possibly more a reflection of conditions at the time of the study than a preference on the part of the frogs.The gradual disappearance of the tagged frogs from the study area, the woodland situation of the breeding pools, and the concentration of searching efforts in the vicinity of the pools prevented the determination of the preferred habitat type (woodland or grassland). Also, because of the loss of all tagged specimens by the end of summer, hibernating sites were not located.There is evidence that the gradual disappearance of tagged specimens may be explained by predation or movement of the frogs underground or out of the study area. Other frogs lost their cobalt wires and could no longer be located.
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Water chemistry characterization and component performance of a recirculating aquaculture system producing hybrid striped bass /Easter, Christopher, January 1992 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1992. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-143). Also available via the Internet.
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Comparative ecology and interspecific competition between the sympatric congeners Sebastes caurinus (copper rockfish) and S. maliger (quillback rockfish)Murie, D. J. 29 June 2018 (has links)
Comparative ecology and interspecific competition were
examined between two sympatric congeners, Sebastes caurinus
Richardson 1845 (copper rockfish) and S. maliger (Jordan and
Gilbert 1880) (quillback rockfish) in Saanich Inlet, British
Columbia, Canada, from 1986-1990. Ecological profiles were
constructed through analyses of depth distribution, habitat
and species associations, activities, feeding habits, gut
allometry, growth, and reproduction. Interspecific
competition between copper and quillback rockfish was
examined by experimentally manipulating the densities of one
or the other species on rocky reefs in Saanich Inlet where
they were sympatric.
The Pisces IV submersible was used to survey the
distribution of rockfish in relatively deep-water (21-140 m)
in Saanich Inlet. Copper and quillback rockfish were
sympatric in water depths of 21-65 m. They occurred in
association with one another the majority of the time (>90%)
and their densities were greatest over areas of complex
substrate. Size of copper and quillback rockfish was
positively correlated with increased depth, primarily due to
the absence of small fish in deeper waters. Both species
were observed most frequently perched on open substrate or
hovering in the water column. Copper rockfish were observed
swimming more frequently than quillback rockfish.
Copper and quillback rockfish primarily consumed
demersal crustaceans throughout the year. Copper rockfish
consumed a greater proportion of pelagic fishes than
quillback rockfish, whereas quillback rockfish had a greater
proportion of pelagic crustaceans in their diet. Levins'
(1968) measure of niche breadth of the diet (by mass), as
standardized by Hurlbert (1978), was narrow (0.19-0.20) to
moderate (0.32-0.51) for quillback and copper rockfish
respectively, during spring, summer, and fall. In the
winter it was extremely narrow (0.02) for both species due
to their feeding predominantly on one prey type, juvenile
herring (Clupea harengus) . The Simplified Morisita Index of
niche overlap (Horn 1966) in feeding habits (by mass) was
relatively high (>0.55) throughout the year, and
particularly during the winter (0.99). This high niche
overlap in the winter occurred when large schools of
juvenile herring were available in the environment and were
probably not a limited resource. Extensive niche overlap
between copper and quillback rockfish may therefore indicate
an abundance of a shared resource rather than competition
for the resource.
Copper and quillback rockfish consumed the greatest
quantity of food during the winter when feeding on juvenile
herring, although quillback rockfish consumed significantly
less food mass than copper rockfish in the winter. A
greater proportion of quillback rockfish were collected with
food in their stomachs during the spring and summer, when
the numerically dominant food items were pelagic
crustaceans. The importance of fish prey in the diets of
both copper and quillback rockfish increased with size.
Copper rockfish had a shorter intestine and larger
stomach relative to similar-sized quillback rockfish. This
suggested that the gastrointestinal tract of copper rockfish
was better suited to holding and digesting fish and larger
crustaceans than quillback rockfish, an observation
consistent with differences in their feeding habits.
Copper and quillback rockfish had similar growth
patterns with no readily identifiable species-specific and
sex-specific differences. Both sexes of both species
attained asymptotic lengths of 30-31 cm total length and had
similar growth coefficients (0.141-0.187). Within each sex,
copper rockfish had a smaller increase in mass per unit of
body length than quillback rockfish, indicative of a more
pelagic lifestyle for copper rockfish.
Estimated lengths at first and 100% sexual maturity for
female and male copper and quillback rockfish were similar.
Male copper rockfish were ripe, and potentially inseminated
females, in January and February. Female copper rockfish
were found to be carrying fertilized eggs in April and May,
and gave birth to their young primarily in June. The
reproductive cycle of quillback rockfish preceded that of
copper rockfish by approximately one month, with parturition
for quillback rockfish occurring mainly in May. The
fecundity of copper and quillback rockfish was similar, with
a 30-cm fish giving birth to approximately 90,000 young.
Visceral fat cycles of mature female copper and
quillback rockfish were complementary to their cycles of
gonad maturation and increases in gonad size, indicating
that they use visceral fat stores as a source of energy for
maturation of their eggs and nourishment of their developing
young. Visceral fat cycles of mature males were mainly
coincident with the maturation and size increase of their
gonads, indicating that they did not use visceral fat
reserves in the maturation of their gonads. Male rockfish
secondarily may have used their fat reserves as an energy
source during the period when they were ripe, perhaps for
mating activities. Visceral fat accumulation and
dissipation in immature males and females appeared to be
primarily related to periods of feeding.
Interspecific competition between copper and quillback
rockfish was asymmetrical, seasonal, and transitory, based
on experimental manipulations of the densities of the
congeners in natural populations. Copper rockfish did not
have a competitive effect on quillback rockfish, but
quillback rockfish had a weak competitive effect on copper
rockfish. This effect was apparent only during the fall,
was strongest in the fall immediately following the density
manipulations, and appeared to weaken in the subsequent fall
season. The seasonal competitive effect may have been
caused by copper rockfish moving onto the study reefs (18-31
m depth) from shallower waters (<20 m) during the fall and
winter, creating a short-term 'ecological crunch' in which
food or space resources were limited.
Overall, comparative ecological profiles of copper and
quillback rockfish exhibited a large degree of overlap.
Differences observed between them were small but
consistently indicated that copper rockfish had a more
pelagic lifestyle than quillback rockfish. The otherwise
high degree of similarity between the two congeners,
however, did not translate into sustained interspecific
competition.
Ecological theory purporting a major role for
interspecific competition in structuring fish communities
was therefore not supported by experimental manipulations of
population densities of deep-subtidal, temperate zone
rockfishes. The asymmetrical, seasonal, and transitory
occurrence of weak interspecific competition demonstrated
that competition between these rockfish species is dynamic,
and cannot account for the pattern of species association.
Alternative hypotheses based on the importance of
intraspecific competition, predation, or environmental
variability must therefore be considered. / Graduate
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Development of a flameless atomic absorption assay for mercury in biological materials and levels of mercury detected in striped bass (Roccus saxatilis) collected in the San Joaquin DeltaBurch, Patrick Glenn 01 January 1972 (has links)
The method for the determination of total mercury in biological material described in this paper comprises a destruction of organic matter by wet digestion, a reduction of the mercury by stannous sulfate, and circulation of the displaced mercury vapor in a closed system directly connected with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer Seven tissues from ten samples of locally obtained Roccus saxatilis (striped bass) were analyzed, and a three-fold elevation of mercury levels in the liver over the levels in the filet noted. See Table XIX for a comparison of the high, low, and average values for each tissue.
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Distribution Patterns of Migratory Striped Bass in Plum Island Estuary, MassachusettsPautzke, Sarah M 01 January 2008 (has links) (PDF)
This is the first study to assess how the coastal migratory stock of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) uses non-natal New England estuaries during their foraging migration. Using hydroacoustic telemetry from June through October in Plum Island Estuary, Massachusetts, I examined how long coastal migratory striped bass stayed throughout the seasons, if they were equally distributed, if individual striped bass were distributed differently, and if distribution changed with season, tide, or light. Striped bass, ages 2-5 (300-480 mm), were tagged with VEMCO transmitters in the spring and summer of 2005 (N=14) and 2006 (N=46). They stayed for an average of 66 days in 2005 (SE=7.6) and 72 days in 2006 (SE=6.2). Of the fish tagged in 2005 and 2006, 60% remained for longer than 30 days. This might reflect two striped bass migration strategies: 1) transient migration, in which striped bass visit many estuaries, and 2) estuary-specific, in which they reside in a single location for the summer. The amount of time the striped bass spent in six reaches delineated within the estuary was quantified. Striped bass were not evenly distributed across these reaches. Instead, they spent the most time in the mid Plum Island Sound and lower Rowley River reaches in both years. Three different uses of PIE were observed. Some striped bass stayed briefly (5-20 d; N=24), some stayed primarily in the Rowley River (N=14), and others stayed primarily in Plum Island Sound (N=22). Striped bass use of the mid Plum Island Sound and lower Rowley River reaches remained consistently high in spring and summer, but decreased in fall, while use of the lower Plum Island Sound did not vary much. Use of other reaches varied seasonally. Tide and light were less associated with distribution, but in the summer the Rowley River use-group increased utilization of tidal creeks during the day, though not at high tide. These three use-groups identified in Plum Island Estuary may be foraging contingents that may learn how to forage in specific parts of the estuary demonstrated by over half the striped bass remaining for much of the summer and congregating in distinct areas.
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