Orientador: Jose Carlos Barbosa / Banca: Enrico de Beni Arrigoni / Banca: Alexandre de Sene Pinto / Banca: Arlindo Leal Boiça Júnior / Banca: Júlio César Galli / Resumo: Os objetivos desse trabalho foram: avaliar a distribuição espacial de lagartas de D. saccharalis em duas áreas de cana-de-açúcar, uma com alta e outra com baixa intensidade de infestação, visando à construção de um plano de amostragem sequencial para ser empregado em programas de manejo integrado desta praga e avaliar influência das duas linhas e do comprimento dessas linhas no método de levantamento amostral. Os levantamentos foram realizados em áreas com baixa infestação (variedade CTC3) e alta infestação (variedade RB92579) durante três estágios de desenvolvimento da planta: 4,0, 6,5 e 9,0 meses nos municípios de Jaboticabal/SP e Quatá/SP, respectivamente, durante o período de julho/2008 a março/2009. Foram analisados índices de agregação para melhor descrição da distribuição da praga e o ajuste dos dados à um modelo probabilístico de distribuição de frequência, como Poisson e Binomial Negativa. Os índices da razão variância/média, índice de Morisita, Coeficiente de Green e parâmetro k da binomial negativa indicaram distribuição agregada das lagartas de D. saccharalis em ambas as áreas avaliadas, assim como os dados se ajustaram à distribuição binomial negativa, rejeitando-se, a aleatoriedade. Foi desenvolvido um plano de amostragem sequencial de lagartas de D. saccharalis, e o número máximo de amostras esperadas para tomada de decisão foi de sete unidades amostrais independente do tamanho da área. A comparação entre os métodos de amostragens indicou que é necessário avaliar as duas linhas paralelas de cana-de-açúcar, mas que o comprimento de 1 metro linear é suficiente para uma amostragem representativa / Abstract: The aims of this study were: to evaluate the spatial distribution of D. saccharalis larvae in two sugarcane areas, one high and another low infestation intensity, as support for the construction of a sequential sampling plan to be used in integrated pest management of this pest and to evaluate the influence of two lines and the length lines in the method of sample surveys. The surveys were conducted in low infestation intensity area (CTC3 variety) and high infestation intensity area (RB92579 variety) during three development stages of the plant: 4.0, 6.5 and 9.0 months in the cities of Jaboticabal/SP and Quatá/SP, respectively, during the period from March/2009 to July/2008. Were analyzed rates of aggregation for a better description of the pest distribution, as well as the adjustment to a probabilistic model of frequency distribution such as Poisson and Negative Binomial Distributions. The variance/mean relationship index, index of Morisita, the Green coefficient and the k exponent of negative binomial indicated aggregate distribution of D. saccharalis larvae in both areas evaluated, as well as the data were adjusted to the negative binomial distribution rejecting itself, the randomness. Sequential sampling plans have been developed to D. saccharalis larvae and the maximum number of expected samples to making decision was seven sampling units. The comparison between the sample methods indicated that it is necessary to evaluate the two lines of sugarcane, but only 1 meter of length is enough for a representative sample / Doutor

Thesis (PhD(Agric))--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / The sugarcane borer, Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is the most limiting factor in the South African sugar industry with losses to this insect pest estimated to be at least ZAR60 million per annum. Because of its cryptic nature as well as the fact that E. saccharina is both indigenous to Africa and occurs on several host plants, attempts to control or eradicate it using several available methods have not been very successful. However, the sterile insect technique (SIT) is one of the newer control methods that can be incorporated into an area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) programme to achieve better control or eradication. The implementation of the SIT program needs to go through a series of well-researched phases in order to be successful. In the first of this multi-phase project, it was determined that E. saccharina is susceptible to ionizing radiation, and is thus a suitable candidate for the SIT development against it and that a sub-sterilizing dose of 200 Gy is sufficient to induce F1(inherited) sterility in male and complete sterility in female moths respectively. The results presented here are discussed in the context of further development of the SIT as an addition to the arsenal of tactics in an AW-IPM programme against E. saccharina. Based on these initial findings, the study examined the lek and mating behavior of male moths subjected to three radiation doses (150, 200, 250 Gy) against normal non-irradiated/fertile moths. Both mass-rearing and irradiation of E. saccharina led to a quantitative departure of male mating behavior away from that exhibited by their wild counterparts. However, treated males are still able to form leks and mate with wild females. Male E. saccharina irradiated at all three doses tested were found to be as active and competitive as wild males, but in some of the traits measured, performance diminished significantly with an increase in the radiation dosage. In general, the performance of moths treated at 200 Gy did not differ significantly from that of moths treated at 150 Gy and therefore the former dose is ideal for SIT development since it results in a lower residual F1 fertility than the latter. The level of mating competitiveness and compatibility was assessed under both laboratory and semi-field conditions in pairwise comparisons consisting of laboratory reared vs. wild (L-W), 200 Gy irradiated vs. wild (S-W) and laboratory reared vs. irradiated moths (L-S). Based on the results from the more robust field cage assays, the mating indices generated indicated that the mass-reared E. saccharina strain produced in South Africa has not yet evolved sexual behaviours suggestive of incipient pre-mating isolation barriers with local wild strains. Wild moths did not discriminate against either the partially sterile or laboratory reared moths and most importantly, the irradiated males mated significantly more than their wild counterparts regardless of the type of female. The irradiated insects could therefore achieve the purpose for which they are intended upon release into the field. Third, the critical thermal limits (CTLs) to activity at high and low temperatures (i.e. critical thermal maxima “CTmax” and minima “CTmin”) of different E. saccharina strains/treatments were investigated under standard experimental conditions. The effect of laboratory rearing and increasing radiation dosage on thermal tolerance of the adult stage of E. saccharina was explored. There were highly significant differences between the laboratory-reared and wild strain and also between non-irradiated and irradiated strains in both CTmax and CTmin. Laboratory reared E. saccharina moths were more heat tolerant compared to wild moths for both genders while in the case of CTmin, the reverse was true. Irradiation had a negative effect on both CTmax and CTmin. Moths treated at the lowest radiation dose were more cold and heat tolerant than those treated at higher dosages thereby reinforcing the importance of lower dosages rather than those that induce full sterility against E. saccharina. In general, gender effects on the CTLs were non-significant. Pilot sterile male releases in shade house trials to measure the impact of sustained releases of partially sterile adult males at an over-flooding moth ratio of 10T: 1U (treated to untreated),were conducted to measure their efficacy to stop E. saccharina incursions and suppress populations prior to testing in pilot studies under true season-long and area wide conditions. Results from the current study demonstrated that releasing partially irradiated (200 Gy) adult male moths at the afore mentioned release rate significantly reduced sugarcane stalk damage as well as lowered the number of fertile progeny from F1to succeeding generations in a stable E. saccharina population initiated in a cage house. There were more damaged internodes per stalk in the control than in the sugarcane receiving regular releases of partially sterile male moths. Overall, there were significantly more undamaged stalks in the treated sugarcane than the untreated control. Furthermore, there were significantly more larvae per stalk retrieved from the control compared to the treated sugarcane suggesting that the sustained release of steriles was efficacious in reducing emergence of fertile larvae in the succeeding generations. The results of this study indicate that there is considerable scope for the SIT against E. saccharina.

Orientador: Odair Aparecido Fernandes / Coorientador: Cláudia Pio Ferreira / Banca: Leila Luci Dinardo Miranda / Banca: Daniel Junior de Andrade / Resumo: A broca-da-cana, Diatraea saccharalis, é considerada uma das principais pragas da cana-de-açúcar e tem causado sérios prejuízos em novas fronteiras agrícolas brasileiras que abrangem o oeste do estado de São Paulo e a região centro-oeste do país. Desta forma, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a dinâmica populacional de adultos de Diatraea saccharalis em diferentes regiões canavieiras e sua relação com os fatores meteorológicos, bem como estabelecer modelo de previsão de ocorrência com base em graus-dia e equações de diferenças. Os adultos foram avaliados semanalmente durante duas safras (2013/2014 e 2014/2015) em cultivos localizados nos estados de São Paulo (Pradópolis e Valparaíso) e Goiás (Quirinópolis). Em cada localidade foram utilizados um ou dois talhões de 25 ha, próximos (< 2 km) a estações climáticas. Em uma área central (1 a 1,5 ha) de cada talhão foram instaladas quatro armadilhas delta contendo fêmeas virgens e piso colante para captura dos adultos. O número de adultos coletados e os dados climáticos foram submetidos à análise de regressão múltipla e correlação. Modelos matemáticos baseados em graus-dia e equações de diferenças foram elaborados. Verificou-se maior ocorrência de adultos no período das chuvas, principalmente, de janeiro a abril. Não houve correlação entre os fatores climáticos e a flutuação populacional; com exceção de Quirinópolis, onde a umidade foi fator abiótico limitante para o crescimento populacional desta espécie. Os modelos de graus-... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis, is considered one of the main pest of sugarcane and has caused serious losses in new Brazilian agricultural frontiers including the western region of São Paulo state and the Midwest region of the country. Thus, this study aimed to assess the population dynamics of D. saccharalis adults in different sugarcane regions and its relationship with meteorological factors, as well as to establish a forecasting model based on degree days and difference equations. The adults were evaluated weekly for two growing seasons (2013/2014 and 2014/2015) in areas located in the states of São Paulo (Pradópolis and Valparaiso) and Goiás (Quirinópolis). In each location we used one or two plots of 25 ha, near (<2 km) to meteorological stations. In a central area (1 to 1.5 ha) of each block, four delta traps with virgin females and sticky floor were installed to capture adults. The number of collected adults and weather data were submitted to analysis of multiple regression and correlation. Mathematical models based on degree days and difference equations were developed. A higher occurrence of adults was observed during the rainy season, mainly from January to April. There was no correlation between climatic factors and population dynamics; except for Quirinópolis where the relative humidity was a limiting abiotic factor for population growth of this species. Models of degree days and difference equations are complementary and have shown effectiveness in f... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

A região espaçadora ITS rDNA tem sido utilizada como uma importante ferramenta molecular para a identificação de fungos. Neste estudo a região ITS1 - 5.8S - ITS2 foi analisada em diferentes espécies do fungo entomopatogênico Metarhizium incluindo M. anisopliae, M. album e M. flavoviride com o objetivo de se construir primers específicos para a detecção e identificação do fungo no interior de larvas infectadas de Diatraea saccharalis. A amplificação desta região produziu um fragmento único de aproximadamente 540 pb para as linhagens E9, B/Vi e C, e de 600 pb para a linhagem 14 de M. anisopliae var. anisopliae; de 650 bp para M. album e 600 pb para M. flavoviride. Os produtos de PCR obtidos foram digeridos com diferentes enzimas de restrição Afa I, Alu I, Dde I, Hae III, Hpa II e Sau 3A I; e os perfis de PCR-RFLP mostraram nítidas diferenças entre as espécies analisadas. O sequenciamento da região ITS1 - 5.8S - ITS2 permitiu o desenho de primers específicos para as linhagens de M.a. var. anisopliae do Brasil e da Austrália. A amplificação não ocorreu em linhagens de M. álbum, M. flavoviride e Beauveria bassiana. Os DNAs extraídos de larvas infectadas pelas linhagens E9, B/Vi e C do Brasil e linhagem 14, da Austrália, foram testados utilizando-se os primers desenvolvidos. Em todos os experimentos o fungo M.a. var. anisopliae foi detectado 48 horas após a inoculação. A técnica molecular empregada neste estudo permite a rápida e segura detecção e identificação de M.a. var. anisopliae em bioensaios de laboratório e de campo, programas de manejo de pragas e estudos de epizootiologia. / The ITS rDNA have been used as an important molecular tool for fungi identification. In this study the ITS1 - 5.8S - ITS2 rDNA regions were analyzed in different species of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium including M. anisopliae, M. album and M. flavoviride, in order to construct specific primers for their detection and identification within infected Diatraea saccharalis larvae. The amplification of this region yielded a unique fragment of approximately 540 bp for E9, B/Vi and C, and 600 bp for strain 14 of M. anisopliae var. anisopliae; of 650 bp for M. album and 600 bp for M. flavoviride. The PCR products were digested with the different restriction endonucleases Afa I, Alu I, Dde I, Hae III, Hpa II and Sau 3A I; and the PCR-RFLP profiles showed clear differences amongst the species. The sequencing of the ITS-5.8S rDNA regions allowed for the design of specific primers for M. anisopliae var. anisopliae. The amplification was not observed with M. album, M flavoviride and Beauveria bassiana strains. DNAs extracted from infected larvae by E9 and C strains from Brazil and the strain 14 from Australia in individual bioassays were tested using previously designed specific primers. In all experiments, the fungus was detected after 48 hours of post-inoculation. This molecular technique allows a fast and secure detection and identification of the entomopathogen in bioassays, in pest management programs and epizootiology.

A região espaçadora ITS rDNA tem sido utilizada como uma importante ferramenta molecular para a identificação de fungos. Neste estudo a região ITS1 - 5.8S - ITS2 foi analisada em diferentes espécies do fungo entomopatogênico Metarhizium incluindo M. anisopliae, M. album e M. flavoviride com o objetivo de se construir primers específicos para a detecção e identificação do fungo no interior de larvas infectadas de Diatraea saccharalis. A amplificação desta região produziu um fragmento único de aproximadamente 540 pb para as linhagens E9, B/Vi e C, e de 600 pb para a linhagem 14 de M. anisopliae var. anisopliae; de 650 bp para M. album e 600 pb para M. flavoviride. Os produtos de PCR obtidos foram digeridos com diferentes enzimas de restrição Afa I, Alu I, Dde I, Hae III, Hpa II e Sau 3A I; e os perfis de PCR-RFLP mostraram nítidas diferenças entre as espécies analisadas. O sequenciamento da região ITS1 – 5.8S – ITS2 permitiu o desenho de primers específicos para as linhagens de M.a. var. anisopliae do Brasil e da Austrália. A amplificação não ocorreu em linhagens de M. álbum, M. flavoviride e Beauveria bassiana. Os DNAs extraídos de larvas infectadas pelas linhagens E9, B/Vi e C do Brasil e linhagem 14, da Austrália, foram testados utilizando-se os primers desenvolvidos. Em todos os experimentos o fungo M.a. var. anisopliae foi detectado 48 horas após a inoculação. A técnica molecular empregada neste estudo permite a rápida e segura detecção e identificação de M.a. var. anisopliae em bioensaios de laboratório e de campo, programas de manejo de pragas e estudos de epizootiologia. / The ITS rDNA have been used as an important molecular tool for fungi identification. In this study the ITS1 - 5.8S – ITS2 rDNA regions were analyzed in different species of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium including M. anisopliae, M. album and M. flavoviride, in order to construct specific primers for their detection and identification within infected Diatraea saccharalis larvae. The amplification of this region yielded a unique fragment of approximately 540 bp for E9, B/Vi and C, and 600 bp for strain 14 of M. anisopliae var. anisopliae; of 650 bp for M. album and 600 bp for M. flavoviride. The PCR products were digested with the different restriction endonucleases Afa I, Alu I, Dde I, Hae III, Hpa II and Sau 3A I; and the PCR-RFLP profiles showed clear differences amongst the species. The sequencing of the ITS-5.8S rDNA regions allowed for the design of specific primers for M. anisopliae var. anisopliae. The amplification was not observed with M. album, M flavoviride and Beauveria bassiana strains. DNAs extracted from infected larvae by E9 and C strains from Brazil and the strain 14 from Australia in individual bioassays were tested using previously designed specific primers. In all experiments, the fungus was detected after 48 hours of post-inoculation. This molecular technique allows a fast and secure detection and identification of the entomopathogen in bioassays, in pest management programs and epizootiology.

Orientador: Eleni Gomes / Banca: Carlos Augusto Colombo / Banca: Éder Antônio Giglioti / Resumo: A broca da cana-de-açúcar é considerada como uma das principais pragas da cultura, cujo controle químico não tem sido muito eficaz. O controle biológico com Cotesia flavipes, em função da expansão do plantio, não será suficiente para o controle em áreas de alta infestação. O clima quente e úmido das regiões Noroeste de São Paulo e Centro-Oeste potencializam a utilização dos fungos Beauveria bassiana e Metarhizium anisopliae para o controle desta praga. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar as variações dentre as populações de B. bassiana e M. anisopliae provenientes de diferentes regiões do Brasil e hospedeiros associadas ao controle da Diatraea saccharalis e identificar microrganismos com potencial de uso como agentes para o controle desta praga. Neste sentido, foram realizados isolamentos de fungos de amostras de solos de diferentes culturas e regiões do Brasil e hospedeiros. Destas amostras, após análises morfológicas, foram obtidos 55 isolados de B. bassiana e 14 isolados de M. anisopliae. Isolados provenientes de Institutos de Pesquisa e Empresas privadas foram fornecidos para serem utilizados como referencias, totalizando 73 isolados de B. bassiana e 68 isolados de M. anisopliae. Os isolados foram inicialmente caracterizados quanto ao potencial de patogenicidade, sendo avaliados quanto a capacidade de infectividade sobre todas as fases de desenvolvimento da D. saccharalis. Os resultados do presente estudo demonstraram que ovos, lagartas, crisálidas e adultos de D. saccharalis são suscetíveis à infecção por diversos isolados de M. anisopliae e B. bassiana. Foi possível ainda caracterizar a patogenidade de diversos isolados de M. anisopliae e B. bassiana, comprovando que estes entomopatogênicos apresentam potencial de controle sobre todas as fases de desenvolvimento deste inseto-praga. Em seguida... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The sugarcane borer is considered a major crop pest, whose chemical control has not been very effective. Biological control with Cotesia flavipes, due to the expansion of the plantation will not be enough to control in areas of high infestation. The hot and humid climate of Northwest region of São Paulo and the Midwest potentiate the use of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae to control this pest. The present work aimed to study the variations among populations of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae from different regions of Brazil and hosts associated with the control of Diatraea saccharalis and identify microorganisms with potential use as agents to control this pest. In this sense, fungal isolations were made of soil samples from different cultures and regions of Brazil and hosts. From these samples, after morphological analysis, we obtained 55 isolates of B. bassiana and 14 isolates of M. anisopliae. Isolates from research institutes and private companies were provided for use as references, totaling 73 isolates of B. bassiana and 68 isolates of M. anisopliae. The isolates were initially characterized for their pathogenic potential and they were evaluated for their ability to infectivity on all phases of development of D. saccharalis. The results of this study show that eggs, larvae, pupae and adults of D. saccharalis are susceptible to infection by several isolates of M. anisopliae and B. bassiana. It was also possible to characterize the pathogenicity of different isolates of M. anisopliae and B. bassiana, confirming that these entomopathogenics have potential control over all stages of development of this pest insect. Then, we sought to investigate the genetic diversity of these isolates, to evaluate the spatial distribution of genotypes, to know the genetic relationship between isolates from different regions of Brazil, different... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

A three-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the tolerance and compensatory response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to injury caused by the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.). Two mechanisms of within-plant tolerance/compensation were observed. Stem injured plants produced ca. 0.69 more tillers than uninjured plants, while tillers with leaf and leaf sheath injury produced larger panicles, up to 39.5% and 21.0% heavier than uninjured tillers, when injury occurred at 3rd tiller stage and at panicle differentiation, respectively. A 2-year field cage experiment was conducted to determine the biological control potential of Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) against the sugarcane borer on rice. The effective search rate was 49 cm2 ground area (2.2 tillers) parasitoid-1 day-1. A cohortbased age-structured model was developed to simulate the population dynamics and economic value of the sugarcane borer and C. flavipes in rice, as affected by overwintering larval density, timing and rate of parasitoid aerial release, and year-to-year climate (temperature and rainfall). The results suggest C. flavipes was most effective when released during the 1st sugarcane borer generation. The maximum simulated economic benefit ($112.05 ha-1) was ca. 7.8% of that provided by insecticide-based control. The inability of C. flavipes to provide economic control in temperate-subtropical areas is due to its high rearing cost, a low effective search rate, a low maximum rate of parasitism per female, and both spatial and temporal asynchrony of parasitoid emergence with the larval hosts. The biocontrol capability of Trichogramma galloi Zucchi was also simulated. The maximum economic benefit provided by T. galloi was $1128.75 ha-1, ca. 79.0% of that provided by insecticide-based control. Theoretical analyses were conducted to estimate the effectiveness of augmentative releases, using data from previous studies of parasitism of lepidopteran pests by hymenopteran parasitoids with host and parasitoid density as factors. The maximum daily parasitism per female was highest for parasitoids that attack exposed larvae, followed by parasitoids that attack eggs, semi-exposed larvae, and concealed larvae. Simulation analyses were conducted to estimate the population dynamics and economic value of D. saccharalis, herein used as a model host, and each of 5 parasitoid categories (solitary parasitoids that attack eggs, exposed larvae, and semi-exposed larvae, gregarious parasitoids that attack eggs and concealed larvae) in rice, as affected by overwintering larval density, timing of parasitoid release, and year-to-year climate. Among the 13,500 simulations that were conducted, 480 (3.6%) provided a greater economic value than insecticide-based control. All 480 simulations were obtained using solitary parasitoids that attack exposed or semi-exposed larvae. Solitary egg parasitoids provided an average of 42.2% of the economic value provided by insecticide-based control when released 30 days after planting. Gregarious parasitoids that attack eggs or concealed larvae provided almost no positive economic benefit. For parasitoid species that do not overwinter successfully in areas where they are released or that exhibit temporal or spatial asynchrony with their host early in the spring, our results suggest augmentative biological control is only effective for solitary parasitoids that attack either exposed or semi-exposed larvae, with current rearing, shipping and release costs.

Orientador: Marcos Omir Marques / Banca: Tadeu Alcides Marques / Banca: Wanderley Jose de Melo / Resumo: A cultura da cana-de-açúcar no Brasil apresenta grande importância econômica pela produção de etanol e açúcar, podendo, também, transformar os resíduos produzidos durante o processamento em subprodutos. A moagem atualmente está em torno de 640 milhões de toneladas, numa área de aproximadamente 10 milhões de hectares por todo o Brasil. A produção cada vez maior nos canaviais, em parte, é devido ao melhoramento genético, resultando em cultivares capazes de se desenvolverem em áreas de expansão, proporcionando ganhos importantes para diferentes regiões. Mas apesar da diversidade de cultivares existentes no mercado, dos diferentes programas de melhoramento, são escassas algumas informações, quanto à suscetibilidade/tolerância de pragas, predisposição ao florescimento, variáveis tecnológicas, entre outros, nos diversos cultivares atualmente utilizadas no Brasil, ressaltando a importância do estudo do comportamento dos diferentes cultivares. Observa-se que os cultivares apresentaram diferenças em relação ao ataque da broca-do-colmo, no desenvolvimento, no florescimento assim como isoporização para a região de Ribeirão Preto, com destaque positivo para os cultivares IAC91-1099 e CTC 6 / Abstract: The culture of sugarcane in Brazil with large economic for the production of ethanol and sugar, it can also transform the waste produced during processing by-products. The grind is currently around 640 million tons, an area of approximately 10 million hectares throughout Brazil. The increased production in the cane fields, in part, is due to genetic improvement, resulting in cultivars that can develop in expansion areas, providing important gains for different regions. But despite the diversity of cultivars on the market, the different breeding programs are scarce some information, for susceptibility / tolerance to pests, predisposition to flowering, technological variables, among others, the various cultivars currently used in Brazil, highlighting the importance behavior studies of different cultivars. It is observed that the cultivars showed differences from the attack of the borer stem, in the development, flowering as well as pith to the Ribeirão Preto region, with a positive emphasis on cultivars IAC91-1099 and CTC 6 / Mestre

Orientador: Odair Aparecido Fernandes / Banca: José Alexandre Freitas Barrigossi / Banca: Leila Lucci Dinardo-Miranda / Resumo: A broca-da-cana, Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr.), é a uma das pragas mais importantes da cana-de-açúcar no Brasil. Para o sucesso na utilização de plantas geneticamente modificadas visando o controle deste inseto, faz-se necessário conhecer sua dispersão. Estudos da dinâmica de vôo também podem ajudar na compreensão do comportamento do inseto, e de suas interações ecológicas. O estudo da dispersão de D. saccharalis foi possível através da marcação, liberação e captura dos machos adultos. A marcação foi realizada por meio da incorporação de corante lipossolúvel à dieta das larvas. As armadilhas de feromônio foram dispostas nos talhões de cana-de-açúcar nos sentidos norte, sul, leste e oeste, circundando o ponto de liberação. Os resultados obtidos mostram que mais de 45 % dos machos marcados capturados permaneceram nas áreas mais próximas ao ponto de liberação. Fatores climáticos como a temperatura, umidade relativa, velocidade do vento e precipitação não interferem decisivamente na captura dos machos liberados e dos machos do campo. A direção do vento exerce um papel fundamental na dispersão de D. saccharalis, uma vez que a maioria dos insetos voou a favor do vento. O modelo mais adequado para explicar a relação entre a distância de vôo e o número de indivíduos capturados é dado por y = a2/(1+(2a1,8bx))2,6. Com isso, para o manejo de resistência de D. saccharalis em cultivos de cana-de-açúcar geneticamente modificada expressando proteínas de Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, deve se manter no máximo 800 m de distância entre as áreas de refúgio / Abstract: The sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr.), is one of the most important sugarcane pests in Brazil. For a successful utilization of genetically modified crops aiming at the control of this insect, it is necessary to know its dispersal. Studies of flight dynamics can also help understand the insect's behavior and its ecological interactions. The study of D. saccharalis dispersal was possible through labeling, releasing and capturing adult males. Labeling was performed by incorporating oil soluble dyes into the larval diet. The pheromone traps were placed in a sugarcane field following the cardinal directions (North, South, East, West) around the release site. The results showed that more than 45 % of the labeled males were captured closer to the release site. Climatic factors such as temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and rain do not affect decisively in the release or wild males capture. The wind direction is important in D. saccharalis dispersal, once the majority of insects flew towards the wind. The most adequate model to explain the relationship between flight distance and number of captured insects is y = a2/(1+(2a1,8bx))2,6. Thus, for resistance management of D. saccharalis in genetically modified sugarcane expressing Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner proteins, the refugia sites should be kept at most 800 m apart / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-06T13:03:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-06-18. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-10-06T13:18:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000849768.pdf: 618602 bytes, checksum: d46fe5579cf4eb6161bd6a77d8046a79 (MD5) / A cultura da cana-de-açúcar no Brasil apresenta grande importância econômica pela produção de etanol e açúcar, podendo, também, transformar os resíduos produzidos durante o processamento em subprodutos. A moagem atualmente está em torno de 640 milhões de toneladas, numa área de aproximadamente 10 milhões de hectares por todo o Brasil. A produção cada vez maior nos canaviais, em parte, é devido ao melhoramento genético, resultando em cultivares capazes de se desenvolverem em áreas de expansão, proporcionando ganhos importantes para diferentes regiões. Mas apesar da diversidade de cultivares existentes no mercado, dos diferentes programas de melhoramento, são escassas algumas informações, quanto à suscetibilidade/tolerância de pragas, predisposição ao florescimento, variáveis tecnológicas, entre outros, nos diversos cultivares atualmente utilizadas no Brasil, ressaltando a importância do estudo do comportamento dos diferentes cultivares. Observa-se que os cultivares apresentaram diferenças em relação ao ataque da broca-do-colmo, no desenvolvimento, no florescimento assim como isoporização para a região de Ribeirão Preto, com destaque positivo para os cultivares IAC91-1099 e CTC 6 / The culture of sugarcane in Brazil with large economic for the production of ethanol and sugar, it can also transform the waste produced during processing by-products. The grind is currently around 640 million tons, an area of approximately 10 million hectares throughout Brazil. The increased production in the cane fields, in part, is due to genetic improvement, resulting in cultivars that can develop in expansion areas, providing important gains for different regions. But despite the diversity of cultivars on the market, the different breeding programs are scarce some information, for susceptibility / tolerance to pests, predisposition to flowering, technological variables, among others, the various cultivars currently used in Brazil, highlighting the importance behavior studies of different cultivars. It is observed that the cultivars showed differences from the attack of the borer stem, in the development, flowering as well as pith to the Ribeirão Preto region, with a positive emphasis on cultivars IAC91-1099 and CTC 6