Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:58:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RODRIGO_PEREIRA_DUQUIA_tese.pdf: 673344 bytes, checksum: ae25f96b35c9d6357bf3d184433ebb25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-26 / Background: Sunscreen use is important for the prevention of skin cancer, but population-based information about the prevalence and its associated factors are scarce in Brazil. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and associated factors with sunscreen use among Brazilian adults. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional population-based study with a representative sample of adults aged 20 years or older living in the urban area of the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil. We evaluated sunscreen use at the beach, at work, and during outdoor sports, for at least 20 minutes between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., from December 2004 to March 2005. The outcome measure was dichotomized in subjects who never used sunscreen, and those who used sunscreen, regardless of frequency. Results: Prevalence of sunscreen use at the beach, work, and outdoor sports was 60.8% (CI95% 55.6 - 66.0), 13.7% (CI95% 10.7 - 16.6%), and 30.2% (CI95% 24.1 - 36.3), respectively. At work, the median number of days of exposure was 70 days, while at the beach it was 10 and, for sport it was 16. Females, whites, those with higher educational achievement, and with higher income were more likely to use sunscreen. Limitations: No data on adequacy of sunscreen use was gathered Conclusion: Our data show that the subjects most exposed to sunlight are those that use sunscreen the least. Interventions targeting this group are required, since this is also the population with the lowest socioeconomic level. / Diversos estudos já comprovaram que ficar exposto ao sol acarreta prejuízos para a pele. Pessoas que se protegem do sol têm menor chance de desenvolver câncer de pele. Além disso, a proteção contra os raios solares retarda o aparecimento de rugas e manchas, preservando, desta forma, a pele das pessoas. Apesar deste conhecimento, muitas pessoas preferem expor-se ao sol para ficarem bronzeadas ao invés da preservação de uma pele jovem e saudável. Este assunto tem despertado o interesse de diversos pesquisadores na área da saúde. O médico dermatologista Rodrigo Pereira Duquia realizou uma pesquisa com adultos da cidade de Pelotas para avaliar o comportamento da população com relação à utilização de fotoprotetores (creme protetor solar) durante o verão. O trabalho foi realizado durante os meses de outubro a dezembro de 2005, sendo entrevistadas 3136 pessoas com 20 anos ou mais de idade. Entre os achados mais importantes do estudo destaca-se que 23% dos entrevistados trabalhavam em média 65 dias no verão expostos ao sol, no período das 10:00 às 16:00h, considerado o de maior risco para o desenvolvimento do câncer de pele. Mais preocupante ainda foi o achado de que apenas cerca de 14% dessas pessoas utilizavam fotoprotetor. O estudo também demonstrou que a freqüência do uso do protetor solar foi muito maior na praia. Mais campanhas são necessárias para que a população saiba os malefícios da exposição ao sol e utilize medidas preventivas, como o uso do fotoprotetor, com o objetivo de 106 diminuir as taxas de câncer de pele e retardar o envelhecimento da pele. Atenção especial deve ser dirigida aos trabalhadores expostos ao sol, já que este é o grupo que menos usa o fotoprotetor solar e que permanece maior número de dias exposto ao sol.

Ultraviolet light is damaging but fish have evolved protective mechanisms, which allows them to live in shallow water reefs, high in UV radiation. This thesis details my investigation into the physiological ecology of solar ultraviolet (UV) absorbing compounds, known as mycosporine-like amino acids found in the external epithelial mucus, and examines the supporting role potentially played by a UV-induced DNA repair mechanism in coral reef fish of the Indo-Pacific. Using reverse phase chromatography and UV spectrophotometry, I examined whether the distribution of MAA compounds across different areas of the body is correlated with differential UV exposure. Comparisons were made between the MAA content and the absorbance spectra of mucus from the dorsal, ventral, caudal and head body surface areas in five species of Scaridae (Chlorurus sordidus, Scarus schlegeli, S. niger, S. psittacus and S. globiceps) from Ningaloo Reef, Coral Bay, Western Australia. All fish analysed had at least five MAAs present, and results showed that fish had increased UV absorbance in mucus over the dorsal area, which receives the brunt of UV radiation. Little UV protection was found in mucus from the ventral area, which receives the lower level of UV radiation mostly via reflection of the sand and reef surfaces. Furthermore, UV absorbance per mg dry mucus versus standard fish length showed that there is a positive relationship in C. sordidus with increasing size. I examined whether there is a difference in the quantity of UV screening compounds found in the mucus of fish along a longitudinal geographical gradient from inshore reefs (Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef) to the outer edge reefs to oceanic reefs (Osprey Reef). MAA absorbance increased with longitudinal distance from the mainland landmass of Australia to more oligotrophic outer reefs, where UV attenuation is reduced and the ocean is more transparent to UV wavelength. I determined that fish living on inshore, more turbid reefs where UV attenuation in shallow waters is high have lower levels of MAA protection than fish from clear oceanic reefs. Furthermore, there seems to be a direct relationship between light attenuation and exposure with the quantity of protective sunscreening found in the mucus of reef fish. It is know that UV irradiation decreases with water depth and that mucus from fish with deep habitats absorbs less UV than that of fish from shallow habitats. It is unknown however, whether this UV protection is variable within the same individuals and if so, how fast changes 11 occur. To test this, I relocated 9 ambon damselfish from a deep reef (18 m) to a shallow reef (1.5 m) to expose fish to increased levels of UV and relocated another 7 fish from a shallow to a deep reef to expose fish to decreased levels of UV. One week after relocation, all fish were returned to their original reef site to determine whether MAA levels would return to their initial levels. Fish relocated to a shallower depth were recovered and had a 60% (SD+/-2%) increase in mucus UV absorbance. Conversely, the fish relocated to a deeper depth were recovered and had a 41% (SD+/-1%) decrease mucus UV absorbance. No difference was found between UV absorbance of relocated and original fish at both depth. Six days after fish were returned to their original reef, mucus UV absorbance levels had returned to 67% +/- 4% of the original level. These results show that mucus UV absorbance is variable in individual ambon damselfish and that the sunscreen protection typical for a certain depth is reached in relocated fish within just a few days of relocation. The rate of MAA loss is higher than the accumulation of MAAs suggesting that diet is not the sole determining factor involved in the sequestration of MAAs to mucus. The cleaner fish Labroides dimidiatus performs a mutualistic service by removing ectoparasites such as gnathiid isopods as well other dead infected tissue from its clients. Cleaner fish however are also known to feed on client mucus. The benefits of eating mucus until recently were unclear. In this study, we analysed the mucus of several cleaner fish clients to determine whether mucus feeding has a nutritional advantage over gnathiids and whether cleaner fish obtain their own MAA protection through this dietary mucus ingestion. Results show that host fish that are infected with gnathiids of poor nutritional value, in contrast to those that harbour gnathiids with higher nutritional value, continuously exude mucus that has both high nutritional value and high MAA content. These findings support the conclusion that in a competitive market for cleaners some host fish are forced to offer more than parasites to cleaners. Ultraviolet light that is not filtered by UV absorbing compounds such as MAA may still lead to DNA damage such as the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) or 6-4 photoproducts (6-4 PPs). However, coral reef fish have alternative mechanisms to overcome UV induced damage via the photolyase DNA repair mechanisms. We experimentally demonstrated for the first time that a coral reef fish species, the moon wrasse Thalassoma lunare has the ability to repair DNA damage via photoreactivation. Fish both with and without MAA protection were irradiated with UVB wavelength to induce DNA lesions. Half of the experimental fish were then exposed to photoreactivating wavelength to induce DNA repair 12 while the other fish were blocked from the repair mechanisms. Fish which had undergone DNA repair had the lowest number of lesions regardless of mucus MAA protection. When fish were blocked from photoreactivation wavelengths MAA sunscreens clearly served a photoprotective role. The amount of damage was greatest in fish which both lacked MAAs and which were also blocked from photoreactivating wavelengths. Thus for the overall UV protection of fish both the MAA sunscreens as well as the DNA repair system play a significant role in counteracting UV damage. Ultraviolet protection by MAA sunscreens is ubiquitous in marine fish. To date the same 5 MAA compounds (palythine (λmax 320 nm), asterina (λmax 330 nm), palythinol (λmax 332 nm), usujirene (λmax 357 nm) and palythene (λmax 360nm) have been identified in the mucus of several different species of reef fish from Australia. Here we report the first evidence of the presence of additional UV absorbing compounds found in the mucus of fish from Indonesia. Using UV spectroscopy the mucus of four species of fish was compared between both geographical regions. The presence of an additional peak between 294-296 nm wavelengths suggests the presence of gadusol and/or deoxygadusol, which are photoprotective compounds, thought to be the precursors of MAAs. Thus, UV protecting compounds in the mucus of fish may not be as conserved between different regions as previously assumed. Our knowledge concerning the effect of UV radiation has advanced considerably in the past decade and my research findings contribute to the better understanding of protective mechanisms of marine fish. The correlations I have found between UV attenuation/exposure, depth, and longitude of sampled individuals lead me to believe that mucus UV absorbing MAA compounds are a highly efficient adaptive defence.

Předkládaná diplomová práce se zabývá extrakcí nanočástic oxidu titaničitého z produktů osobní péče, konkrétně opalovacích krémů a následnou charakterizací těchto částic. Počet komerčně dostupných produktů s obsahem nanočástic TiO2 se neustále zvyšuje a to se sebou přináší potřebu vyhodnotit potenciální osud a nepřímou expozici TiO2 nanošástic o různých velikostí a tvarů a zkoumat jejich celý životní cyklus. Bylo zkoumáno použití ultrafiltrace a ultracentrifugace jako extrakční metody. Dvě metody pro extrakci TiO2 nanočástic byly vyvinuty a aplikovány na vzorky opalovacích krémů. Extrahované částice mohou být použity pro ekotoxikologické studie, případně experimenty v mesokosmu. Velikost částic byla stanovena pomocí metody dynamického rozptylu světla a transmisní elektronové mikroskopie.