The material presented in this thesis falls into three main sections: 1) The measurement of nebulizer suction and its applications. Three methods of measurement of nebulizer suction were evaluated. The potential and limitations of each method was assessed. The most reliable and generally applicable method was measurement with a mercury manometer via a T-piece during aspiration, but after correction for suction drops along all the nebulizer capillaries and across connections. The measurement of suction was then applied to practical problems in AAS, i.e. the lack of dependence of signal on sample solution temperature, and to provide immediate warning of drift in aspiration rate. 2) Observations and causes of deposition in spray chambers. The deposition patterns of aerosol lost in the spray chamber was studied using a lithium tracer. Areas of high turbulence were identified and their positions related to the deposition patterns. The nebulizer/spray chamber system was considered to fulfill a sub-sampling role and the dual roles of pneumatic nebulizer as pumps and sub-samplers were critically discussed. 3) Observations on impactors in flame AAS. Five techniques for the evaluation of the effects of impact beads and other impactors were evaluated, i) aerosol droplet size distributions ii) aspiration of dye solutions iii) aerosol sizing with a second species introduced through the bead iv) effects on linear absorbance range v) effects on the extent of chemical interference The advantages and disadvantages of each technique were considered and the value of impactors critically appraised. An assessment was then made of the extent to which an impact cup or bead may be used to regulate sensitivity in flame AAS with a view to increasing the useful working ranges of calibration graphs.

The performance of Thin Membrane Surface (TMS) highways is largely controlled by the strength of the subgrade soil which in turn is a function of the soil suction (Fredlund and Morgenstern, 1977). Thermal conductivity suction sensors can be used to indirectly measure in situ matric suction. <p>Thirty two (32) thermal conductivity sensors were installed under Thin Membrane Surface (TMS) in two highway locations; namely, Bethune and Torquay, Saskatchewan, in September 2000. The sensors were installed beneath the pavement, shoulder and side-slope to monitor matric suction and temperature changes with time. The monitoring system at Bethune was damaged after two years of operation. The thermal conductivity sensors at Torquay all appear to have been working well and data are still being collected.<p>Other attempts had been made in the past to use thermal conductivity sensors for field suction measurement, but all were terminated within a short period of time due to limitations associated with the equipment. The long-term suction measurement at the Torquay site is unique and provides valuable field data. <p>This research project presents and interprets the long-term matric suction measurements made between the years 2000 to 2005 at the Torquay site and from 2000 to 2002 at the Bethune site. To help in the interpretation of the data, a site investigation was undertaken along with a laboratory testing program that included the measurement of Soil-Water Characteristic Curves (SWCC). As well, a limited laboratory study was undertaken on several new thermal conductivity matric suction sensors. <p>The matric suction readings in the field showed a direct relationship to rainfall and regional evaporation conditions at the test sites. At the Bethune and Torquay test sites, the changes in matric suctions appeared to be mainly due to the movement of moisture through the edge of the road. Relatively constant equilibrium suctions were encountered under the driving-lanes. Conversely, matric suctions under the side-slopes were found to vary considerably with time and depth. Matric suctions under the driving-lanes ranged from 20 to 60 kPa throughout the years. Matric suctions on the side-slopes changed from 100 to 1500 kPa over the years. <p>The greatest variation of soil suctions occurred in the month of April from location to location in the subgrade. The soil suctions became less variable in June while larger variations again occurred from July to October. <p>The matric suction measurements obtained from the thermal conductivity sensors showed a general agreement with the values estimated using the soil-water characteristic curves, SWCC, measured in the laboratory.

The performance of Thin Membrane Surface (TMS) highways is largely controlled by the strength of the subgrade soil which in turn is a function of the soil suction (Fredlund and Morgenstern, 1977). Thermal conductivity suction sensors can be used to indirectly measure in situ matric suction. <p>Thirty two (32) thermal conductivity sensors were installed under Thin Membrane Surface (TMS) in two highway locations; namely, Bethune and Torquay, Saskatchewan, in September 2000. The sensors were installed beneath the pavement, shoulder and side-slope to monitor matric suction and temperature changes with time. The monitoring system at Bethune was damaged after two years of operation. The thermal conductivity sensors at Torquay all appear to have been working well and data are still being collected.<p>Other attempts had been made in the past to use thermal conductivity sensors for field suction measurement, but all were terminated within a short period of time due to limitations associated with the equipment. The long-term suction measurement at the Torquay site is unique and provides valuable field data. <p>This research project presents and interprets the long-term matric suction measurements made between the years 2000 to 2005 at the Torquay site and from 2000 to 2002 at the Bethune site. To help in the interpretation of the data, a site investigation was undertaken along with a laboratory testing program that included the measurement of Soil-Water Characteristic Curves (SWCC). As well, a limited laboratory study was undertaken on several new thermal conductivity matric suction sensors. <p>The matric suction readings in the field showed a direct relationship to rainfall and regional evaporation conditions at the test sites. At the Bethune and Torquay test sites, the changes in matric suctions appeared to be mainly due to the movement of moisture through the edge of the road. Relatively constant equilibrium suctions were encountered under the driving-lanes. Conversely, matric suctions under the side-slopes were found to vary considerably with time and depth. Matric suctions under the driving-lanes ranged from 20 to 60 kPa throughout the years. Matric suctions on the side-slopes changed from 100 to 1500 kPa over the years. <p>The greatest variation of soil suctions occurred in the month of April from location to location in the subgrade. The soil suctions became less variable in June while larger variations again occurred from July to October. <p>The matric suction measurements obtained from the thermal conductivity sensors showed a general agreement with the values estimated using the soil-water characteristic curves, SWCC, measured in the laboratory.

Over the past 50 years, several advancements have been made in the research area of the mechanics of unsaturated soils. These advancements can be categorized into two groups; (i) development (or improvement) of testing techniques (or apparatus) to determine the mechanical properties of unsaturated soils and (ii) development of (numerical, empirical or semi-empirical) models to estimate the variation of mechanical properties of unsaturated soils with respect to suction based on the experimental results. Implementation of the mechanics of unsaturated soils in conventional geotechnical engineering practice, however, has been rather limited. The key reasons for the limited practical applications may be attributed to the lack of simple and reliable methods for (i) measuring soil suction in the field quickly and reliably and (ii) estimating the variation of mechanical properties of unsaturated soils with respect to suction. The main objective of this thesis research is to develop simple and reliable techniques, models or approaches that can be used in geotechnical engineering practice to estimate sol suction and the mechanical properties of unsaturated soils. This research can be categorized into three parts. In the First Part, simple techniques are proposed to estimate the suction values of as-compacted unsaturated fine-grained soils using a pocket penetrometer and a conventional tensiometer. The suction values less than 300 kPa can be estimated using a strong relationship between the compressive strength measured using a pocket penetrometer and matric suction value. The high suction values in the range of 1,200 kPa to 60,000 kPa can be estimated using the unique relationship between the initial tangent of conventional tensiometer response versus time behavior and suction value. In the Second Part, approaches or semi-empirical models are proposed to estimate the variation of mechanical properties of unsaturated soils with respect to suction, which include: - Bearing capacity of unsaturated fine-grained soils - Variation of bearing capacity of unsaturated fine-grained soils with respect to matric suction - Variation of initial tangent elastic modulus of unsaturated soils below shallow foundations with respect to matric suction - Variation of maximum shear modulus with respect to matric suction for unsaturated non-plastic sandy soils (i.e. plasticity index, Ip = 0 %) In the Third Part, approaches (or methodologies) are suggested to simulate the vertically applied stress versus surface settlement behavior of shallow foundations in unsaturated coarse-grained soils assuming elastic-perfectly plastic behavior. These methodologies are extended to simulate the stress versus settlement behavior of both model footings and in-situ plates in unsaturated coarse-grained soils. The results show that there is a reasonably good comparison between the measured values (i.e. soil suction, bearing capacity, elastic and shear modulus) and those estimated using the techniques or models proposed in this thesis research. The models (or methodologies) proposed in this thesis research are promising and encouraging for modeling studies and practicing engineers to estimate the variation of mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils with respect to matric suction.

Over the past 50 years, several advancements have been made in the research area of the mechanics of unsaturated soils. These advancements can be categorized into two groups; (i) development (or improvement) of testing techniques (or apparatus) to determine the mechanical properties of unsaturated soils and (ii) development of (numerical, empirical or semi-empirical) models to estimate the variation of mechanical properties of unsaturated soils with respect to suction based on the experimental results. Implementation of the mechanics of unsaturated soils in conventional geotechnical engineering practice, however, has been rather limited. The key reasons for the limited practical applications may be attributed to the lack of simple and reliable methods for (i) measuring soil suction in the field quickly and reliably and (ii) estimating the variation of mechanical properties of unsaturated soils with respect to suction. The main objective of this thesis research is to develop simple and reliable techniques, models or approaches that can be used in geotechnical engineering practice to estimate sol suction and the mechanical properties of unsaturated soils. This research can be categorized into three parts. In the First Part, simple techniques are proposed to estimate the suction values of as-compacted unsaturated fine-grained soils using a pocket penetrometer and a conventional tensiometer. The suction values less than 300 kPa can be estimated using a strong relationship between the compressive strength measured using a pocket penetrometer and matric suction value. The high suction values in the range of 1,200 kPa to 60,000 kPa can be estimated using the unique relationship between the initial tangent of conventional tensiometer response versus time behavior and suction value. In the Second Part, approaches or semi-empirical models are proposed to estimate the variation of mechanical properties of unsaturated soils with respect to suction, which include: - Bearing capacity of unsaturated fine-grained soils - Variation of bearing capacity of unsaturated fine-grained soils with respect to matric suction - Variation of initial tangent elastic modulus of unsaturated soils below shallow foundations with respect to matric suction - Variation of maximum shear modulus with respect to matric suction for unsaturated non-plastic sandy soils (i.e. plasticity index, Ip = 0 %) In the Third Part, approaches (or methodologies) are suggested to simulate the vertically applied stress versus surface settlement behavior of shallow foundations in unsaturated coarse-grained soils assuming elastic-perfectly plastic behavior. These methodologies are extended to simulate the stress versus settlement behavior of both model footings and in-situ plates in unsaturated coarse-grained soils. The results show that there is a reasonably good comparison between the measured values (i.e. soil suction, bearing capacity, elastic and shear modulus) and those estimated using the techniques or models proposed in this thesis research. The models (or methodologies) proposed in this thesis research are promising and encouraging for modeling studies and practicing engineers to estimate the variation of mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils with respect to matric suction.

Over the past 50 years, several advancements have been made in the research area of the mechanics of unsaturated soils. These advancements can be categorized into two groups; (i) development (or improvement) of testing techniques (or apparatus) to determine the mechanical properties of unsaturated soils and (ii) development of (numerical, empirical or semi-empirical) models to estimate the variation of mechanical properties of unsaturated soils with respect to suction based on the experimental results. Implementation of the mechanics of unsaturated soils in conventional geotechnical engineering practice, however, has been rather limited. The key reasons for the limited practical applications may be attributed to the lack of simple and reliable methods for (i) measuring soil suction in the field quickly and reliably and (ii) estimating the variation of mechanical properties of unsaturated soils with respect to suction. The main objective of this thesis research is to develop simple and reliable techniques, models or approaches that can be used in geotechnical engineering practice to estimate sol suction and the mechanical properties of unsaturated soils. This research can be categorized into three parts. In the First Part, simple techniques are proposed to estimate the suction values of as-compacted unsaturated fine-grained soils using a pocket penetrometer and a conventional tensiometer. The suction values less than 300 kPa can be estimated using a strong relationship between the compressive strength measured using a pocket penetrometer and matric suction value. The high suction values in the range of 1,200 kPa to 60,000 kPa can be estimated using the unique relationship between the initial tangent of conventional tensiometer response versus time behavior and suction value. In the Second Part, approaches or semi-empirical models are proposed to estimate the variation of mechanical properties of unsaturated soils with respect to suction, which include: - Bearing capacity of unsaturated fine-grained soils - Variation of bearing capacity of unsaturated fine-grained soils with respect to matric suction - Variation of initial tangent elastic modulus of unsaturated soils below shallow foundations with respect to matric suction - Variation of maximum shear modulus with respect to matric suction for unsaturated non-plastic sandy soils (i.e. plasticity index, Ip = 0 %) In the Third Part, approaches (or methodologies) are suggested to simulate the vertically applied stress versus surface settlement behavior of shallow foundations in unsaturated coarse-grained soils assuming elastic-perfectly plastic behavior. These methodologies are extended to simulate the stress versus settlement behavior of both model footings and in-situ plates in unsaturated coarse-grained soils. The results show that there is a reasonably good comparison between the measured values (i.e. soil suction, bearing capacity, elastic and shear modulus) and those estimated using the techniques or models proposed in this thesis research. The models (or methodologies) proposed in this thesis research are promising and encouraging for modeling studies and practicing engineers to estimate the variation of mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils with respect to matric suction.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é verificar a susceptibilidade do método do papel-filtro a variações em três parâmetros de ensaio: a rugosidade do meio poroso (estrutura da matriz porosa), a extensão do período de exposição do papel-filtro à água intersticial do solo (tempo de equilíbrio) e o grau de deficiência de contacto entre o papel-filtro e a superfície do meio poroso. Para o estudo da rugosidade do meio poroso, três materiais particulados foram empregados. Individualmente, esses materiais apresentam-se mal graduados. A diferença entre eles reside no tamanho médio dos grãos, que para cada um assume um valor característico. A pretexto de uma primeira descrição, seria possível classificá-los como argila (argila caolinítica rosa), areia fina (areia IPT 100, F = 0,15 mm) e areia média (areia IPT 30, F = 0,60 mm). Vale notar que a peculiaridade destas distribuições granulométricas desqualifica esses materiais como elementos representativos para o estudo de solos que ocorrem em problemas reais de engenharia. De fato, para os propósitos do presente trabalho, os solos são instrumentos de investigação, ao passo que o método de aferição de sucção é objeto de estudo. A fim de que o procedimento experimental abrangesse a um só tempo as observações concernentes aos três parâmetros de estudo, concebeu-se um elenco de corpos-de-prova que viabilizou o levantamento concomitante de todas as observações necessárias. Visando a subsidiar as especulações acerca do tempo de equilíbrio, criaram-se grupos de corpos-de-prova (denominados famílias) a serem avaliados periodicamente segundo três intervalos de tempo: sete dias, quatorze dias e vinte e oito dias. A fim de viabilizar a verificação concomitante da influência da rugosidade do meio poroso (ou seja, da estrutura da matriz porosa), previu-se que cada família de corpos-de-prova seria composta por três sub-grupos (designados lotes), representantes dos três materiais empregados na investigação. E, com o intuito de avaliar a influência do grau de deficiência de contacto entre o papel-filtro e o solo, definiu-se cada lote como um conjunto de três corpos-de-prova, cada qual apresentando em uma de suas bases um sulco com diâmetro e profundidade definidos. De corpo-de-prova a corpo-de-prova, para um mesmo lote de uma mesma família, o diâmetro do sulco apresenta variações. Tais variações geram deficits de contacto que valem 20%, 50% e 80% da área do papel-filtro. A profundidade do sulco é a mesma para todos os corpos-de-prova, e é igual à espessura do espaçador empregado nas medições de sucção total (esp = 2mm). Quanto à rugosidade do meio poroso (estrutura da matriz porosa), concluiu-se que o tamanho médio dos grãos, conjugado ao índice de vazios, constiui variável diretamente proporcional aos desvios percentuais de aferição. Ou seja, quanto menor o tamanho médio dos grãos e menor o índice de vazios do material, menores serão os desvios percentuais de aferição de sucção. Quanto à extensão do período de exposição do papel-filtro à água intersticial do solo (tempo de equilíbrio), concluiu-se que o aumento do tempo de interação entre o papel-filtro e o solo pode compensar eventuais dificuldades de acesso da água intersticial ao papel-filtro. Inicialmente, a água atinge o papel-filtro nas regiões onde há contacto efetivo. Então, de maneira progressiva, a água passa a migrar pelo papel-filtro, umedecendo-o uniformemente. Quanto ao grau de deficiência de contacto entre o papel-filtro e a superfície do meio poroso, concluiu-se que a relação desta variável com o desvio percentual de aferição é de proporcionalidade direta. Ou seja, quanto maior a privação de contacto a que for submetido o papel-filtro, tanto mais afastado do valor de sucção matricial plena estará o valor de sucção aferido. Graficamente, isto se observa como um destacamento da curva de retenção levantada para contacto deficiente em relação à curva de retenção levantada para sucção matricial plena. Observou-se também que o destacamento entre as curvas de retenção não ocorreu de maneira uniforme. Para baixos teores de umidade volumétrica, foram maiores os desvios percentuais de aferição. Deste modo, o afastamento entre as curvas deu-se como uma combinação de translação e distorção. / The purpose of this work is to verify the susceptibility of the filter-paper method to variations in three experimental parameters: roughness of porous medium (structure of porous matrix), period of exposition of the filter-paper to pore water (equilibration time) and degree of deficiency in contact between the filter-paper and the porous medium. In order to study roughness of porous medium (structure of porous matrix), three particulate materials have been used. Individually considered, they present a poorly graduated grain size distribution. They differ one from another for their average grain size, which assumes specific values for each material. As a summary description, it would be possible to classify them as kaolin, fine sand (F = 0.15 mm) and coarse sand (F = 0.60 mm). Such peculiar grain size distribution may disqualify these materials as representative of soils which normally occur in engineering problems. In fact, for the purposes of the present work, soil samples are instruments of investigation, while the method of suction measurement is the object of study. A set of samples was designed in order to make feasible simultaneous gauging of all relevant information. Thus, experimental procedure yielded at once data concerning all three parameters. Three groups of samples (each one assembling 9 elements) were created so that remarks could be made on equilibration time. Each of them is called family, being inspected according to a determined periodicity (7 days, 14 days and 28 days). On their turn, families are composed by smaller groups called branches (each branch gathers three samples, all made of the same material). Branches are intended to make possible the evaluation of the effect of average grain size on the accuracy of the filter-paper technique. Finally, in order to evaluate the role of deficient contact between the filter-paper and the soil, samples of a single branch (thus made of the same material) were designed to present a circular perforation on one of their faces. Within each single branch, from sample to sample, perforation diameter increases to generate growing lack of contact between the filter-paper and the soil sample (lack of contact may assume three different values: 20%, 50% or 80% of the filter-paper surface). Perforation depth doesn\'t vary from sample to sample, always being equal to the thickness of the perforated disk used in total suction measurements (which is 2 mm). As for roughness of porous medium (structure of porous matrix), it has been noticed that both average grain size and void ratio are directly proportional to percent measurement deviation. In other words, the smaller the average grain size and the void ratio, the smaller will be percent measurement deviations. As for period of exposition of the filter-paper to pore water (equilibration time), it has been noticed that extending time for interaction between filter-paper and soil may compensate difficulties interstitial water might have to access filter-paper. At first, water reaches the filter-paper on regions where there is effective contact. Then, progressively, water tends to migrate through the filter-paper, wetting it uniformly. As for degree of deficiency in contact between the filter-paper and the porous medium, it has been noticed that such variable is directly proportional to percent measurement deviations. In other words, the greater the lack of contact between the filter-paper and the soil, the further is suction measurement from its full matric suction equivalent. Graphically, it corresponds to a detachment between the retention curve associated with partial matric suction and the retention curve associated with full matric suction. Additionally, it has been noticed that detachment between retention curves hasn\'t occurred uniformly. For lower volumetric water contents, percent measurement deviations were greater. Hence, detachment occurred as a combination of translation and distortion.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é verificar a susceptibilidade do método do papel-filtro a variações em três parâmetros de ensaio: a rugosidade do meio poroso (estrutura da matriz porosa), a extensão do período de exposição do papel-filtro à água intersticial do solo (tempo de equilíbrio) e o grau de deficiência de contacto entre o papel-filtro e a superfície do meio poroso. Para o estudo da rugosidade do meio poroso, três materiais particulados foram empregados. Individualmente, esses materiais apresentam-se mal graduados. A diferença entre eles reside no tamanho médio dos grãos, que para cada um assume um valor característico. A pretexto de uma primeira descrição, seria possível classificá-los como argila (argila caolinítica rosa), areia fina (areia IPT 100, F = 0,15 mm) e areia média (areia IPT 30, F = 0,60 mm). Vale notar que a peculiaridade destas distribuições granulométricas desqualifica esses materiais como elementos representativos para o estudo de solos que ocorrem em problemas reais de engenharia. De fato, para os propósitos do presente trabalho, os solos são instrumentos de investigação, ao passo que o método de aferição de sucção é objeto de estudo. A fim de que o procedimento experimental abrangesse a um só tempo as observações concernentes aos três parâmetros de estudo, concebeu-se um elenco de corpos-de-prova que viabilizou o levantamento concomitante de todas as observações necessárias. Visando a subsidiar as especulações acerca do tempo de equilíbrio, criaram-se grupos de corpos-de-prova (denominados famílias) a serem avaliados periodicamente segundo três intervalos de tempo: sete dias, quatorze dias e vinte e oito dias. A fim de viabilizar a verificação concomitante da influência da rugosidade do meio poroso (ou seja, da estrutura da matriz porosa), previu-se que cada família de corpos-de-prova seria composta por três sub-grupos (designados lotes), representantes dos três materiais empregados na investigação. E, com o intuito de avaliar a influência do grau de deficiência de contacto entre o papel-filtro e o solo, definiu-se cada lote como um conjunto de três corpos-de-prova, cada qual apresentando em uma de suas bases um sulco com diâmetro e profundidade definidos. De corpo-de-prova a corpo-de-prova, para um mesmo lote de uma mesma família, o diâmetro do sulco apresenta variações. Tais variações geram deficits de contacto que valem 20%, 50% e 80% da área do papel-filtro. A profundidade do sulco é a mesma para todos os corpos-de-prova, e é igual à espessura do espaçador empregado nas medições de sucção total (esp = 2mm). Quanto à rugosidade do meio poroso (estrutura da matriz porosa), concluiu-se que o tamanho médio dos grãos, conjugado ao índice de vazios, constiui variável diretamente proporcional aos desvios percentuais de aferição. Ou seja, quanto menor o tamanho médio dos grãos e menor o índice de vazios do material, menores serão os desvios percentuais de aferição de sucção. Quanto à extensão do período de exposição do papel-filtro à água intersticial do solo (tempo de equilíbrio), concluiu-se que o aumento do tempo de interação entre o papel-filtro e o solo pode compensar eventuais dificuldades de acesso da água intersticial ao papel-filtro. Inicialmente, a água atinge o papel-filtro nas regiões onde há contacto efetivo. Então, de maneira progressiva, a água passa a migrar pelo papel-filtro, umedecendo-o uniformemente. Quanto ao grau de deficiência de contacto entre o papel-filtro e a superfície do meio poroso, concluiu-se que a relação desta variável com o desvio percentual de aferição é de proporcionalidade direta. Ou seja, quanto maior a privação de contacto a que for submetido o papel-filtro, tanto mais afastado do valor de sucção matricial plena estará o valor de sucção aferido. Graficamente, isto se observa como um destacamento da curva de retenção levantada para contacto deficiente em relação à curva de retenção levantada para sucção matricial plena. Observou-se também que o destacamento entre as curvas de retenção não ocorreu de maneira uniforme. Para baixos teores de umidade volumétrica, foram maiores os desvios percentuais de aferição. Deste modo, o afastamento entre as curvas deu-se como uma combinação de translação e distorção. / The purpose of this work is to verify the susceptibility of the filter-paper method to variations in three experimental parameters: roughness of porous medium (structure of porous matrix), period of exposition of the filter-paper to pore water (equilibration time) and degree of deficiency in contact between the filter-paper and the porous medium. In order to study roughness of porous medium (structure of porous matrix), three particulate materials have been used. Individually considered, they present a poorly graduated grain size distribution. They differ one from another for their average grain size, which assumes specific values for each material. As a summary description, it would be possible to classify them as kaolin, fine sand (F = 0.15 mm) and coarse sand (F = 0.60 mm). Such peculiar grain size distribution may disqualify these materials as representative of soils which normally occur in engineering problems. In fact, for the purposes of the present work, soil samples are instruments of investigation, while the method of suction measurement is the object of study. A set of samples was designed in order to make feasible simultaneous gauging of all relevant information. Thus, experimental procedure yielded at once data concerning all three parameters. Three groups of samples (each one assembling 9 elements) were created so that remarks could be made on equilibration time. Each of them is called family, being inspected according to a determined periodicity (7 days, 14 days and 28 days). On their turn, families are composed by smaller groups called branches (each branch gathers three samples, all made of the same material). Branches are intended to make possible the evaluation of the effect of average grain size on the accuracy of the filter-paper technique. Finally, in order to evaluate the role of deficient contact between the filter-paper and the soil, samples of a single branch (thus made of the same material) were designed to present a circular perforation on one of their faces. Within each single branch, from sample to sample, perforation diameter increases to generate growing lack of contact between the filter-paper and the soil sample (lack of contact may assume three different values: 20%, 50% or 80% of the filter-paper surface). Perforation depth doesn\'t vary from sample to sample, always being equal to the thickness of the perforated disk used in total suction measurements (which is 2 mm). As for roughness of porous medium (structure of porous matrix), it has been noticed that both average grain size and void ratio are directly proportional to percent measurement deviation. In other words, the smaller the average grain size and the void ratio, the smaller will be percent measurement deviations. As for period of exposition of the filter-paper to pore water (equilibration time), it has been noticed that extending time for interaction between filter-paper and soil may compensate difficulties interstitial water might have to access filter-paper. At first, water reaches the filter-paper on regions where there is effective contact. Then, progressively, water tends to migrate through the filter-paper, wetting it uniformly. As for degree of deficiency in contact between the filter-paper and the porous medium, it has been noticed that such variable is directly proportional to percent measurement deviations. In other words, the greater the lack of contact between the filter-paper and the soil, the further is suction measurement from its full matric suction equivalent. Graphically, it corresponds to a detachment between the retention curve associated with partial matric suction and the retention curve associated with full matric suction. Additionally, it has been noticed that detachment between retention curves hasn\'t occurred uniformly. For lower volumetric water contents, percent measurement deviations were greater. Hence, detachment occurred as a combination of translation and distortion.