The present study employs a standardized progressive load scratch test (ASTM D7027/ISO 19252) to investigate the fundamental physical and mechanistic origins of scratch deformation in styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) random copolymers. Previous findings from numerical simulation using finite element methods are used to establish correlation between mechanical properties and key scratch deformation mechanisms of the SAN model systems. For SAN, the acrylonitrile (AN) content and molecular weight (MW) can be changed to alter mechanical properties such as tensile strength and ductility. The key scratch deformation mechanisms are identified as: scratch groove formation, scratch visibility, periodic micro-cracking and plowing. Groove formation has been correlated to the secant modulus at the compressive yield point while micro-cracking and plowing are related to the tensile strength of the material. The fundamentals and physical origins of scratch visibility are discussed. It is explained how unbiased evaluation is accomplished by means of an automatic digital image analysis software package (ASV®). Frictional behavior and the effects of scratch speed and moisture absorption are also addressed. Increasing the AN content and/or the MW of the SAN random copolymers generally enhances the scratch resistance of the material with regard to the onset of the key deformation mechanisms. Increasing the scratch speed increases the brittleness of the material, resulting in failure at lower applied loads. Moisture absorption increases with AN content and imparts a degree of plasticization as the moisture diffuses into the sub-surface. This plasticization initially results in a degradation of scratch resistance with respect to the key deformation mechanisms, but then, after saturation, the moisture on the surface provides lubrication and improves the scratch resistance. It is important to note that polymers are fundamentally different in nature, but the findings of this study serve as an important stepping stone down the path to a deeper understanding of polymer scratch behavior.

The structure-property relationships of epoxy nanocomposites with inorganic layer-structure nanofillers have been studied to obtain the fundamental understanding of the role of nanofillers and the physics of polymer nanocomposites in this dissertation. Several polymer nanocomposite systems with modified montmorillonite (MMT) or α-zirconium phosphate (ZrP) nanofillers were prepared with epoxy matrices of different ductility and properties. The successful nanofiller's exfoliations were confirmed with X-ray diffraction and transmision electronic microscopy (TEM). Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) on the prepared epoxy nanocomposites revealed the significant increase in rubbery plateau moduli of the epoxy nanocomposite systems above Tg, as high as 4.5 times, and tensile test results showed improved modulus by the nanofiller addition, while the fracture toughenss was not affected or slightly decreased by nanofillers. The brittle epoxy nanocomposite systems were toughened with core shell rubber (CSR) particles and showed remarkable increase in fracture toughness (KIC) value up to 270%. The CSR toughening is more effective at ductile matrices, and TEM observation indicates that major toughening mechanisms induced by the CSR addition involve a large scale CSR cavitation, followed by massive shear deformation of the matrix.

Surrogate fuels are mixtures of pure hydrocarbons that mimic specific properties of a real fuel. The use of a small number of pure compounds in their formulation ensures that chemical composition is well controlled, helping increase reproducibility of experiments and reduce the computational cost associated with numerical modeling. In this work, surrogate mixtures were developed for Jet A fuel based on correlations between fuel properties (cetane number, smoke point, threshold sooting index (TSI), density, viscosity, boiling point and freezing point) and the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of the fuel as a measure of the fuel's chemical composition. Comparison of the chemical composition and target fuel properties of the surrogate fuels developed in this work to a Jet A fuel sample and other surrogate fuels proposed in the literature revealed the superiority of these surrogate fuels in mimicking the fuel properties of interest.

Surrogate fuels are mixtures of pure hydrocarbons that mimic specific properties of a real fuel. The use of a small number of pure compounds in their formulation ensures that chemical composition is well controlled, helping increase reproducibility of experiments and reduce the computational cost associated with numerical modeling. In this work, surrogate mixtures were developed for Jet A fuel based on correlations between fuel properties (cetane number, smoke point, threshold sooting index (TSI), density, viscosity, boiling point and freezing point) and the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of the fuel as a measure of the fuel's chemical composition. Comparison of the chemical composition and target fuel properties of the surrogate fuels developed in this work to a Jet A fuel sample and other surrogate fuels proposed in the literature revealed the superiority of these surrogate fuels in mimicking the fuel properties of interest.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23715号 / 理博第4805号 / 新制||理||1688(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)教授 北川 宏, 教授 吉村 一良, 教授 竹腰 清乃理 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

abstract: The exceptional mechanical properties of polymers with heterogeneous structure, such as the high toughness of polyethylene and the excellent blast-protection capability of polyurea, are strongly related to their morphology and nanoscale structure. Different polymer microstructures, such as semicrystalline morphology and segregated nanophases, lead to coordinated molecular motions during deformation in order to preserve compatibility between the different material phases. To study molecular relaxation in polyethylene, a coarse-grained model of polyethylene was calibrated to match the local structural variable distributions sampled from supercooled atomistic melts. The coarse-grained model accurately reproduces structural properties, e.g., the local structure of both the amorphous and crystalline phases, and thermal properties, e.g., glass transition and melt temperatures, and dynamic properties: including the vastly different relaxation time scales of the amorphous and crystalline phases. A hybrid Monte Carlo routine was developed to generate realistic semicrystalline configurations of polyethylene. The generated systems accurately predict the activation energy of the alpha relaxation process within the crystalline phase. Furthermore, the models show that connectivity to long chain segments in the amorphous phase increases the energy barrier for chain slip within crystalline phase. This prediction can guide the development of tougher semicrystalline polymers by providing a fundamental understanding of how nanoscale morphology contributes to chain mobility. In a different study, the macroscopic shock response of polyurea, a phase segregated copolymer, was analyzed using density functional theory (DFT) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and classical MD simulations. The two models predict the shock response consistently up to shock pressures of 15 GPa, beyond which the DFT-based simulations predict a softer response. From the DFT simulations, an analysis of bond scission was performed as a first step in developing a more fundamental understanding of how shock induced material transformations effect the shock response and pressure dependent strength of polyurea subjected to extreme shocks. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Mechanical Engineering 2017

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2017-03-28T18:56:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) dissertação versão final - corrigida - biblioteca.pdf: 1221712 bytes, checksum: b2f58c09c11987847061e8feca60f1b8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-28T18:56:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) dissertação versão final - corrigida - biblioteca.pdf: 1221712 bytes, checksum: b2f58c09c11987847061e8feca60f1b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-30 / A discussão acerca dos honorários de auditoria é um tema bastante amplo na literatura nacional e internacional, porém seus estudos vem se intensificando no Brasil com a obrigatoriedade da prestação de informações por meio de Formulário de Referência da CVM ocorrida em 2009. Atrelado a isso, vem também a disponibilidade de dados em mercados mais desenvolvidos, que tem contribuído não apenas para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas acadêmicas, mas também para a própria regulação do mercado. Nesse contexto o objetivo desta dissertação foi investigar a influência da governança corporativa e estrutura de propriedade sobre os honorários da auditoria independente em empresas listadas no mercado BM&FBovespa de forma separada, analogamente às discussões já existentes. Os dados coletados abrangem o período de 2012 a 2014, porém a não disponibilidade de dados em alguns dos períodos limitou a amostra em 214 empresas. Utilizou-se um estudo de dados em painel, compreendendo o período selecionado, para responder a questão problema, onde a teoria central testada, é que a governança corporativa e a estrutura de propriedade seriam fatores determinantes dos honorários pagos os auditores independentes. Analisou-se dentro do modelo, uma variável de estrutura de propriedade de cada vez, de forma separada como proposto nesta pesquisa, sendo feito um modelo de regressão para cada variável. Os resultados permitem inferir que existe relação entre fatores de governança corporativa e estrutura de propriedades com os honorários da auditoria independe. Conclui-se que governança corporativa e estrutura de propriedade influenciam os honorários da auditoria independente, onde empresas que possuem melhores práticas de governança geram mais controles para serem auditados, aumentando os custos com auditoria independente. Em contrapartida, empresas com um elevado grau de concentração de propriedade, caracterizadas por terem maior facilidade de existência de conflitos de agência, tendem a possuir menos controles, consequentemente com menos dados a serem auditados, sendo mais fácil para o acionista majoritário fazer prevalecer seu próprio interesse, diminuindo assim os custos com auditoria independente. / The discussion of audit fees is a very broad topic in the national and international literature, but his studies has intensified in Brazil with the mandatory provision of information through CVM Reference Form held in 2009. Coupled to this, comes also the availability of data in more developed markets, which has contributed not only to the development of academic research, but also for the regulation of the market. In this context the aim of this work was to investigate the influence of corporate governance and ownership structure of the independent audit fees for companies listed on the BM & FBovespa market separately, similar to existing discussions. The collected data cover the period 2012-2014, but the non-availability of data in some of the periods limited the sample in 214 companies. We used a panel data study, comprising the selected period to answer the question problem, where the central theory tested, is that the corporate governance and ownership structure would be determinants of the fees paid to independent auditors. We analyzed within the model, a property variable structure at a time, so separated as proposed in this study, and made a regression model for each variable. Results show that there is a relationship between corporate governance factors and structural properties with the fees of the independent audit. It concludes that corporate governance and ownership structure influence the fees of the independent auditors, where companies with best governance practices generate more controls to be audited, increasing costs on independent auditing. By contrast, companies with a high degree of concentration of ownership, characterized by having greater ease of existence of agency conflicts, tend to have fewer controls, hence less data to be audited, and easier for the majority shareholder to enforce his own interest, thereby lowering costs with independent audit.

Blendas poliméricas são largamente utilizadas nas indústrias de pneus por causa de seu baixo custo e das melhores propriedades que podem ser obtidas. Quando os componentes da blenda não são miscíveis entre si, métodos de compatibilização química (utilizando agentes compatibilizantes) ou mecânica (aumentando o tempo de mistura dos elastômeros) são necessários para melhorar a compatibilidade dos componentes da mistura. Neste trabalho, o Trans-Polioctenileno (TOR) foi usado como agente compatibilizante da blenda de NR/SBR. A viscosidade Mooney, a Carga e o Alongamento na Ruptura de diversas blendas foram avaliados, utilizando um planejamento fatorial. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o TOR tem maior influência na alteração da viscosidade Mooney, seguido pelo tempo de premix e de repasse. No caso das propriedades dinamométricas, a carga e o alongamento na ruptura são mais sensíveis às alterações do tempo de processamento dos polímeros. O TOR leva a uma ligeira diminuição destas propriedades. Baseado nos resultados estatísticos, equações de regressão para avaliar as propriedades estudadas em função da concentração de TOR e do tempo de processamento foram propostos e posteriormente verificados, utilizando blendas que não estavam incluídas no planejamento original. Os resultados foram bastante satisfatórios, tanto na determinação dos efeitos das variáveis quanto na determinação das equações. Concluiu-se que a viscosidade Mooney é mais sensível às alterações da concentração de TOR do que às alterações do tempo de mistura dos elastômeros e que as propriedades dinamométricas são mais afetadas pelo tempo de processamento. / Polymer blends are used in tyre industries because of their low cost and better properties. When the blend components are not miscible, chemical methods (using compatibilizing agents) or mechanical methods (increasing the mixture time of elastomers) of compatibilization are necessary to improve the compatibility of the components of the blend. In this work, Trans-Polyoctenylene Rubber (TOR) was used as a compatibilizing agent of the NR/SBR rubber blend. The Mooney viscosity, stress and elongation at break of different blends were evaluated, using a Factorial Design. The experimental results obtained showed that the Mooney viscosity is greatly affected by the addition of TOR whereas the dynamometric properties, the stress and elongation at break are more sensitive to the changes of processing time of polymers. Based on statistical results, regression equations to evaluate the properties studied as a function of TOR concentration and processing time were obtained and verified using blends which were not on the original design. The results were very satisfactory, either on the effects determination or on the regression equation determination. It was concluded that the Mooney viscosity is more sensitive to the alterations of TOR concentration than the changes in the processing time of the elastomers and the dynamometric properties are more affected by the processing time.

Ces travaux ont été réalisés dans le cadre d’un projet industriel avec l’entreprise Roxel visant à la substitution de la résine phénolique, impactée par la règlementation Reach, dans un matériau composite expansé : le Roxalte®. Ce matériau est composé d’un feutre de basalte imprégné de résine phénolique qui s’expanse sous l’effet de la température par l’action de microsphères expansibles contenu dans le mélange (Expancel®). Pour s’adapter aux différentes utilisations du Roxalte®, des systèmes époxy répondant aux exigences de Reach ont été sélectionnés. Le premier objectif de cette thèse est la substitution de la résine phénolique. Le second objectif est de fournir une méthodologie pour la réalisation de mousses. La caractérisation physicochimique de la résine phénolique ainsi qu’une étude des relations structure/propriétés ont orienté la sélection vers un système faisant état de très hautes Tg : le Tris(4-hydroxyphenyl) methane triglycidyl ether (TETM) allié au durcisseur amine diaminodiphénylsulfone (DDS). La solution de remplacement immédiate a alors consisté à utiliser le système époxy [TETM/DDS] ainsi qu’un grade d’Expancel® adapté à l’intervalle de polymérisation de la résine. L’optimisation du cycle de réticulation a permis d’atteindre une Tg égale à 330 °C. La seconde étape a consisté à optimiser le moussage en calant la cinétique de réticulation sur la cinétique d’expansion par la détermination des temps de gel du système époxy et des temps d’expansion des microsphères. En dernier lieu, le composite expansé a été mis en œuvre grâce à l’ajout de solvant non réactif (acétone). Le deuxième volet de ces travaux a porté sur l’étude du moussage en utilisant le bicarbonate de sodium (BS) comme agent gonflant. La dualité exothermique/endothermique du procédé (exothermie de la réticulation et endothermie de la décomposition du BS) a été étudiée. Des suivis cinétique en mode isothermes et anisotermes ont été réalisés sur deux systèmes époxy (TETM/DDS et TETM/IPDA), sur le BS et sur les mélanges TETM/DDS+BS et TETM/IPDA+BS. L’ajout de fibres de basalte a fait état de différence notable sur la morphologie des mousses à base des systèmes époxy et du BS et les phénomènes de coalescence des bulles et de diffusion du gaz ont été mis en évidence. Une meilleure répartition des fibres et des bulles avec le système [TETM/IPDA] a été observé. / This work was performed within the framework of an industrial project of Roxel company. The project aim was the substitution of phenolic resin in an expanded composite material: the Roxalte®. This material is made of basalt mat impregnated by phenolic resin which expands under heating by the action of expandable microspheres (Expancel®). The second objective of this work is to provide a methodology for foaming optimization. REACH compliant epoxy resins were selected as substitute. Our choice was guided by the physical-chemical characterization of phenolic resin and the study of structure-property relationship. A high glass transition temperature system has been selected: the Tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane triglycidyl ether (TETM) with amine hardener diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS). The immediate alternative solution consisted of epoxy system [TETM/DDS] and appropriate Expancel® microspheres. The microspheres have been chosen according to the curing temperature interval of the resin. The curing process optimization has been achieved and a Tg equal to 330 °C has been reached. Then the temperature that leads to equilibrium between the microsphere’s foaming kinetic and the resin gelation kinetic has been determined. The second part of this work deals with the study of foaming process using sodium bicarbonate (SB) as foaming agent. The exothermic-endothermic duality of the process (exothermicity of polymerization and endothermicity of SB decomposition) has been studied. Reaction kinetics of epoxy resins (TETM/DDS and TETM/IPDA), SB and mixes (TETM/DDS+BS and TETM/IPDA+BS) have been followed in isothermal and non-isothermal modes. Morphologies differences between TETM/DDS+BS and TETM/IPDA+BS systems and coalescence and diffusion phenomena have been observed when basalt fibers was added. Improved fibers distribution in TETM/IPDA system have been revealed.

付記する学位プログラム名: 充実した健康長寿社会を築く総合医療開発リーダー育成プログラム / 京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第23092号 / 医博第4719号 / 新制||医||1050(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 黒田 知宏, 教授 上杉 志成, 教授 藤渕 航 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM