La transglutaminase microbienne (Microbial transglutaminase : MTG) est fortement exploitée dans l’industrie textile et alimentaire afin de modifier l’apparence et la texture de divers produits. Elle catalyse la formation de liaisons iso-peptidiques entre des protéines par l’entremise d’une réaction de transfert d’acyle entre le groupement γ-carboxamide d’une glutamine provenant d’un substrat donneur d’acyle, et le groupement ε-amino d’une lysine provenant d’un substrat accepteur d’acyle. La MTG est tolérante à un large éventail de conditions réactionnelles, ce qui rend propice le développement de cette enzyme en tant que biocatalyseur. Ayant pour but le développement de la MTG en tant qu’alternative plus soutenable à la synthèse d’amides, nous avons étudié la réactivité d’une gamme de substrats donneurs et accepteurs non-naturels. Des composés chimiquement diversifiés, de faible masse moléculaire, ont été testés en tant que substrats accepteurs alternatifs. Il fut démontré que la MTG accepte une large gamme de composés à cet effet. Nous avons démontré, pour la première fois, que des acides aminés non-ramifiés et courts, tels la glycine, peuvent servir de substrat accepteur. Les α-acides aminés estérifiés Thr, Ser, Cys et Trp, mais pas Ile, sont également réactifs. En étendant la recherche à des composés non-naturels, il fut observé qu’un cycle aromatique est bénéfique pour la réactivité, bien que les substituants réduisent l’activité. Fait notable, des amines de faible masse moléculaire, portant les groupements de forte densité électronique azidure ou alcyne, sont très réactives. La MTG catalyse donc efficacement la modification de peptides qui pourront ensuite être modifiés ou marqués par la chimie ‘click’. Ainsi, la MTG accepte une variété de substrats accepteurs naturels et non-naturels, élargissant la portée de modification des peptides contenant la glutamine. Afin de sonder le potentiel biocatalytique de la MTG par rapport aux substrats donneurs, des analogues plus petits du peptide modèle Z-Gln-Gly furent testés; aucun n’a réagi. Nous avons toutefois démontré, pour la première fois, la faible réactivité d’esters en tant que substrats donneurs de la MTG. L’éventuelle amélioration de cette réactivité permettrait de faire de la MTG un biocatalyseur plus général pour la synthèse d’amides. Mots clés: Lien amide, biocatalyse, biotransformation, transglutaminase, arrimage moléculaire, criblage de substrats, ingénierie de substrats. / Microbial transglutaminase (MTG) is used extensively in the food and textile industry to alter the appearance and texture of products. MTG catalyses the formation of isopeptide linkages between proteins by an acyl transfer reaction between the γ-carboxamide group of a glutamine ‘acyl-donor’ substrate, and the ε-amino group of a lysine ‘acyl-acceptor’ substrate. MTG is tolerant to a broad range of reaction conditions and is therefore suitable for further development as a biocatalyst. Toward developing MTG as a “green” alternative for amide synthesis, we have investigated a range of non-native donor and acceptor substrates to probe the scope of MTG reactivity. Small, chemically varied compounds were tested as alternative acyl-acceptor substrates. We observed a broad acceptor specificity. We show, for the first time, that very short-chain alkyl-based amino acids such as glycine can serve as acceptor substrates. The esterified α-amino acids Thr, Ser, Cys and Trp – but not Ile – also show reactivity. Extending the search to non-natural compounds, an aromatic ring was observed to be beneficial for reactivity, although ring substituents reduced reactivity. Overall, bonding of the amine to a less hindered carbon increases reactivity. Importantly, very small amines carrying either the electron-rich azide or the alkyne groups required for click chemistry were highly reactive as acceptor substrates, providing a ready route to minimally modified, ‘clickable’ peptides. These results demonstrate that MTG is tolerant to a variety of chemically varied natural and non-natural acceptor substrates, which broadens the scope for modification of glutamine-containing peptides. To further probe the biocatalytic potential of MTG in terms of the donor substrate, smaller analogues of the model substrate Z-Gln-Gly were tested. We did not find product formation with substrates smaller than the model substrate. We observed, for the first time, trace esterase activity with MTG. Future improvement of this activity would render MTG a more attractive, general biocatalyst for amide bond formation.

Flavonoids are a class of secondary metabolites, the majority of which are present in glucosylated form. Glucosyltransferases catalyze glucosylation by transferring glucose from UDP-activated sugar donor to the acceptor substrates. This research is focused on the study of the effect of a single point mutation on enzyme activity, characterization of a flavonol specific 3-O-glucosyltransferase (Cp-3-O-GT) mutant- P145T, and further modification of the clone to cleave off tags from recombinant wild type and P145T mutant proteins in order to crystallize the proteins. Multiple sequence alignment and homology modeling was done to identify candidate residues for mutation. Cp-3-O-GT was modeled with a flavonoid 3-O-GT from Vitis vinifera (VvGT) that can glucosylate both flavonols and anthocyanidins. We identified a proline residue at position 145 of Cp-3-O-GT that corresponded to a threonine residue in VvGT and designed a Cp-3-O-GTP145T mutant to test the hypothesis that that mutation of proline by threonine in Cp-3-O-GT could alter substrate or regiospecificity of Cp-3-O-GT. While the mutant P145T enzyme did not glucosylate anthocyanidins, it did glucosylate flavanones and flavones in addition to flavonols. This is significant because flavanones and flavones do not contain a 3-OH group. HPLC was performed to identify the reaction products. Early results indicated that the mutant protein glucosylates naringenin at the 7-OH position forming prunin. Results are being used to revisit and refine the structure model. In other related work, a thrombin cleavage site was inserted into wild type and recombinant P145Tenzyme and we are currently working on transformation into yeast for recombinant protein expression. Cleaving off tags is a pre-requisite to future efforts to crystallize the proteins. Solving the crustal structures will make a significant contribution to the structural and functional study of plant flavonoid GTs in general and Cp-3- O-GT in particular.

Plant secondary products, which include the flavonoids, have a variety of roles in plant systems. Their roles include biosignalling, UV protection, antifeedant activity, pollinator attraction, stress response, and many others. Glucosylation is an important modification of many flavonoids and other plant secondary products. In grapefruit, glucosylation is important in the synthesis of the bitter compound naringin. Glucosyltransferases catalyze glucosylation reactions. Putative plant secondary product glucosyltransferases may be identified by the loosely conserved “PSPG box” amino acid sequence; however, with current knowledge, biochemical characterization is the only way to determine with certainty the function of these enzymes. The hypothesis tested here is that PGT11 is a plant secondary product glucosyltransferase. Recombinant PGT11 has been expressed in yeast using the pPICZ A vector. To investigate the hypothesis, the enzyme will be screened for glucosylation activity with various flavonoid and phenolic substrates.

La transglutaminase microbienne (Microbial transglutaminase : MTG) est fortement exploitée dans l’industrie textile et alimentaire afin de modifier l’apparence et la texture de divers produits. Elle catalyse la formation de liaisons iso-peptidiques entre des protéines par l’entremise d’une réaction de transfert d’acyle entre le groupement γ-carboxamide d’une glutamine provenant d’un substrat donneur d’acyle, et le groupement ε-amino d’une lysine provenant d’un substrat accepteur d’acyle. La MTG est tolérante à un large éventail de conditions réactionnelles, ce qui rend propice le développement de cette enzyme en tant que biocatalyseur. Ayant pour but le développement de la MTG en tant qu’alternative plus soutenable à la synthèse d’amides, nous avons étudié la réactivité d’une gamme de substrats donneurs et accepteurs non-naturels. Des composés chimiquement diversifiés, de faible masse moléculaire, ont été testés en tant que substrats accepteurs alternatifs. Il fut démontré que la MTG accepte une large gamme de composés à cet effet. Nous avons démontré, pour la première fois, que des acides aminés non-ramifiés et courts, tels la glycine, peuvent servir de substrat accepteur. Les α-acides aminés estérifiés Thr, Ser, Cys et Trp, mais pas Ile, sont également réactifs. En étendant la recherche à des composés non-naturels, il fut observé qu’un cycle aromatique est bénéfique pour la réactivité, bien que les substituants réduisent l’activité. Fait notable, des amines de faible masse moléculaire, portant les groupements de forte densité électronique azidure ou alcyne, sont très réactives. La MTG catalyse donc efficacement la modification de peptides qui pourront ensuite être modifiés ou marqués par la chimie ‘click’. Ainsi, la MTG accepte une variété de substrats accepteurs naturels et non-naturels, élargissant la portée de modification des peptides contenant la glutamine. Afin de sonder le potentiel biocatalytique de la MTG par rapport aux substrats donneurs, des analogues plus petits du peptide modèle Z-Gln-Gly furent testés; aucun n’a réagi. Nous avons toutefois démontré, pour la première fois, la faible réactivité d’esters en tant que substrats donneurs de la MTG. L’éventuelle amélioration de cette réactivité permettrait de faire de la MTG un biocatalyseur plus général pour la synthèse d’amides. Mots clés: Lien amide, biocatalyse, biotransformation, transglutaminase, arrimage moléculaire, criblage de substrats, ingénierie de substrats. / Microbial transglutaminase (MTG) is used extensively in the food and textile industry to alter the appearance and texture of products. MTG catalyses the formation of isopeptide linkages between proteins by an acyl transfer reaction between the γ-carboxamide group of a glutamine ‘acyl-donor’ substrate, and the ε-amino group of a lysine ‘acyl-acceptor’ substrate. MTG is tolerant to a broad range of reaction conditions and is therefore suitable for further development as a biocatalyst. Toward developing MTG as a “green” alternative for amide synthesis, we have investigated a range of non-native donor and acceptor substrates to probe the scope of MTG reactivity. Small, chemically varied compounds were tested as alternative acyl-acceptor substrates. We observed a broad acceptor specificity. We show, for the first time, that very short-chain alkyl-based amino acids such as glycine can serve as acceptor substrates. The esterified α-amino acids Thr, Ser, Cys and Trp – but not Ile – also show reactivity. Extending the search to non-natural compounds, an aromatic ring was observed to be beneficial for reactivity, although ring substituents reduced reactivity. Overall, bonding of the amine to a less hindered carbon increases reactivity. Importantly, very small amines carrying either the electron-rich azide or the alkyne groups required for click chemistry were highly reactive as acceptor substrates, providing a ready route to minimally modified, ‘clickable’ peptides. These results demonstrate that MTG is tolerant to a variety of chemically varied natural and non-natural acceptor substrates, which broadens the scope for modification of glutamine-containing peptides. To further probe the biocatalytic potential of MTG in terms of the donor substrate, smaller analogues of the model substrate Z-Gln-Gly were tested. We did not find product formation with substrates smaller than the model substrate. We observed, for the first time, trace esterase activity with MTG. Future improvement of this activity would render MTG a more attractive, general biocatalyst for amide bond formation.