Universiẗat, Diss., 2002--Kiel.

No description available.

Th. doct.-ing.--Nancy, I.N.P.L., 1980.

Th. 3e cycle--Génie chim.--Toulouse--I.N.P., 1982. N°: 121.

Th. 3e cycle--Physico-chim. des matér.--Toulouse--I.N.P., 1982. N°: 122.

Alcohol has been consumed over many centuries, but its connection to criminal activity and accidental fatalities has become a prominent concern in more recent centuries(1). Scientists have developed numerous testing methods to detect alcohol consumption. Numerous studies have recently suggested that zinc has the potential to interfere with the results of these testing methods for drugs of abuse such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) (2, 3). False negatives have been reported from urine testing of drugs such as cocaine, methamphetamine, opiates, and cannabinoids. Nevertheless, minimal research has been conducted concerning zinc’s effect on the adulteration of alcohol metabolite testing. Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is a promising ethanol metabolite for the confirmation of alcohol consumption. Previous research conducted by Shanna Cawley, a graduate from the Boston University School of Medicine’s Biomedical Forensic Sciences program, has found that zinc sulfate is ineffective at producing conclusive false negative results using two immunochromatographic assay brands in synthetic urine solutions(4). This study uses five different immunoassay brands, five different zinc sources, and two distinct matrices to determine the effectiveness of commercial zinc products as adulterants in drugs of abuse testing. Zinc and EtG solutions were produced at concentrations of 15mg/mL and 750ng/mL, respectively. A positive control, negative control, and two to three experimental trials were conducted for each immunoassay brand and each zinc source resulting in a total of 165 tests. Approximately sixty experimental trials in synthetic urine were invalidated or positive for the presence of EtG (81%) in zinc adulterated EtG solutions. Immunoassay kits produced false positive results when testing human urine from subjects who abstained from alcohol consumption Therefore, preliminary immunoassay screenings for the presence of EtG are not a reliable method for confirming alcohol consumption. Previously researched methods, ELISA and EMIT, and confirmatory methods such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) are currently the most robust and reliable techniques for EtG detection in urine.

O uso da nisina como conservante natural tem aumentado cada vez mais, assim como os estudos para aprimorar o uso desta. Este trabalho visa o aumento da eficiência da nisina na inibição de microorganismos, como a Listeria, através da encapsulação da mesma na forma de nanolipossomas com incorporação de polissacarídeos. Foram testados nanolipossomas de nisina e nanolipossomas de nisina com incorporação de quitosana e incorporação de sulfato de condroitina. As análises mostraram que estes lipossomas tiveram a mesma eficiência que a nisina livre na inibição da L. monocytogenes 4b* e da Listeria sp.* e uma maior eficiência na inibição da L. monocytogenes 4b ATCC 6477. As análises de potencial zeta indicaram que os lipossomas de nisina com e sem incorporação de polissacarídeos possuem carga em torno de -20mV e estes apresentaram estruturas esféricas e não esféricas quando observados através de TEM. Apesar dos nanolipossomas de nisina com incorporação de quitosana apresentarem uma eficiência de encapsulaçãos mais baixa, em torno de 10%, estes tiveram maior estabilidade e também maior eficiência na inibição da Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644, quando comparados aos nanolipossomas de nisina com e sem incorporação de sulfato de condroitina, no tempo final de 24h a redução obtida foi de 2 log comparando-se com os demais tratamentos e de 7 log comparando-se aos controles. / The use of nisin, as a natural preservative, has increased, as well as studies to enhance the use of that. The aim of this study is to increase the efficiency of nisin in inhibition of microorganisms such as Listeria, by encapsulating as nanolipossomes incorporated with polysaccharides. Nisin nanoliposomes and nisin nanoliposomes with incorporation of chitosan and chondroitin sulfate were analysed. The analyzes showed that these liposomes had the same efficiency as free nisin in inhibiting L. monocytogenes 4b and Listeria sp., both isolated from bovine carcass, and greater efficiency in inhibiting L. monocytogenes 4b ATCC 6477. The zeta potential analyzes indicated that nisin liposomes with and without incorporation of polysaccharides have a load around -20mV and these showed spherical and nonspherical structures when observed through TEM. Despite of the efficience of nisin nanoliposomes incorporating chitosan present lower values of encapsulation efficiency, around 10%, they were more stable and also more efficient in inhibiting Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644 compared to nisin nanoliposomes with and without incorporation of chondroitin sulfate. In the final time of 24 hours the reduction obtained was 2 log compared with the other treatments and 7 log comparing to the controls.

O uso da nisina como conservante natural tem aumentado cada vez mais, assim como os estudos para aprimorar o uso desta. Este trabalho visa o aumento da eficiência da nisina na inibição de microorganismos, como a Listeria, através da encapsulação da mesma na forma de nanolipossomas com incorporação de polissacarídeos. Foram testados nanolipossomas de nisina e nanolipossomas de nisina com incorporação de quitosana e incorporação de sulfato de condroitina. As análises mostraram que estes lipossomas tiveram a mesma eficiência que a nisina livre na inibição da L. monocytogenes 4b* e da Listeria sp.* e uma maior eficiência na inibição da L. monocytogenes 4b ATCC 6477. As análises de potencial zeta indicaram que os lipossomas de nisina com e sem incorporação de polissacarídeos possuem carga em torno de -20mV e estes apresentaram estruturas esféricas e não esféricas quando observados através de TEM. Apesar dos nanolipossomas de nisina com incorporação de quitosana apresentarem uma eficiência de encapsulaçãos mais baixa, em torno de 10%, estes tiveram maior estabilidade e também maior eficiência na inibição da Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644, quando comparados aos nanolipossomas de nisina com e sem incorporação de sulfato de condroitina, no tempo final de 24h a redução obtida foi de 2 log comparando-se com os demais tratamentos e de 7 log comparando-se aos controles. / The use of nisin, as a natural preservative, has increased, as well as studies to enhance the use of that. The aim of this study is to increase the efficiency of nisin in inhibition of microorganisms such as Listeria, by encapsulating as nanolipossomes incorporated with polysaccharides. Nisin nanoliposomes and nisin nanoliposomes with incorporation of chitosan and chondroitin sulfate were analysed. The analyzes showed that these liposomes had the same efficiency as free nisin in inhibiting L. monocytogenes 4b and Listeria sp., both isolated from bovine carcass, and greater efficiency in inhibiting L. monocytogenes 4b ATCC 6477. The zeta potential analyzes indicated that nisin liposomes with and without incorporation of polysaccharides have a load around -20mV and these showed spherical and nonspherical structures when observed through TEM. Despite of the efficience of nisin nanoliposomes incorporating chitosan present lower values of encapsulation efficiency, around 10%, they were more stable and also more efficient in inhibiting Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644 compared to nisin nanoliposomes with and without incorporation of chondroitin sulfate. In the final time of 24 hours the reduction obtained was 2 log compared with the other treatments and 7 log comparing to the controls.

O uso da nisina como conservante natural tem aumentado cada vez mais, assim como os estudos para aprimorar o uso desta. Este trabalho visa o aumento da eficiência da nisina na inibição de microorganismos, como a Listeria, através da encapsulação da mesma na forma de nanolipossomas com incorporação de polissacarídeos. Foram testados nanolipossomas de nisina e nanolipossomas de nisina com incorporação de quitosana e incorporação de sulfato de condroitina. As análises mostraram que estes lipossomas tiveram a mesma eficiência que a nisina livre na inibição da L. monocytogenes 4b* e da Listeria sp.* e uma maior eficiência na inibição da L. monocytogenes 4b ATCC 6477. As análises de potencial zeta indicaram que os lipossomas de nisina com e sem incorporação de polissacarídeos possuem carga em torno de -20mV e estes apresentaram estruturas esféricas e não esféricas quando observados através de TEM. Apesar dos nanolipossomas de nisina com incorporação de quitosana apresentarem uma eficiência de encapsulaçãos mais baixa, em torno de 10%, estes tiveram maior estabilidade e também maior eficiência na inibição da Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644, quando comparados aos nanolipossomas de nisina com e sem incorporação de sulfato de condroitina, no tempo final de 24h a redução obtida foi de 2 log comparando-se com os demais tratamentos e de 7 log comparando-se aos controles. / The use of nisin, as a natural preservative, has increased, as well as studies to enhance the use of that. The aim of this study is to increase the efficiency of nisin in inhibition of microorganisms such as Listeria, by encapsulating as nanolipossomes incorporated with polysaccharides. Nisin nanoliposomes and nisin nanoliposomes with incorporation of chitosan and chondroitin sulfate were analysed. The analyzes showed that these liposomes had the same efficiency as free nisin in inhibiting L. monocytogenes 4b and Listeria sp., both isolated from bovine carcass, and greater efficiency in inhibiting L. monocytogenes 4b ATCC 6477. The zeta potential analyzes indicated that nisin liposomes with and without incorporation of polysaccharides have a load around -20mV and these showed spherical and nonspherical structures when observed through TEM. Despite of the efficience of nisin nanoliposomes incorporating chitosan present lower values of encapsulation efficiency, around 10%, they were more stable and also more efficient in inhibiting Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644 compared to nisin nanoliposomes with and without incorporation of chondroitin sulfate. In the final time of 24 hours the reduction obtained was 2 log compared with the other treatments and 7 log comparing to the controls.

Barium sulphate is a widely used analytical precipitate and for this reason its properties have been extensively studied. The variety of results encountered with barium sulphate samples prepared by different methods is an indication of the complex nature of this interesting substance. Intro., p. 8.