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This thesis is centered around the use of flow chemistry to enable cycles in order to increase reaction or process efficiency. Chapter two describes the development of a pseudo-catalytic cycle in space; a strategy to achieve formal sub-stoichiometric loading of a chiral auxiliary. By telescoping auxiliary attachment, asymmetric transformation and auxiliary cleavage into one continuous flow process, coupled with separation of product and recovery of auxiliary, the reuse of the auxiliary can be automated by returning the recovered auxiliary back to the start of the process to achieve ‘turn-over.’ An asymmetric hydrogenation mediated by Oppolzer’s sultam is used to demonstrate this concept. In order to achieve cycles such as the one discussed in Chapter two, the ability to telescope reactions in flow is paramount. However, solid handling challenges are frequent when transitioning to flow, leading to limitations in potential solvents or conditions in order to achieve homogeneity. This complicates the ability to telescope reactions, and to address this challenge the work in Chapter three focuses on the development of a general and simple solution to negate precipitation problems arising from precipitation of base·HX salts, a frequent reaction by-product of common reactions. By using bases that form low- to moderate-melting salts upon protonation, precipitation is precluded while reactions are performed above the melting point of the base·HX salt. This is shown to be applicable for a wide variety of substitution reactions and allow facile reaction telescoping. Chapter four focus on overcoming severe scope limitations in palladium catalyzed transformations that result when rapid background reactions deplete the nucleophilic coupling partner faster than catalyst turnover. This work starts with real-time MS investigations to investigate why slow addition of Grignard or organolithium nucleophiles facilitates substantial scope expansion in Kumada-Corriu or Murahashi cross-couplings, and then uses the information gleaned from these studies to significantly expand the accessible scope of palladium catalyzed aryl halide–diazo cross-coupling, through controlled addition of the diazo reagent at a rate that approximates aryl halide oxidative addition, in combination with on-demand flow synthesis of non-stabilized diazo reagents. Chapter five focuses on improving efficiency in the collection of kinetic data in flow, by developing a reaction cycling reactor. Conversion over time data is obtained by passing a discrete reaction slug back-and-forth between two residence coils, with analysis performed each time the solution passes from one coil to the other. In contrast to a traditional steady state flow system, which requires >5 X the total reaction time to collect data, this reactor design collects all the data during a single reaction. Multiple reactions can also be monitored at the same time by performing multiple reactions as sequential slugs in the reactor. The reactor is demonstrated by application to a wide variety of transformations and different methods of kinetic analysis.

Nitrogen is a vital element for the existence of life, as shown by its frequent presence in essential biomolecules, and inclusion into valuable drugs. Sulfonamides and their heterocycle counterpart, sultams, are N-containing functional groups and metabolically stable amide isosteres. Sulfa drugs, which contain these moieties, have a broad spectrum of medical applications. The industrial value of sultams has prompted the development of novel methods for their synthesis, and metal-catalyzed C-H amination reactions with nitrene precursors have recently shown promise. The current thesis presents a survey of conditions for benzo[d]sultam synthesis via intramolecular C-H amination of N-acyloxysulfonamides. Initially, using Ru(Bpy)3(PF6)2 as a photocatalyst and Et3N as a base enabled benzo[d]sultam formation by tertiary C-H amidation. The photoredox conditions were optimized to accommodate other 2,6-disubstituted-N-acyloxysulfonamides upon omission of the base, which consistently gave sulfonamide byproducts. Control reactions indicated that a thermal base-induced reaction was simultaneously occurring, both enabling productive C-H amidation and byproduct formation. Systematic optimization of base-induced conditions enabled sultam synthesis from 2,6-dialkyl- and tertiary ortho-monoalkyl-precursors in moderate yield, but sulfonamide formation still impeded the reaction.   An additional control reaction indicated that a thermal Ruthenium-catalyzed C-H amidation reaction was possible. Indeed, heating N-acyloxysulfonamides in the presence of Ru(Bpy)3(PF6)2 and in the absence of light and base enabled efficient C-H amidation, particularly with DCE as a solvent. A representative scope of 12 benzo[d]sultams was then synthesized including entries derived from ortho-monoalkyl-N-acyloxyarylsulfonamides. Aside from optimizing an efficient reaction for the synthesis of benzo[d]sultams through the cyclization of N-acyloxyarylsulfonamides, including the challenging primary C-H amidation of orthomonomethyl-substrates, the unique reaction conditions developed in this thesis set precedent for future investigation of hydroxylamine derived nitrene precursors. The optimization and design of superior ruthenium catalysts could allow for more challenging C-H amination reactions with hydroxysulfonamide derivatives and similar N-oxy nitrene precursors.

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Les hétérocycles sont des motifs présents dans un grand nombre de produits naturels et synthétiques possédant une activité biologique. Le développement de méthodes pour construire ces motifs constitue un axe de recherche important et de nombreuses voies de synthèse ont été et sont encore aujourd'hui étudiées. Au cours de ces travaux de thèse, plusieurs méthodologies ont été développées permettant l'accès à de nouveaux hétérocycles: Une première étude sur l'hydrogénation des indoles et sur l'influence de leur substitution a été réalisée. Ces travaux ont permis de mettre au point une méthode simple et efficace pour obtenir des indoles partiellement ou totalement saturés. Dans un second temps la mise au point de conditions sans solvant et sans métal pour la réaction de cyclisation de Prins a conduit à l'isolation de tetrahydropyranes et à leur utilisation de manière séquentielle avec la réaction de Bartoli. Ces conditions se sont également avérées très efficaces pour la formation de sultames. Enfin, une approche synthétique vers les decytospolides A et B a été réalisée en utilisant comme réaction clé la réaction de cyclisation de Prins / The heterocyclic skeleton is present in many natural and synthetic products with biological activity. The development of methods to build these patterns is an important area of research and many synthetic routes have been and are still being studied. During this work, several methods have been developed allowing access to new heterocyclic compounds: first the hydrogenation of indoles and the influence of their substitution was realised. This work allowed to develop a simple, selective and efficient method to obtain partially or fully saturated indoles. Next the development of neat and metal-free conditions for the Prins cyclization reaction gave tetrahydropyrans and was sequentially used with the Bartoli reaction. These conditions have also proved to be very efficient for sultam synthesis. Finally, a synthetic approach to decytospolides A and B was performed using the Prins cyclization reaction as key step

La formation de liaisons carbone-carbone est primordiale dans le domaine de la chimie organique. Parmi les nombreuses méthodes existantes, les réactions de métathèse des oléf ines et de chimie radicalaire constituent deux techniques de choix mais n'ont été que très rarement utilisées de façon concomitante en synthèse organique. Cette constatation a été le point de départ de ces travaux de thèse dont le but a alors été d'appliquer ces deux réactions à la synthèse de molécules aux possibles propriétés biologiques. Une première étude combinant les réactions de métathèse qu'elles soient croisées ou d'énynes, et de cyclisation de type radicalaire ou de Heck, a été menée et a permis l'obtention de molécules à forte valeur ajoutée : des sultames à six chaînons et une nouvelle famille de spiro-sultames. Une seconde étude a quant à elle utilisé pour la première fois de façon séquentielle et en un seul pot les réactions de photodéconjugaison et de métathèse cyclisante permettant d'aboutir à la synthèse de composés intéressants mais difficiles à préparer, à savoir des lactones α,β-insaturées possédant un groupement alkyle en position α. Un troisième sujet utilisant à la fois les réactions d'addition de Michael asymétrique organocatalysée et de cyclisation radicalaire induite par le diiodure de samarium a permis de synthétiser des cyclopentanols trisubstitués comportant trois stéréocentres contigus. Enfin, une approche synthétique vers la nhatrangine A, molécule naturelle possédant six centres stéréogènes, et la synthèse totale du (+)-guaymasol ont été réalisées / Carbon-carbon bond formation constitutes a crucial research field in organic chemistry. Among all existing methods, olefin metathesis and radical reactions are particularly attractive ones but were rarely used in a concomitant way. That was the starting point of this PhD work, whose aim was to apply these two reactions to the synthesis of molecules having a potential biological interest. The first topic which was taken up was the use of cross- or enyne metathesis combined with a radical or an Heck cyclization for the synthesis of very valuable compounds : sultams and their spirocyclic derivatives. The second subject allowed the synthesis of α,β-unsaturated lactones bearing an alkyl group at the α position by using for the first time, in a one-pot and sequential manner, photochemistry and ringclosing metathesis. The third study led to cyclopentanol derivatives bearing three contiguous stereocentres by associating organocatalysis and radical cyclization induced by the use of samarium diiodide. Last but not least, a synthetic approach to nhatrangin A, natural compound holding six stereocentres, and total synthesis of (+)-guaymasol were carried out