Se tuer, se punir, se laisser tomber, ce sont autant de manières de traduire en actes ce que le sujet ne peut pas dire. Sous l’emprise de son héritage et des énoncés qui l’ont fait exister et l’ont laissé tomber dans ce monde, ce sujet est en quête de son histoire, voire de son destin, cette puissance parentale si encombrante qui donne le sens tragique et d’anticipation à l’existence. Bien que la mort ait ce caractère négatif, vide de contenu, elle n’en implique pas moins la disparition du sujet : l’énonciation de la mort dénonce. Le suicide constitue un paradoxe existentiel caractérisé par cette économie unique entre jouissance et auto-punition. Notre relation au destin est un travail d'écriture qui engage le sujet, l’acte de commencement et la hâte de sa fin. Voici l’un des constats cliniques : l’individu meurt de ses conflits internes. Cette thèse propose une réflexion théorique à travers différentes études cliniques qui ont surgi d’une pratique aux urgences psychiatriques avec une approche trans-nosographique. Le sadisme originaire montre cette tendance cruelle et agressive envers nous-mêmes. Les fantasmes masochistes expriment le sentiment de culpabilité, comme si le sujet avait commis un crime qui devait être expié par la douleur ; par la culpabilité inconsciente nous identifions ce besoin de punition. Cependant, il n’y a pas d’impulsion suicidaire sans impulsion meurtrière. L’injonction de mort travaille comme un mot d’ordre qui oblige le sujet à sortir de la scène sans oublier la complexité de ce qui d’un point de vue économique implique la satisfaction libidinale d’un suicide. Cette part d’énigme demeure un réel défi pour la psychanalyse, toutefois le sujet peut compter sur elle pour une autre écriture de son histoire. Comme une valse à mille temps, qui s'offre encore le temps, de s'offrir des détours du côté de l'amour, nous avons la conviction que le destin est muable et la subversion du sujet toujours possible. / Suicide, self-punishment, and giving up on oneself, are all acts that translate the ineffable. Controlled by one’s heritage and the discourse that bring the subject into existence or abandonment, a search is launched for one’s history or even destiny, the burdening parental authority which leads to a tragic anticipation of existence. If death has a texture of dull emptiness, it nonetheless strikingly denounces the end of a life. Suicide signals an extraordinary paradox, a unique blend of satisfaction and self-punishment. Destiny forces the subject to act out his beginning and expedite his end. Here is one of our clinical perceptions: the individual dies from his internal conflicts. This dissertation is a transnosographic analysis of case studies drawn from an emergency psychiatric unit. Primary sadism reveals cruel and aggressive treatment of oneself. Masochistic fantasies express guilt, as if the subject could only atone for his “crimes” through pain: unconscious guilt gives us this need for punishment. However, suicide always implies a wish to murder others. Death wish implies libidinal satisfaction. This enigmatic aspect remains a real challenge for psychoanalysis. Still, we believe that there is always time for the treatment to re-write one’s destiny and reverse suicidal tendencies.

This research developed two best-fitting structural equation models of risk factors for adolescent depression and suicidality: a core model, which included parenting factors, gender, depression, and suicidality, and an extended model, which also encompassed personality traits (Introversion and Impulsivity) and mood factors (Anxiety and Anger). Further, this research investigated the consistency of model fit across time (Le., 1 month & 12 months) and samples, and explored the effectiveness of the ReachOut! Internet site as a psychoeducational prevention strategy for adolescent depression and suicidality. Gender, age, and location differences were also explored. Participants were 185 Year-9 students and 93 Year-10 students aged 14 - 16 years, from seven secondary schools in regional and rural Victoria. Students were given a survey which included the Parental Bonding Instrument (Parker, Tupling, & Brown, 1979), the Millon Adolescent Personality Inventory (Millon, Green, & Meagher, 1982), the Profile of Mood States Inventory (McNair & Lorr, 1964), items on suicidal behaviour including some questions from the Revised Adolescent Suicide Questionnaire (Pearce & Martin, 1994), and questions on loss and general demographics. Results supported an indirect model of risk factors, with family factors directly influencing personality factors, which in turn influenced mood factors, including depression, which then influenced suicidality. At the theoretical level, results supported Attachment Theory (Bowlby, 1969), demonstrating that perceived parenting styles that are warm and not overly controlling are more conducive to an adolescent's emotional well-being than are parenting styles that are cold and controlling. Further, results supported Millon's theory of personality (1981), demonstrating that parenting style influences a child's personality. Short-term intervention effects from the internet site were a decrease in Introversion for the full sample, and decreased Inhibition and Suicidality for a high-risk subgroup. Long-term age effects were decreased Inhibition and increased Anxiety for the fall sample. There was also a probable intervention effect for Depression for the high-risk subgroup. No location differences for the risk factors were found between regional and rural areas.

<p>Suicide research has a long tradition within sociology. Parallel to the Durkheimian tradition, seeking the causes of suicide in societal factors, a more cultural understanding of suicide has been emphasized. Attitudes to suicide have been stressed as important for the understanding of suicide mortality levels in different societies. For Russia, where suicide mortality levels are among the highest in the world, an understanding of this kind might be of particular importance.</p><p>Based on a survey study from Moscow 2004, attitudes to suicide were studied in relation to social, economic and demographic factors as well as to attitudes to other morally disputable behaviors. Suicide attitudes in different age and sex groups in the sample were further compared to suicide mortality levels in the corresponding groups in the population. Similarly to previous studies the young, the highly educated and the non-religious were more accepting towards suicide. Among the young and highly educated this seemed to be explained by a more accepting attitude generally towards morally disputable behaviors. However, controlling for these other attitudes a positive effect of lower education on suicide acceptability appeared. Differences in suicide attitudes between the genders seemed to be dependent on differences in other factors rather that on gender per se.</p><p>The comparison between suicide attitudes and suicide mortality levels in different groups showed no positive relations. Suicide mortality is probably more affected by social, economic and demographic factors. However, attitudes to suicide might be crucial to whether a person commits suicide in a given situation or not. An increased understanding of attitudes to suicide in Russia might therefore be of major importance.</p> / <p>Forskningen kring självmord har en lång tradition inom sociologin. Vid sidan av den durkheimska traditionen, som söker orsaksrelationer mellan samhälleliga faktorer och självmordsdödlighet, har även självmordets kulturella betydelse betonats. Attityder till självmord har lyfts fram som en viktig faktor för förståelsen av självmordsdödlighetsnivån i olika samhällen. För Ryssland, vars självmordsdödlighet är bland de högsta i världen, är en sådan förståelse av särskild vikt.</p><p>Baserat på en intervjuundersökning utförd i Moskva 2004 studerades inställningen till självmord i relation till sociala, ekonomiska och demografiska faktorer samt till andra moraliska ställningstaganden. Vidare jämfördes attityder till självmord i olika ålders- och könsgrupper i urvalet och självmordsdödligheten i motsvarande grupper i populationen. I likhet med tidigare studier var det i högre utsträckning de unga, de icke-religiösa samt de högutbildade som var mer accepterande gentemot självmord. Bland de unga och högutbildade verkade detta samband förklaras av en mer accepterande inställning i moraliska frågor. När ställningstaganden i andra moraliska frågor konstanthölls framträdde en positiv effekt av lägre utbildning. Skillnader i attityder mellan könen verkade bero på skillnader i andra egenskaper än könstillhörigheten i sig.</p><p>Jämförelsen mellan attityder till självmord och självmordsdödlighet i olika grupper gav inget positivt resultat. Självmordsdödligheten påverkas förmodligen i högre grad av sociala, ekonomiska och demografiska faktorer än attityder till självmord. Attityder till självmord kan dock vara avgörande för huruvida en individ begår självmord i en given situation. En ökad förståelse för självmordsattityder i Ryssland är därför av yttersta vikt.</p>

Suicide research has a long tradition within sociology. Parallel to the Durkheimian tradition, seeking the causes of suicide in societal factors, a more cultural understanding of suicide has been emphasized. Attitudes to suicide have been stressed as important for the understanding of suicide mortality levels in different societies. For Russia, where suicide mortality levels are among the highest in the world, an understanding of this kind might be of particular importance. Based on a survey study from Moscow 2004, attitudes to suicide were studied in relation to social, economic and demographic factors as well as to attitudes to other morally disputable behaviors. Suicide attitudes in different age and sex groups in the sample were further compared to suicide mortality levels in the corresponding groups in the population. Similarly to previous studies the young, the highly educated and the non-religious were more accepting towards suicide. Among the young and highly educated this seemed to be explained by a more accepting attitude generally towards morally disputable behaviors. However, controlling for these other attitudes a positive effect of lower education on suicide acceptability appeared. Differences in suicide attitudes between the genders seemed to be dependent on differences in other factors rather that on gender per se. The comparison between suicide attitudes and suicide mortality levels in different groups showed no positive relations. Suicide mortality is probably more affected by social, economic and demographic factors. However, attitudes to suicide might be crucial to whether a person commits suicide in a given situation or not. An increased understanding of attitudes to suicide in Russia might therefore be of major importance. / Forskningen kring självmord har en lång tradition inom sociologin. Vid sidan av den durkheimska traditionen, som söker orsaksrelationer mellan samhälleliga faktorer och självmordsdödlighet, har även självmordets kulturella betydelse betonats. Attityder till självmord har lyfts fram som en viktig faktor för förståelsen av självmordsdödlighetsnivån i olika samhällen. För Ryssland, vars självmordsdödlighet är bland de högsta i världen, är en sådan förståelse av särskild vikt. Baserat på en intervjuundersökning utförd i Moskva 2004 studerades inställningen till självmord i relation till sociala, ekonomiska och demografiska faktorer samt till andra moraliska ställningstaganden. Vidare jämfördes attityder till självmord i olika ålders- och könsgrupper i urvalet och självmordsdödligheten i motsvarande grupper i populationen. I likhet med tidigare studier var det i högre utsträckning de unga, de icke-religiösa samt de högutbildade som var mer accepterande gentemot självmord. Bland de unga och högutbildade verkade detta samband förklaras av en mer accepterande inställning i moraliska frågor. När ställningstaganden i andra moraliska frågor konstanthölls framträdde en positiv effekt av lägre utbildning. Skillnader i attityder mellan könen verkade bero på skillnader i andra egenskaper än könstillhörigheten i sig. Jämförelsen mellan attityder till självmord och självmordsdödlighet i olika grupper gav inget positivt resultat. Självmordsdödligheten påverkas förmodligen i högre grad av sociala, ekonomiska och demografiska faktorer än attityder till självmord. Attityder till självmord kan dock vara avgörande för huruvida en individ begår självmord i en given situation. En ökad förståelse för självmordsattityder i Ryssland är därför av yttersta vikt.

This thesis uses a panel of Swedish counties over the years 1976-2007 to investigate the relationship between suicide and a range of socio-economic determinants. Moreover, the thesis is combining sociology and economics in order to understand the part of suicide that can be considered as rational. In addition, suicide is studied separately for total, male and female suicide rates. Contrary to prior research in the field of suicide, this study formally tests for gender differences. Applying a fixed effect model, we managed to uncover a statistically significant gender difference for female labor force participation relation to suicide. When applying fixed effect models most of our results were in accordance with the socio-economic theory of suicide. We found a significant u-shaped relationship between suicide and the level of alcohol sales (consumption). We also found a statistically significant positive relationship between the total suicide rate and female labor force participation. Moreover, we found that higher population density significantly leads to fewer suicides in the total and male model. Furthermore, we found that unemployment increases the male suicide rate. In some cases, however our results contradicted the theory. Our results give evidence that divorce has a negative and significant effect on total and male suicide rate. These findings are not only violating the theoretical framework but previous research as well. We can thus conclude that the socio-economic theory of suicide, in most cases, assistances us to understand suicide.

Reproduction de : Thèse d'exercice : Médecine. Psychiatrie : Paris 12 : 2008. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. f.146-155.

Thesis (M.A. (Clinical Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references.

published_or_final_version / Nursing Studies / Master / Master of Nursing

If the way employees die is a direct cause of their working environment, the employer has a certain responsibility to address or prevent these contributing conditions in the environment. Research reports indicate that police officers have higher suicide rates compared to the rates of the general population. Increasing suicide rates for police officers in recent years have been reported for the United States and Australia. Very limited research data for this phenomenon, especially within the South African Police Service, Limpopo Province was found. Previous research on suicide ideation focused on social and individual factors. A research project was launched to determine the relationship between certain demographic variables, coping strategies and stress factors which can be linked to suicide. Research was conducted by means of a cross-sectional survey design. A random, stratified sample (n=204) of uniformed police members was taken from police stations in the province. The Adult Suicide Ideation Questionnaire, the Police Stress Inventory, the Coping Orientations to the Problems Experienced Questionnaire and a biographical questionnaire were administered. Results of a stepwise discriminant analysis showed that the combination of race, the use of seeking emotional support as coping strategy and size of police stations can predict 75% of high suicide ideation cases and 25% of low ideation cases. It was found that 5,88% of the police officials had significant suicide ideation levels. Recommendations for future research were made. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Suicidal behaviour is one of the most tragic events in human life causing serious emotional, spiritual, medical, social and psychological distress for individuals, family and fiends. In addition, it imposes a great economic problem for the individual, family, and society. In the South African Police Service an alarming rate of 4 per 10 000 suicides has been indicated in previous years. Due to the escalation of suicide rates it is regarded as a major public health concern. Several studies have been done regarding suicide and law enforcement agencies but few regarding suicide ideation in law enforcement agencies. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship among coping, stress and suicide ideation of police officials in the Gauteng Province within the SAPS. A cross-sectional survey design was used. A random, stratifies sample was taken from police officials in the Gauteng Province (n = 266). The Adult Suicide Ideation Questionnaire, Police Stress Inventory, the COPE Questionnaire and a biographical questionnaire were administered. The results of this study indicated that the factors that predict suicide ideation best are the following: a previous suicide attempt, passive coping styles, to be charged in terms of the disciplinary code, medical conditions and gender. The results also indicated that 9,02% of the sample showed significant levels of suicide ideation. Recommendations for future research were made. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.