xv, 108 p. : ill. (chiefly col.) / Aqueous aerosol surfaces are an important platform for chemical reactions through which gases are transported in the atmosphere. The chemical complexity of aqueous aerosols is well-established, but many questions remain about the molecular nature of their surfaces, particularly with respect to the uptake of gases. The pollutant sulfur dioxide, SO₂, has been implicated in environmental phenomena such as acid rain, climate change, and cloud formation. SO₂ is fundamentally interesting because it forms spectroscopically identifiable complexes with water at aqueous surfaces. This dissertation aims to understand how temperature and aqueous composition impact the formation of surface complexes between water and SO₂. Vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy (VSFS), a surface specific technique, is used to probe the vibrational modes of water and small organic molecules, investigating changes to the overall orientation, bonding environment, and structure of interfaces when aqueous surfaces are exposed to SO₂. SO₂ adsorption to water at tropospherically relevant temperatures (0--23 °C) is examined first. The results show enhanced SO₂ surface affinity at colder temperatures, with most of the topmost water molecules showing evidence of binding to SO₂ at 0 °C compared to a much lower fraction at room temperature. Surface adsorption results in significant changes in water orientation at the surface but is reversible at the temperatures examined. The surface and vibrational specificity of these studies can be used to distinguish between the effects of surface adsorption compared to bulk accommodation. This distinction is utilized to demonstrate that SO₂ complexation is independent of solution acidity, confirming that bulk absorption is unnecessary for surface adsorption to occur. Finally, the impact of the organic species succinic acid and formaldehyde on the formation of surface SO₂ complexes is examined. These experiments indicate that SO₂ surface complexation occurs primarily with water but that surface active organic species may interact with gases under certain circumstances, namely when the organic species are more chemically reactive towards the gas. These studies have important implications for atmospheric chemistry and the uptake of gases, particularly in the complex aqueous environments expected in the troposphere. / Committee in charge: Dr. Paul C. Engelking, Chair; Dr. Geraldine L. Richmond, Advisor Dr. Jeffrey A. Cina, Member; Dr. Thomas R. Dyke, Member; Dr. Alan D. Johnston, Outside Member

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important biomolecule for its role in mediating redox homeostasis and signaling biological processes. The study of biological sulfide is currently impeded by a lack of tools available that adequately address the questions currently facing the field. The most pressing of these questions are: how does H2S signal biological processes. To produce tools for studying H2S, chemiluminescent scaffolds were designed to study both H2S producing enzymes and directly measure free H2S. Additionally, small molecule organic persulfides were synthesized and characterized in order to study the properties and reactivity of H2S signaling species. By creating methods to directly measure biological H2S and creating model systems to investigate the active signaling species, the biological reactivity of H2S can be better understood. The luminescent methods for detecting H2S were developed in order to avoid photodecomposition inherent with fluorescent methods while still providing a spectroscopic readout for performing measurements in cells. D-cysteine concentrations can be measured using luciferin bioluminescence, and utilized to back out the H2S producing activity of DAO. Free H2S was measured using luminol derived chemiluminescence. The luminol scaffolds were studied in depth to determine what makes an H2S probe selective for H2S in order to inform the design of future H2S probes. Sulfide signaling processes were investigated using organic persulfide model systems. We found that under reducing conditions persulfides liberate free H2S, and that under basic conditions they decompose. The decomposition pathway is governed by substitution at the -carbon, which dictates the steric accessibility of the inner sulfur atom to act as an electrophile. Persulifdes do not react with acids, and are easily tagged by electrophiles to form disulfides. Persulfides are sufficiently reducing to generate NO from nitrite, facilitating cross-talk between multiple signaling species. This cross talk is mediated by formation of perthionitrite, which may function as an independent signaling species.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-06-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:26:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 martins_dms_dr_araiq.pdf: 866111 bytes, checksum: 704aa80ec2341c65f653eaf5d1f4c8f1 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os compostos sulfurados no petróleo têm causado diversos problemas como os correlacionados à corrosão de equipamentos, envenenamento de catalisadores em processo de refino, qualidade dos produtos, além de liberação de gases tóxicos diretamente ao meio ambiente. Os compostos sulfurados em especial (enxofre elementar, difenil dissulfeto e 1-butanotiol) podem agravar estes problemas, sendo os principais causadores de corrosão de equipamentos nas refinarias de petróleo. Devido a tais considerações, a proposição deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento de metodologias eletroanalíticas para determinação de compostos sulfurados em gasolina, utilizando os eletrodos de filme de mercúrio, amálgama sólido e hexacianoferrato de cobre. No primeiro trabalho desenvolvido utilizou-se o eletrodo filme de mercúrio juntamente com as técnicas eletroanalíticas de voltametria de varredura linear (VVL), onda quadrada (VOQ) e pulso diferencial (VPD) em solução de acetato de sódio 1,4 mol L-1 e ácido acético 2% em metanol, como eletrólito suporte. O método apresentou limites de detecção na ordem de 10-9 a 10-4 mol L-1 para as técnicas eletroanalíticas de VVL, VOQ e VPD, inferiores aos já relatados na literatura usando método análogo. A quantificação dos compostos de enxofre em amostras de gasolina, a partir do monitoramento do sinal de redução sobre a superfície do eletrodo filme de mercúrio, utilizando a técnica de voltametria de onda quadrada, foi possível sem tratamento prévio da amostra, cujo procedimento mostrou ser bastante eficiente não provocando qualquer interferência associada aos constituintes da matriz, exibindo valores de 3,5x10-8, 3,7x10-7 e 4,2x10-8 mol L-1 para enxofre elementar, difenil dissulfeto e 1-butanotiol, respectivamente. A quantificação nas amostras de gasolina, avaliadas em termos... / The presence of sulfur compounds in petroleum has caused several problems including those related to the corrosion of equipments, and the quality of final products, as well as the emission of toxic gases to the environment. Sulfur compounds (elemental sulfur, diphenyl disulfide and 1-butanethiol), can increase these problems, being the main causes of corrosion of equipments in the refineries of petroleum. Based on these assumptions, the principal proposal of this work is the development of electroanalytical methodology for determination of sulfur compounds in gasoline using the electrodes of mercury film, amalgam solid and copper hexacyanoferrate. In the first developed work the mercury film electrode was used together with the electroanalytical techniques of linear scan voltammetry (LSV), square wave voltammetry (SWV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in solution of 1.4 mol L-1 sodium acetate and acetic acid 2% in methanol. The method presented detection limits in the order from 10-9 to 10-4 mol L-1 for the electroanalytical techniques of LSV, SWV and DPV. These limits are inferior to the previous related in the literature using similar method. The quantification of the sulfur compounds in gasoline samples, starting from the monitoring of the reduction sign on the mercury film electrode surface using the technique of square wave voltammetry was possible without previous sample treatment, whose procedure showed to be efficient, it not provoking any interference associated to the sample, exhibiting values of 3.5x10-8, 3.7x10-7 and 4.2x10-8 mol L-1 for elemental sulfur, diphenyl disulfide and 1-butanethiol, respectively. The quantification in the samples of gasoline in recovery terms showed that the methodology electroanalytical supplied quite acceptable results with recovery levels and precision compatible to the found by other techniques. In a second... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Inorganic sulfur-oxidising Bacteria are present throughout the Proteobacteria and inhabit all environments of Earth. Despite these facts they are still poorly understood in terms of taxonomy, physiology, biochemistry and genetics. Using phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic analysis two species that were erroneously classified as Thiobacillus trautweinii spp. in 1921 and 1934 are in fact novel chemolithoheterotrophic species for which the names Pseudomonas trautweiniana sp. nov. and Achromobacter starkeyanus sp. nov. are proposed, respectively. These species were found to oxidise thiosulfate in a “fortuitous” manor when grown in continuous culture and increases in maximum theoretical growth yield (YMAX) and maximum specific growth rate (μMAX) were observed. Cytochrome c linked thiosulfate-dependent ATP production was confirmed in both species, confirming “true” chemolithoheterotrophy. Evidence is presented that the ATP concentration governs the benefits of chemolithoheterotrophy. There were significant changes in enzyme activities, including enzymes of the TCA cycle that might be affecting amino acid synthesis. This is strong evidence that chemolithoheterotrophy gives a strong physiological boost and evolutionary advantage over strictly heterotrophic species. An autotrophic species that was historically placed in Thiobacillus was also shown to be a novel species for which the name Thermithiobacillus parkerianus sp. nov. is proposed. The enzyme profiles of Thermithiobacillus parkerianus differed significantly between different inorganic sulfur growth substrates and was the first time all TCA cycle enzymes were assayed in a member of the Acidithiobacillia. The properties of thiosulfate dehydrogenase varied significantly between Pseudomonas sp. Strain T, Achromobacter sp. Strain B and Thermithiobacillus sp. ParkerM both in terms of optimal parameters and the effect of inhibitors. This evidence adds to the increasing body of work indicating there to be at least two thiosulfate dehydrogenases present in the Bacteria.

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Nos últimos anos, as legislações ambientais têm se tornado mais rigorosas em relação aos limites de emissão de dióxido de enxofre, provenientes das refinarias de petróleo e das industrias químicas. A recuperação de enxofre, através do processo Claus, é o padrão da industria na redução das emissões de SO2 de efluentes gasosos ricos em H2S. Basicamente o processo consiste de duas etapas em série: uma térmica e outra catalítica. A cinética do processo é limitada, devido à natureza de suas reações principais que tendem ao equilíbrio, por isto, uma unidade de recuperação de enxofre com três reatores catalíticos, por exemplo, tem uma capacidade teórica de recuperar 98% de enxofre do gás ácido. A fase térmica do Processo Claus, é responsável por 60 a 70% da conversão total de enxofre, mas apesar disto, tem sido pouco estudada e ainda hoje a maior parte dos modelos disponíveis para projeto de novas plantas ou otimização das existentes, são baseados em relações de equilíbrio ou em equações empíricas. Esses modelos têm se mostrados insuficientes para atender às novas exigências de eficiência das unidades de recuperação de enxofre, uma vez que não consideram fatores fluidodinâmicos e as limitações cinéticas das reações envolvidas nos processo de combustão. O objetivo deste trabalho é o estudo da fase térmica do Processo Claus, utilizando como técnica de modelagem a fluidodinâmica computacional (CFD), através do programa CFX-5.6. Também são incorporados os mais recentes avanços na modelagem cinética das reações: Claus, oxidação e pirólise do H2S, formação de COS e CS2. Para isto, são modelados 4 tipos diferentes de queimadores, operando em câmaras de combustão de mesmo tamanho e nas mesmas condições de processo. / Over the last years the environmental legislations have become more severe with respect to the limits of SO2 emission that are produced by the petroleum refining and chemical industries. The sulphur recovery, through the Claus process, is the industrial standard reducing the SO2 emission in the effluents gases that are rich in H2S . Basically, the process is composed by two sequential phases: one is thermal, and the other one is catalytic. The process kinetics are limited, due to the intrinsic nature of the main reactions to tend to the equilibrium, therefore, a sulphur recovery unit with three catalytic reactors, for instance, has the theoretical capacity to recover 98% of the sulphur from the acid gas. The thermal phase of the Claus process is responsible for 60 to 70% of the total sulphur conversion, however, it has not been fully investigated, and up to now, most of the existent models for designing new plants or optimisation of the current ones, are based in equilibrium reactions or empirical equations. These models have been insufficient to meet the new efficiency requirements of the sulphur recovery plants, as far as fluid dynamic factors and kinetic limitations of the reactions involved are not considered in the combustion process. The objective of this work is to study the thermal phase of the Claus process, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as a modelling technique through CFX-5.6 software. In addition, the most recent advances in kinetics modelling of the reactions are also incorporated: Claus reaction, oxidation and pyrolysis of the H2S, formation of COS and CS2. Four different types of burners are simulated, with a combustion chambers of the same size and even processing conditions.

Orientador: Ivo Milton Raimundo Junior / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T14:29:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_KarimeRitaBentesda_D.pdf: 987159 bytes, checksum: fbf95cdeef4cddf9f7dda16d5efcb700 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Foram construídos optodos para a determinação de SO2 em amostras de ar e de vinho, com base no cromóforo Pd2(dppm)2Cl2 [(bisdifenilfosfinometano-dicloreto de paládio (I)] imobilizado em matrizes de PVC [poli(cloreto de vinila)] e plastificadas com o-NPOE [o-nitrofeniloctiléter]. As membranas que apresentaram os melhores resultados continham 20% de PVC, 4% do cromóforo e 76% de o-NPOE, para uma massa final de 100 mg. Para amostras de ar, as membranas foram preparadas pela deposição de 200 mL de solução em filmes de poliéster, apresentando espessura média de 500 mm, faixa linear de resposta de 0-5 ppmv SO2, limite de detecção de 130 ppbv SO2 e tempo de vida útil de 2 meses ou 250 medidas. Esse optodo responde também para monóxido de carbono, na faixa linear de 1-5% de concentração. Para amostras de vinhos, as membranas foram preparadas pela deposição manual de 10 mL de solução em filmes de poliéster e foram obtidas faixas lineares de trabalho de 0-50 mg L para SO2 livre e 0-150 mg L para SO2 total, com limites de detecção da ordem de 0,37 e 0,70 mg L, respectivamente. Na validação do método, foi observada uma boa correlação com o método padrão, não havendo diferença significativa no nível de 95% de confiança. Observou-se que sacarose e etanol geram efeito de matriz. Para ambos os optodos, observou-se que é grande o efeito da umidade. Na presença de NO2, H2S, HCl e Cl2 10 ppmv a fase sensora é inutilizada. Também foi desenvolvido um optodo para a determinação de oxigênio dissolvido com base no fluoróforo PtOEP [octaetilporfirinato de platina] imobilizado em PDMS [poli(dimetilsiloxano)]. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos para as membranas preparadas a partir de uma solução contendo 8 x 10 mol L de PtOEP e 20% de sílica. A espessura média das membranas foi de 0,22 ± 0,02 mm. Foi obtido um limite de detecção de 0,077 mg L de O2 dissolvido e com desvio padrão relativo de 0,53%. A faixa linear de resposta foi de 0,07-5,95 mg L de O2 dissolvido em água. Observou-se que não há erro sistemático com o uso deste optodo, e que o mesmo pode ser empregado na determinação oxigênio dissolvido em amostras reais / Abstract: Optodes for determination of sulphur dioxide in air and wine samples were constructed, based on the dichloro-bis-(diphenylphosphino)-methane dipalladium I [Pd2(dppm)2Cl2] complex immobilised in PVC films, plasticised with onitrophenyloctylether [o-NPOE]. The sensing phase that presented best performance was prepared from a THF solution (1 mL), containing 20 mg PVC, 4 mg Pd complex and 76 mg o-NPOE. For air sample analysis, membranes were prepared by the deposition of 200 µL of the cocktail solution on polyester sheet (average thickness of 500 µm), presenting a linear response range of 0-5 ppmv SO2, detection limit of (0.13 ± 0.02) ppmv SO2 and lifetime of 2 months or 250 measurements. This optode also presented a linear response to carbon monoxide in the 1-5 % range. For wine samples, membranes were prepared by the manual deposition of 10 µL of the cocktail solution on polyester sheet, presenting linear response ranges of 0 -50 mg L for free SO2 and 0 -150 mg L for total SO2, with detection limits of 0.37 and 0.70 mg L, respectively. The results showed good correlation with the reference method, presenting no significant differences at the 95 % confidence level. It was observed that sucrose and ethanol affects slightly the sensitivity. For both optodes, it was observed a significant effect of the humidity, as well as poisoning by NO2, H2S, HCl and Cl2 10 ppmv. It was also developed an optode for determination of dissolved O2, based on the fluorophore platinum octaethylporphyrin [PtOEP] immobilised in polydimethylsiloxane [PDMS]. The membrane prepared from a solution containing 8 x 10 mol L PtOEP and 20 % silica presented the best performance, with an average thickness of 0.22 ± 0.02 mm. The optode showed a detection limit of 0.077 mg L dissolved O2, relative standard deviation of 0.53 % and a linear response range from 0.07 to 5.95 mg L O2. It was not observed a systematic error for the developed sensor, which can be applied to the determination of dissolved oxygen in water samples / Doutorado / Quimica Analitica / Doutor em Ciências

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