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L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer des stratégies de diagnostic dans le cas d'une commande en vitesse sans capteur mécanique (vitesse/position) d’une machine asynchrone triphasée en présence de défaut d'ouverture des transistors IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) de l’onduleur. Une étude de l’impact de ces défauts sur les performances de ces structures sans capteur mécanique en termes de stabilité et de robustesse des observateurs en mode dégradé est présentée. Un observateur par mode glissant (Sliding Mode Observer) à base de modèle est développé et validé expérimentalement en vue de la commande sans capteur mécanique de la machine asynchrone triphasée. Les signaux issus de l’observateur (approche modèle) sont utilisés conjointement avec ceux mesurés (approche signale) pour former une approche hybride de diagnostic de défauts des transistors IGBT de l’onduleur. Un observateur par mode glissant d’ordre 2 à base d’un algorithme Super-Twisting est ensuite développé en vue d’améliorer la stabilité et d’assurer la continuité de fonctionnement du système en présence d'un défaut afin de pouvoir appliquer une stratégie de commande tolérante aux défauts dans les meilleures délais et conditions de fonctionnement. / The main goal of this thesis is to propose diagnostic strategies in the case of a sensorless speed control of a three-phase induction motor under an opened-switch or opened-phase fault. A qualitative analysis of the performances, in terms of stability and robustness, of sensorless control applied to the electrical drive in pre-fault and post-fault operation modes is presented. A model-based sliding mode observer is developed and experimentally validated for sensorless speed control of three-phase induction motor. The signals issued from the observer (model approach) as well as the measured ones (signal approach) are simultaneously used to form a hybrid approach for inverter open-switch fault detection and identification. A second-order sliding mode observer based on Super-Twisting algorithm (STA) is also developed to improve the stability and to ensure the continuity of operation of the electrical drive especially during transient states induced by the fault, permitting thus to apply the reconfiguration step without losing the control

Cette thèse porte sur le développement de nouvelles stratégies de commande et d’observation adaptatives par Modes Glissants (MG) et par Modes Glissants d’Ordres Supérieurs (MGOS). En effet, la mise en œuvre des commandes par MG et MGOS classiques nécessite la connaissance des limites supérieures des perturbations ou de leurs dérivées, souvent inconnues. Le premier apport de cette thèse est la synthèse d’une stratégie d’adaptation permettant d'assurer la convergence de la variable de glissement vers un voisinage prédéfini de zéro sans nécessiter d'informations sur les perturbations ou leurs dérivées et sans surestimation du gain. Cette stratégie est ensuite déclinée pour concevoir : deux commandes par MG d’ordre 1 et 2, une commande par mode glissant intégral, ainsi qu’une version du différenciateur de Levant. La deuxième contribution de la thèse est la mise au point de deux commandes adaptatives par MGOS discontinues. Ces deux algorithmes assurent un mode glissant d'ordre n en s’affranchissant de la connaissance de la limite supérieure de la perturbation et de sa dérivée. Enfin, afin de montrer l’efficacité des algorithmes proposés, ils sont appliqués avec succès à travers des simulations pour la commande d’un système de conversion de l’énergie éolienne et la commande d’un moteur à induction linéaire pour la cogénération. / This thesis deals with the development of novel strategies to adapt higher order sliding mode controllers and observers. The implementation of classics first order and higher order sliding mode controllers requires the knowledge of the upper bound of the disturbance or its derivative, which are often not known. The first contribution of this thesis is the design of an adaptive strategy that can ensure the convergence of the sliding variable to a predefined neighborhood of zero without requiring any information of the disturbance or its derivative and without overestimating the adaptive gain. This adaptive strategy is then declined for the design of the first order, second order and integral sliding mode controllers, and for the Levant's differentiator. The second contribution of the thesis is the development of two adaptive strategies for discontinuous higher order sliding mode control. The proposed two algorithms can provide the achievement of n-order sliding mode despite disturbances with unknown upper bounds or with unknown upper bounds of their derivatives. Finally, in order to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms, they are successfully applied through simulations to control the wind energy conversion system and the linear induction motor system for cogeneration.

Nous proposons dans cette thèse d’étudier l’asservissement de systèmes complexes par des commandes à mode glissant à paramètres fixes. L’objectif est de montrer qu’il est possible d’utiliser des commandes robustes tout en gardant une approche de modélisation du système et de synthèse des lois de commande simples.Le système physique considéré est essentiellement un robot manipulateur anthropomorphique flexible à muscles artificiels pneumatiques à sept degrés de liberté.Nous nous intéressons aux commandes robustes et particulièrement aux commandes à régime glissant d’ordre 2, Twisting et Super–twisting, et à la commande équivalente qui leur est généralement associée pour réduire les discontinuées éventuelles de ce type de commandes. Ces commandes sont évaluées à travers des expériences sur un robot flexible. Grâce à ces expériences nous montrons la robustesse de ces commandes, l’influence des incertitudes de la modélisation sur leurs performances et la difficulté de synthétiser leurs paramètres pour un système incertain. Un accélérateur de convergence est proposé afin d’améliorer l’asservissement en régulation et suivi de consigne et la stabilité des systèmes incertains. Ces résultats théoriques sont confirmés expérimentalement grâce au robot flexible.Compte tenu de la difficulté de synthèse des lois de commande Twisting et Super–twisting, une nouvelle approche à base de retours d’états commutés est présentée, l’objectif est de proposer une commande à mode glissant dont la synthèse des paramètres est systématique, et ce, grâce à l’utilisation de conditions de stabilité au sens de Lyapunov. Cette approche baptisée Puma : Polytopic Uncertain Model Approach utilise un modèle polytopique du système, ce qui per- met de garder une modélisation simple en considérant le système, quelque soit sa complexité, comme une boite noire. Cette approche est appliquée au robot flexible en simulation, elle est comparée à une approche similaire pour montrer son intérêt.Afin d’évaluer la pertinence de ces commandes du point de vue performance et simplicité de mise en œuvre, elles sont comparées à l’une des commandes la plus utilisée en industrie : le PID. / This thesis addresses the control of complex systems through fixed parameters sliding modes. The objective being to show that it is possible to use robust control laws while keeping the system model and control law synthesis simple.The considered physical system is a seven d.o.f flexible anthropomorphic manipulator robot driven by pneumatic artificial muscles.We address robust control laws, particularly second order sliding modes, Twisting and Super–twisting together with the equivalent control which is associated to them in order to reduce the discontinuities of these type of controls. These laws are applied onto a flexible robot. Through experiment we show their robustness, the influence of modelling uncertainties on performance and the difficulty in synthesizing their parameters for an uncertain system. A convergence accelerator is proposed for enhancing control quality both in regulation and tracking. These theoretical results are experimentally verified through the flexible robot.Due to the difficulty in synthetizing Twisting and Super–twisting control laws, a new approach based on commuted state feedback is presented. The objective being a sliding mode control law with a systematic parameters synthesis using Lyapunov stability condition. This approach named Puma: Polytopic Uncertain Model Approach uses the system’s polytopic model, which allows keeping modelling simple by considering the system, whatever its complexity may be, as a black box. This approach is applied to a flexible robot in simulation ; it is compared to a similar approach to show its interest.In order to evaluate the relevance of these laws from the point of view of performance and implementation simplicity, they are compared to one of the most popular control law: The PID.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the recent years we have seen that due scarcity of fossil fuels it becomes increasingly important the improvement of renewable energy such as micro hydro generation, solar energy, wind power and others. The reason for such importance is related to the consolidation of what has being called future in terms of power generation, which is based on power generation through decentralization of interconnected small generators and consumer centers. The distribution level, distributed on generation sources along with the loads connected to its bus, creates a microgrid. Depending on the instantaneous load and installed generation capacity a microgrid can behave as a consumption point or power generation at different times, being able to operate also connected to the network or isolated form according to the provided power quality or system needs in case of failure. A generation system based on a self-excited induction generator operates isolated meeting the microgrid demands. This type of electricity micro generation can answer a series of small loads by taking the advantage of the use of small waterfalls and also wind turbines, located outside major urban centers, mainly due to its characteristics of mechanical robustness and low cost when compared to synchronous machines. These energy resources can meet the need of rural properties that are not next to the electrical system, can also be a great solution for people living on islands and oil platforms. In this fashion this Master s Thesis deals with the study of a robust control based on sliding mode of a GIAE system for regulating voltage based on a static converter reactive distributed DSTATCOM. The frequency control was not covered in this in this research; however, the voltage regulation is performed from the control of reactive power assembly. This way the use of an implemented system containing a coupling motor-generator and a PWMinverter emulates the behavior of a hydro or wind micro power plant. The GIAE terminals feed a bus where are connected loads with different characteristics, featuring a microgrid, which aims to control the supply voltage stability from the generator to the isolated system. Throughout this dissertation, simulation and experimental results are presented in order to demonstrate the applicability method to control its performances and the technical feasibility of the system. / Nos últimos anos se viu que a escassez dos combustíveis fosseis se torna cada vez mais importante o aprimoramento das energias renováveis, tais como: micro hidro geração, energia solar, energia eólica e outras. A razão para tal importância se deve a consolidação do que é chamado futuro em termos de geração de energia, sendo este baseado na descentralização da geração de energia através de redes interligadas de pequenos centros geradores/consumidores. A nível de distribuição, as fontes de geração distribuída, juntamente com as cargas conectadas ao seu barramento, formariam o que é definido como uma micro-rede. Dependendo da carga instantânea e da capacidade de geração instalada, uma microrede pode comportar-se como um ponto de consumo ou de geração de energia em diferentes momentos, sendo capaz também de operar conectada à rede ou de forma ilhada de acordo com a qualidade da energia fornecida ou necessidade do sistema em caso de falta. Um sistema de geração baseada em um gerador de indução auto excitado (GIAE) operando isolado (ilhado) o que vem a atender estas demandas das chamadas micro-redes. Este tipo de microgeração de energia elétrica pode atender uma série de pequenas cargas se valendo da utilização de pequenas quedas d água e também turbinas eólicas, localizadas fora dos grandes centros urbanos, devido basicamente as suas características de robustes mecânica e baixo custo, quando comparadas às máquinas síncronas. Estes recursos energéticos podem suprir a necessidade de propriedades rurais ou comunidades isoladas, tais como na região Amazônica, que não estejam próximas do sistema elétrico. Algumas técnicas de controle foram utilizadas para o sistema GIAE, tais como controladores por histerese e controladores proporcionais-integrais, as quais apresentaram a vantagem relacionada a simplicidade estrutural, porém os controladores não apresentam um grau de robustez adequado. Neste sentido, a presente Dissertação de Mestrado trata do estudo de um controle robusto baseado em modos deslizantes de um sistema GIAE para regulação de tensão baseado em um conversor estático de reativos distribuído DSTATCOM. Este controlador busca incrementar o grau de robustez se comparado aos controladores anteriormente propostos. O controle de frequência não foi abordado nesta dissertação, porém, a regulação de tensão é realizada a partir do controle da potência reativa do conjunto. Utilizando um sistema implementado contendo um acoplamento motor/gerador e um inversor pwm que pode emular o comportamento de uma micro central hidrelétrica ou eólica. Os terminais do GIAE alimentam um barramento onde são conectadas cargas com características distintas, caracterizando uma micro-rede, tendo como objetivo a regulação de tensão fornecida pelo gerador ao sistema isolado. Ao longo desta dissertação, resultados de simulações e experimentais são apresentados, a fim de que, seja demonstrada a aplicabilidade dos métodos de controle, seus desempenhos e a viabilidade técnica do sistema.

[ES] Las infusiones exógenas de insulina son vitales para las personas con diabetes tipo 1 para suplir parcialmente la incapacidad del páncreas de secretar insulina. Sin embargo, las terapias intensivas actuales pueden restringir la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Los pacientes con esta enfermedad tienen que tomar decisiones constantemente sobre las dosis de insulina que lleva a la glucosa a niveles seguros. Si no lo consiguen, pueden sufrir las complicaciones crónicas y agudas derivadas de los niveles anormalmente altos o bajos de glucosa. La regulación automática de glucosa con sistemas de páncreas artificial prometía reducir la carga del autocontrol de la enfermedad al mismo tiempo que se mejoraba el tiempo en normoglucemia y se reducía la variabilidad. Sin embargo, estas promesas sólo se han cumplido parcialmente. Aunque esta tecnología mejora el control glucémico que logran las terapias tradicionales, la ingesta de alimentos y la práctica de ejercicio limitan la eficiencia de los sistemas de páncreas artificial durante el día. De hecho, los sistemas comerciales sólo pueden hacerles frente con la ayuda de los pacientes. Para compensar las ingestas, los pacientes deben anunciar el contenido de carbohidratos al sistema. Para el ejercicio, deben anunciar el inicio de la actividad o tomar medidas preventivas como modificar la referencia de glucosa o reducir la basal con mucha antelación. Estas exigencias no sólo no ayudan a reducir la carga del paciente, sino que pueden comprometer la eficiencia del sistema cuando el paciente se equivoca al estimar los carbohidratos, omite el anuncio de la comida o no puede planificar el ejercicio. Así pues, esta tesis propone nuevos métodos para eliminar el anuncio de ingestas y ejercicio lo que ayudaría a reducir la intervención del paciente en los sistemas de páncreas artificial, y, en consecuencia, mejorar la calidad de vida. Desde un punto de vista de control, las ingestas y el ejercicio pueden considerarse perturbaciones. Esta tesis explota métodos de la literatura de rechazo de perturbaciones y acomodación de fallos para lograr el objetivo de la tesis. En concreto, hay que destacar tres aplicaciones: 1) se ha desarrollado un observador super-twisting para detectar comidas no anunciadas como primer paso para su compensación; 2) se ha diseñado un observador de modos deslizantes de primer orden para la estimación de la ratio de aparición de glucosa, la cual ha sido integrada en un generador de bolos para compensar las comidas; 3) se ha empleado el principio de diseño por modelo interno para mitigar el efecto de las ingestas de alimentos y ejercicio, añadiendo sugerencias de carbohidratos de rescate a la insulina. Como resultado, las contribuciones de esta tesis allanan el camino para el desarrollo de sistemas de páncreas artificial sin anuncios, que liberen al paciente de la carga de la gestión de la diabetes. / [CA] Les infusions exògenes d'insulina són vitals per a les persones amb diabetis tipus 1 per a suplir parcialment l'incapacitat del pàncrees de secretar insulina. No obstant, les teràpies intensives actuals poden restringir la qualitat de vida dels pacients. Les persones amb aquesta malaltia han de prendre decisions contínuament sobre la dosi d'insulina que fa que la glucosa estiga en valors segurs. Si no ho aconsegueixen, poden sofrir les complicacions cròniques i agudes derivades dels nivells anormalment alts o baixos de glucosa. La regulació automàtica de glucosa amb sistemes de pàncrees artificials prometia reduir la càrrega d'autocontrol de la malaltia al mateix temps que es millorava el temps en normoglucèmia i es reduïa la variabilitat. No obstant, aquestes promeses s'han complit només parcialment. Encara que aquesta tecnologia millora el control de la glucosa, la ingesta d'aliments i la pràctica d'exercici limiten l'eficiència dels sistemes de pàncrees artificials durant el dia. De fet, els sistemes comercials només poden fer-les front amb la ajuda dels pacients. Per a compensar les ingestes, el pacients han d'anunciar al sistema la quantitat de carbohidrats. Per al exercici, han d'anunciar l'inici de l'activitat o prendre mesures preventives com modificar la referència de glucosa o reduir la infusió basal d'insulina. Aquestes exigències no només no ajuden a reduir la càrrega al pacient, sinó que poden comprometre l'eficiència del sistema quan el pacient confon la estimació dels carbohidrats, omet l'anunciament de la ingesta o no pot planificar l'exercici. Així doncs, aquesta tesi proposa nous mètodes per a eliminar l'anunciament d'ingestes i exercici permetent reduir així la intervenció del pacient, i, en conseqüència, millorar la qualitat de vida. Des del punt de vista de control, les ingestes i el exercici poden considerar-se pertorbacions. Aquesta tesi explota mètodes de la literatura de rebuig de pertorbacions i acomodament de fallades. En particular, es destaquen tres aplicacions: 1) s'ha desenvolupat un observador super-twisting per a detectar ingestes no anunciades com a primer pas per a la seua compensació; 2) se ha dissenyat un observador de modes lliscants per a estimar el rati d'aparició de glucosa de la ingesta, el qual s'ha integrat en un generador de bols d'insulina per compensar les ingestes; 3) se ha empleat el principi de disseny per model intern per a mitigar l'efecte de les ingestes i exercici, incorporant recomanacions de carbohidrats a la insulina. Com a resultat, les contribucions d'aquesta tesi obren el camí per a desenvolupar sistemes de pàncrees artificial sense anunciaments, que alliberen al pacient de la càrrega de la gestió de la diabetis. / [EN] Exogenous insulin infusions are vital for people with type 1 diabetes to partially make up for the inability of the pancreas to secrete insulin. However, current intensive therapies may restrict patients' quality of life. People with this disease have to constantly make decisions about insulin doses to bring glucose levels to a safe range. If unsuccessful, they may suffer from chronic and acute complications related to abnormally high and low glucose values. The automatic regulation of glucose with artificial pancreas systems promised to reduce patients' self-control burdens while improving time in normoglycemia and decreasing variability. However, these promises are fulfilled only partially. Although this technology outperforms the glycemic outcomes achieved by conventional therapies, meal intake and physical activity limit its daytime performance. Indeed, commercially available systems only can handle them with the support of the patients. For meals, patients must announce the carbohydrate content to the system. For exercise, they must notify the activity or take preventive actions like changing glucose setpoint or decreasing basal well ahead before exercise. These demands do not help reduce the patient's burden. They even can compromise the system performance when the patient misestimates the carbohydrate content, omits the meal announcement, or cannot plan the exercise event. Hence, this thesis proposes new methods to eliminate the need for meal and exercise announcements, thus reducing patient intervention in artificial pancreas systems for a better quality of life. From a control perspective, meals and exercise can be regarded as disturbances; therefore, this thesis exploits methods from the disturbance rejection and fault accommodation literature to achieve the thesis goal. Specifically, the following three applications must be highlighted: 1) a super-twisting-based residual generator has been developed to detect unannounced meals as the first step to their compensations; 2) a sliding-mode disturbance observer has been designed to estimate the glucose meal appearance, which is fed into a bolusing algorithm to compensate the meals; 3) the internal model principle is employed to mitigate the effects of meal intakes and exercise, supplementing insulin infusions with carbohydrate recommendations. As a result, the contributions of this thesis pave the way for the development of announcement-free artificial pancreas systems, releasing patients from the burden of diabetes management. / This work was partially supported by: grant DPI2016-78831-C2-1-R funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”; grant PID2019-107722RB-C21 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033; and grant ACIF/2017/021 funded by the Generalitat Valenciana through European Social Funds (FSE). Also, the grant BEFPI/2019/077, funded by the Generalitat Valenciana through FSE funds, supported a 7-month research stay at Physiological da University (Óbudai Egyetem, Óbuda, Budapest, Hungary) / Sala Mira, I. (2023). New Contributions Towards Meal and Exercise Announcement-Free Artificial Pancreas Systems [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/192684