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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
151

La dominance mycorhizienne en tant que facteur local déterminant des processus écologiques forestiers

Carteron, Alexis 09 1900 (has links)
L'association mycorhizienne implique nombre de plantes et de champignons, étant sans doute la symbiose mutualiste la plus importante et la plus répandue au sein des écosystèmes terrestres. Étant donné que la plupart des arbres forment des mycorhizes arbusculaires ou des ectomycorhizes qui se distinguent par leur écophysiologie, il est judicieux de caractériser les forêts en fonction de leur dominance mycorhizienne afin d'en mesurer les impacts sur les processus écologiques. Ainsi, l'objectif de cette thèse est de quantifier les influences de la dominance mycorhizienne en forêt sur les propriétés abiotiques et biotiques du sol ayant un impact à l'échelle locale sur deux processus associés : la décomposition de la matière organique et la régulation de la diversité végétale. Les forêts étudiées, de dominance mycorhizienne très contrastée, présentent des propriétés physico-chimiques et des communautés microbiennes distinctes au niveau du sol, mais des patrons de distribution verticale des microorganismes du sol d'une similarité inattendue. Dans ces forêts nordiques décidues, la décomposition de la matière organique est favorisée dans les couches supérieures du sol, notamment grâce à la présence du réseau fongique et d'autant plus lorsque les ectomycorhizes prédominent, ce qui prouve l'aspect déterminant du contexte local. L'établissement d'arbres mycorhiziens arbusculaires peut être limité par la combinaison des conditions abiotiques et biotiques édaphiques de la forêt boréale, qui est dominée par les ectomycorhizes, contrairement aux forêts à dominance partagée entre mycorhize arbusculaire et ectomycorhize, où la diversité est favorisée à l'échelle de la communauté. Cette thèse démontre le rôle déterminant, au niveau local, exercé par la dominance mycorhizienne sur les processus écologiques, et soulève l'importance de l'hétérogénéité biotique et abiotique du sol pour mieux saisir le fonctionnement des écosystèmes terrestres. / Mycorrhizas, which involve plants and fungi, are probably the most important and widespread mutual symbioses in terrestrial ecosystems. Since most trees form arbuscular mycorrhizas or ectomycorrhizas that are ecophysiologically distinct from each other, it is useful to characterize forests according to their mycorrhizal dominance in order to measure their respective impacts on ecological processes. The objective of this thesis is to quantify the impacts of forest mycorrhizal dominance on the abiotic and biotic properties of the soil, which influence at the local scale two associated processes: the decomposition of organic matter and the maintenance of plant diversity. The forests studied have opposite mycorrhizal dominance exhibit distinct soil physico-chemical properties and microbial communities, but more similar vertical distribution patterns of microorganisms than expected. Decomposition is favored by organic matter in the upper soil layers, but also by the presence of the fungal network, especially when ectomycorrhizas predominate, illustrating the importance of the local environmental context. Establishment of arbuscular mycorrhizal tree may be limited by the combination of abiotic and biotic edaphic factors of the boreal forest, which is ectomycorrhizal-dominated, in contrast to forests with shared dominance between arbuscular mycorrhizas and ectomycorrhizas, where tree species diversity is favored at the community level. This thesis demonstrates the decisive role, at the local scale, played by mycorrhizal dominance on ecological processes, and raises the importance of soil biotic and abiotic heterogeneity to better understand the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems.
152

Venezuela's Medical Revolution: Can the Cuban Medical Model be Applied in Other Countries?

Walker, Christopher 03 December 2013 (has links)
This thesis analyzes the Cuban medical adaptation in Venezuela called Misión Barrio Adentro (MBA) and seeks to answer the question of whether MBA shows promise as a health system that improves medical accessibility for impoverished and marginalized populations. In many cases MBA succeeds by: utilizing a free universal health care system; locating health centres in previously underserved areas; providing medical education scholarships to populations from non-traditional backgrounds; creating a catchment system based on medical accessibility; scaling up the medical workforce to 60,000 community doctors by 2019; and broadening the very praxis of what health means in a Latin American social medicine approach. However, some challenges remain including issues of corruption, fragmentation, and polarization. Issues regarding internal and external migration of Misión Sucre-trained physicians remain to be comprehensively evaluated. However, the capacitation of non-traditional medical personnel, imbued with conciencia, is significant and could well become an important example for other countries.

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