Female labor force participation rate in Turkey has been consistently lower than the participation rate in many of the similar developing countries. In addition to country specific factors that prevent increased participation of women, the Turkish economy has been passing through a liberalization program since 1980s which also affects the structure of female labor force in many aspects. The main objective of this thesis is to investigate the patterns in the position of women in the labor force during 1988 -2008 in Turkey. The period under concern can be identified as one under which the country has largely completed its transformation within the structural reform programs. A major question that is investigated in this thesis is whether the female labor force has been affected differently than men during the period under concern. Employing structural decomposition and the factor content analyses, impacts of changing production patterns and foreign trade on female labor force are examined. Hence, the present study constitutes a basis for studies that aim to develop policy implications for increased female labor force participation in Turkey.

With the growth of international trade many researchers are questioning the effects on the environment by emissions embodied in international trade flows. The embodied emissions in the import (EEI) and export of Sweden are relatively unexplored despite being a trade-dependent country. However, a few earlier studies indicate that the largest share of embodied CO2 in the international trade of Sweden is in the import from China. This thesis evaluates Sweden’s EEI from China during the years 1995-2009 by using an input-output analysis with the emissions in bilateral trade approach. Different from existing studies, the sector distributions of the EEI are outlined with high transparency and the driving factors for the change in EEI are identified by using a structural decomposition analysis (SDA). Results shows that the EEI increased significantly from 1995-2009 and that the main increase occurred during 2002-2007. The import of electrical and optical equipment, textile products and renting of machinery and equipment contributed to the largest share of the EEI. The EEI induced from the total import were mainly generated from electricity, gas and water supply and other heavy industries. Results from the SDA showed that the scale effect from increased imports from especially heavy industries had a large influence on the growth in embodied CO2 emissions. The service sectors contributed to the second largest share of the increase in the EEI due to scale and structural effects. The technical effect, on the contrary, was markedly offsetting the increase of embodied CO2 emissions both for heavy and light industries.

Recent empirical assessments revealed that footprint indicators calculated with various multi-regional input-output (MRIO) databases deliver deviating results. In this paper, we propose a new method, called structural production layer decomposition (SPLD), which complements existing structural decomposition approaches. SPLD enables differentiating between effects stemming from specific parts in the technology matrix, e.g. trade blocks vs. domestic blocks, while still allowing to link the various effects to the total region footprint. Using the carbon footprint of the EU-28 in 2011 as an example, we analyse the differences between EXIOBASE, Eora, GTAP and WIOD. Identical environmental data are used across all MRIO databases. In all model comparisons, variations in domestic blocks have a more significant impact on the carbon footprint than variations in trade blocks. The results provide a wealth of information for MRIO developers and are relevant for policy makers designing climate policy measures targeted to specific stages along product supply chain.

In various international policy processes such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals, an urgent demand for robust consumption-based indicators of material flows, or material footprints (MFs), has emerged over the past years. Yet, MFs for national economies diverge when calculated with different Global Multiregional Input-Output (GMRIO) databases, constituting a significant barrier to a broad policy uptake of these indicators. The objective of this paper is to quantify the impact of data deviations between GMRIO databases on the resulting MF. We use two methods, structural decomposition analysis and structural production layer decomposition, and apply them for a pairwise assessment of three GMRIO databases, EXIOBASE, Eora, and the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) database, using an identical set of material extensions. Although all three GMRIO databases accord for the directionality of footprint results, that is, whether a countries' final demand depends on net imports of raw materials from abroad or is a net exporter, they sometimes show significant differences in level and composition of material flows. Decomposing the effects from the Leontief matrices (economic structures), we observe that a few sectors at the very first stages of the supply chain, that is, raw material extraction and basic processing, explain 60% of the total deviations stemming from the technology matrices. We conclude that further development of methods to align results from GMRIOs, in particular for material-intensive sectors and supply chains, should be an important research priority. This will be vital to strengthen the uptake of demand-based material flow indicators in the resource policy context.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:45:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 658080 bytes, checksum: e04e46eeccee4aa62cffa4e241b4f09f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The global energy mix, including Brazil, has shown changes as their main sources of energy, in order to ensure efficiency and continuity of the production process. In this sense, this work aims to verify, through the hybrid input-output, such as changes in the Brazilian energy matrix between 2000 and 2005 impacted the intensity of CO2 emissions in Brazil. The hybrid matrix built account the energy consumed in the production process as a whole, taking into account the energy consumed in the production of final goods as well as the as the one used in the production of intermediate goods. Such research is necessary because there is a growing concern about environmental issues, and increased use of energy, whatever the source, increases the emission of CO2 in the atmosphere at the same time that energy resources are fundamental inputs for growth economic. For this, we used the input-output hybrid contemplating energy sectors to meet both cross-industry fuel consumption and thus CO2 emissions. In addition, we use the structural decomposition analysis to assess whether the change in emission is a result of technological change or whether it is a result of a demand shock. The result observed is that between the years 2000 and 2005 was the replacement of more polluting sources by less polluting as gas, mainly in the sectors of oil refining. But the increase in energy intensity generated an increase in CO2 emissions despite the natural gas is less polluting. For the energy sector, this variation is due mainly to changes in final demand. / As matrizes energéticas mundiais, inclusive a brasileira, vêm apresentando mudanças quanto as suas principais fontes de energia, como forma de garantir a eficiência e a continuidade do processo de produção. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho objetiva verificar, através da matriz insumo-produto híbrida, como transformações na matriz energética brasileira entre 2000 e 2005 impactaram na intensidade de emissão de CO2 no Brasil. A matriz insumo-produto híbrida contabiliza a energia consumida no processo produtivo como um todo, levando em consideração a energia gasta na produção de bens final como também aquela utilizada na produção de bens intermediários. Tal pesquisa faz-se necessário porque há uma crescente preocupação com a questão ambiental, e o aumento do uso de energia, seja qual for à fonte, aumenta as emissões de CO2 na atmosfera ao mesmo tempo em que os recursos energéticos são insumos fundamentais para o crescimento econômico. Para isso, foram contemplados setores energéticos para conhecer as mudanças intersetoriais do consumo de combustíveis, e consequentemente da emissão de CO2. Além disso, utiliza-se a Análise de Decomposição Estrutural para avaliar se a variação da emissão é resultado de uma mudança tecnológica ou se é consequência de um choque de demanda. O resultado observado é que entre os anos de 2000 e 2005 houve a substituição de fontes mais poluentes por menos poluentes como o gás natural, principalmente nos setores de refino de petróleo. Mas, o aumento da intensidade energética, gerou um acréscimo na emissão de CO2 apesar do gás natural ser menos poluente. Para o setor energético, essa variação é conseqüência, principalmente, de mudanças na demanda final.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-10-04T19:25:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 joilsondeassiscabral.pdf: 677858 bytes, checksum: 23b1a0e11632e5ef6df97a4e444b7690 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-10-05T10:52:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 joilsondeassiscabral.pdf: 677858 bytes, checksum: 23b1a0e11632e5ef6df97a4e444b7690 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-05T10:52:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 joilsondeassiscabral.pdf: 677858 bytes, checksum: 23b1a0e11632e5ef6df97a4e444b7690 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-14 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Economia da Saúde obteve maior atenção por parte dos formuladores de política econômica após a Segunda Grande Guerra tendo em vista que a saúde, ou a ausência dela, é uma variável macroeconômica que retrata o nível de desenvolvimento econômico de uma região. A saúde incidiria sobre a qualidade do capital humano e sobre o incentivo/desincentivo à entrada de investimentos (PIOLA et al., 2002). Por estarem diretamente associados à vida, do ponto de vista individual, não existe saciedade em relação aos bens e serviços de Saúde (ANDRADE, 2000). Neste contexto, a presente dissertação realizou a decomposição da variação da produção dos setores de Saúde em efeitos de mudança tecnológica (coeficientes técnicos) e de mudança na demanda final para os anos de 2000 e 2005 no caso brasileiro e 1997 e 2002 para os EUA. O objetivo primordial desta decomposição foi investigar, de forma detalhada, a estrutura produtiva dos setores ligados à Saúde contemplados nesta dissertação e suas interdependências com os demais setores da economia e com os componentes da demanda final. Os resultados da Análise de Decomposição Estrutural (SDA) demonstram que a economia brasileira possui um forte componente de crescimento influenciado pela demanda final. Este padrão é mantido para os setores relacionados à Saúde. Quanto ao desempenho tecnológico da economia brasileira, tornou-se nítida a existência de certo grau de disparidade tecnológica inter-setorial. No que tange aos setores da Saúde, os setores que mais se destacaram com um aumento do dinamismo tecnológico foram Assistência médica suplementar e Fabricação de produtos farmacêuticos. Os demais setores relacionados à Saúde, em geral, possuem uma mesma trajetória tecnológica, sendo setores “dominados pelos fornecedores” e “puxados pela demanda”. Os resultados da SDA realizada para a economia norte-americana revelaram que a variação do VBP, entre 1997 e 2002, foi vigorosamente influenciada pelo componente de demanda final. Refinando a análise para os setores relacionados à Saúde, os resultados mostraram relativa estabilidade tecnológica para os setores de serviços de Saúde no período analisado. No que tange aos setores industriais da Saúde, houve perda expressiva de dinamismo tecnológico. Ao comparar a variação do componente tecnológico nos períodos de análise entre Brasil e EUA, percebe-se que os setores ligados à Saúde permaneceram estáveis no que se refere à variação tecnológica, à exceção do setor de Fabricação de Produtos Farmacêuticos em que foi verificado relevante avanço tecnológico no Brasil e variação negativa nos EUA. Ao analisar o componente tecnológico de forma desagregada, verifica-se, mais uma vez, um padrão divergente: para o caso brasileiro nota-se um esforço tecnológico oriundo do setor público enquanto no caso norte-americano, há um esforço tecnológico do setor privado. O setor de Saúde referente à Fabricação de Instrumentos Médicos apresenta perda de dinamismo tecnológico nos dois países. Já os setores de serviços de Saúde mantiveram variação tecnológica relativamente constante, em ambas as economias, nos períodos considerados. Com relação à demanda final, foi verificado forte influência do componente de demanda final na determinação do crescimento do Produto dos setores de Saúde brasileiros e norte-americanos. / Health Economics got greater attention from economic policy makers after the Second World War. Health or lack of health is a macroeconomic variable that shows the level of economic development in a region. The health would affect the quality of human capital and the incentive / disincentive the investment flows (PIOLA et al., 2002). By being directly associated with the life from the individual point of view, there is no satiety for goods and services of Health (ANDRADE, 2000). In this context, this paper carried out the decomposition of the variation of production in the health sectors into two effects: a) a technological change (technical coefficients) and b) change in final demand for the years 2000 and 2005 in the Brazilian case and 1997 and 2002 for the USA. The primary goal of this decomposition was to investigate in detail the structure of the productive sectors related to health included in this dissertation and their interdependencies with other sectors of the economy and the components of final demand. Results of Structural Decomposition Analysis (SDA) show that the Brazilian economy has a strong component of growth influenced by the final demand. This pattern is maintained for the areas related to Health. In relation to the technological performance of Brazilian economy, it became clear that there are significant technological differences among the sectors. With regard to the sectors of Health, the sectors that stood out with an increase in technological dynamism were additional medical care and manufacturing of pharmaceuticals. The other sectors related to health, in general, have the same technological trajectory, and "dominated by suppliers" and "pushed by demand." The results of the SDA held for the U.S. economy showed that the variation of GDP, between 1997 and 2002 was strongly influenced by the final demand component. Refining the analysis for the sectors related to health, the results for the technological component are relatively stable for the sectors of health services in this period. With regard to industrial sectors of Health, there was significant loss of technological dynamism. By comparing the variation of the technology component in the periods of analysis between the U.S. and Brazil, we find that sectors related to health remained stable in relation to technological change, except for the sector of Manufacturing of Pharmaceuticals in which, in terms of technological component, significant progress was observed in Brazil and negative change in the U.S. Analyzing the technological component disaggregated, there is, again, a divergent pattern: for the Brazilian case we note a technological effort that comes from the public sector while in the U.S. case, there is a technological efforts that is due to the private sector. The Production of Medical Instruments has loss of technological dynamism in both countries. The sectors of health services remained relatively constant in terms of technological change, in both economies in the periods considered. With regard to final demand, it was found strong influence of the final demand component in determining the final product growth in the Brazilians and Americans Health sector.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-07-20T15:20:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marcusviniciusamaralesilva.pdf: 2590619 bytes, checksum: 4fd347134630b770de59aaaa2aa2fd58 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-09-03T16:18:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marcusviniciusamaralesilva.pdf: 2590619 bytes, checksum: 4fd347134630b770de59aaaa2aa2fd58 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-03T16:18:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marcusviniciusamaralesilva.pdf: 2590619 bytes, checksum: 4fd347134630b770de59aaaa2aa2fd58 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-03 / O objetivo desta tese é analisar as mudanças na estrutura de rendimento, ocorridas na economia brasileira entre 2000 e 2010, e sua relação com as alterações nos padrões de consumo e as transformações na estrutura produtiva do país. Para isso, são elaboradas duas matrizes, por meio de um modelo de Matriz de Contabilidade Social (MCS), desagregada para 10 grupos familiares representativos. A estrutura de interdependência de renda entre as famílias é investigada por meio dos multiplicadores inter-relacionais de renda de Miyazawa. Já as mudanças na estrutura produtiva, entre 2000 e 2010, induzida por cada uma das 10 famílias típicas é investigada por meio de uma Análise de Decomposição Estrutural. Os principais resultados alcançados pela aplicação desses dos dois métodos apontam para uma relevante redução na renda absorvida pela última classe familiar, dado um choque exógeno de renda, ao longo do período de análise. Por outro lado, as famílias que fazem parte dos grupos de menor rendimento, tiveram aumento significativo na absorção de renda entre 2000 e 2010. O que pode ser explicado pelas transformações na estrutura de rendimentos, ocorridas principalmente em favor das classes familiares de menor renda, representadas sobretudo pela redução dos indicadores de desigualdade de renda. Isso implica que, políticas de transferência de renda, como o Bolsa Família, e as mudanças no mercado de trabalho, observada principalmente por meio do aumento do salário mínimo real, passaram a gerar maiores benefícios às camadas mais pobres da população. Já a análise de decomposição estrutural indica que os grupos familiares com menor rendimento médio foram aqueles que mais contribuíram para o aumento da produção observada no período. Esse resultado sugere que o crescimento da renda, associado a novos padrões de consumo, está intimamente ligado aos avanços produtivos entre 2000 e 2010. / The aim of this thesis is to analyze the changes in the structure of income that occurred in the Brazilian economy between 2000 and 2010, and it's relation with the changes in patterns of consumption and the transformations in the productive structure of the country. To achieve this objective, two matrices are elaborated, using a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) model, disaggregated for 10 representative households groups. The structure of income interdependence among households is investigated through Miyazawa's interrelational income multipliers. The changes in the productive structure, between 2000 and 2010, induced by each one of the 10 typical families are investigated through a Structural Decomposition Analysis (SDA). The main results point to a significant reduction in the income absorbed by the last household, given an exogenous income shock, throughout the period of analysis. On the other hand, the families that are part of the lower income groups had a significant increase in income absorption between 2000 and 2010. This can be explained by the changes in income structure, mainly in favor of lower income households, mainly represented by the reduction of income inequality indicators. This implies that income transfer policies, such as Bolsa Família, and changes in the labor market, observed mainly through the increase of the real minimum wage, generated greater benefits to the poorest sections of the population. On the other hand, the analysis of structural decomposition indicates that the household groups with the lowest average income were the ones that contributed the most to the production increase observed in the period. This result suggests that income growth and the rise of a new middle class, with new patterns of consumption, are closely linked to the productive advances between 2000 and 2010.