A numerical study is performed to model the 2-D axisymmetric turbulent flow of supercritical water flowing upward in vertical pipes with constant wall heat fluxes, using ANSYS CFX v14.5. This study was aimed to use CFD in analyzing supercritical flow instability and heat transfer. Two types of flow instabilities are analyzed and results are compared with 1-D non-linear code solutions. Also, conditions for approximating the thresholds of instabilities based on steady-state results are assessed. It is determined that the results of instability thresholds obtained using the k-ɛ and the SST models are similar. Also the results of CFD and 1-D codes are different mainly due to the difference in the pressure drop predictions. Moreover, approximating the flow instability threshold by the conditions proposed holds true for a CFD solution. Results also indicate that Prt does not have a noticeable effect on the instability threshold for the cases examined.

Screens may be utilized efficiently for dissipating the energy of water. In this study, water flowing beneath a gate is used to simulate the flow downstream of a hydraulic structure and screens are used as an alternative mean for energy dissipation. Investigations are done conducting a series of experiments. The porosity, thickness, and the location of the screens are the major parameters together with the Froude number of the upstream flow. The scope of this thesis covers the situation where there is a pseudo-jump formation. The experiments covered a range of Froude numbers between 5 and 18, porosities between 20% and 60%, and location of the screen up to 100 times of the undisturbed upstream flow depth. The thicknesses of the screens used are in the order of the undisturbed upstream flow depth. The results show the importance of each parameter on the energy dissipating performance of the screens and the system. It is observed that screens dissipate more energy than a jump within the range covered in these studies.

In this study we highlight the influence of mean dilatation and mean density gradient on the Reynolds stress modeling of compressible, heat-releasing and supercritical turbulent flows.Firstly, the modeling of the rapid pressure-strain correlation has been extended to self-consistently account for the influence of mean dilatation.Secondly, an algebraic model for the turbulent density flux has been developed and coupled to the tensor equationfor Reynolds stress anisotropy via a 'local mean acceleration',a generalization of the buoyancy force. We applied the resulting differential Reynolds stress model (DRSM) and the corresponding explicit algebraic Reynolds stress model (EARSM) to homogeneously sheared and compressed or expanded two-dimensional mean flows. Both formulations have shown that our model preserves the realizability of the turbulence, meaning that the Reynolds stresses do not attain unphysical values, unlike earlier approaches. Comparison with rapid distortion theory (RDT) demonstrated that the DRSM captures the essentials of the transient behaviour of the diagonal anisotropies and gives good predictions of the turbulence kinetic energy. A general three-dimensional solution to the coupled EARSM  has been formulated. In the case of turbulent flow in de Laval nozzle we investigated the influence of compressibility effects and demonstrated that the different calibrations lead to different turbulence regimes but with retained realizability. We calibrated our EARSM against a DNS of combustion in a wall-jet flow. Correct predictions of turbulent density fluxes have been achieved and essential features of the anisotropy behaviour have been captured.The proposed calibration keeps the model free of singularities for the cases studied. In addition,  we have applied the EARSM to the investigation of supercritical carbon dioxide flow in an annulus. The model correctly captured mean enthalpy, temperature and density as well as the turbulence shear stress. Hence, we consider the model as a useful tool for the analysis of a wide range of compressible flows with large density variation. / <p>QC 20160314</p>

Numerical simulations of supercritical coastal flows have been performed. The meso-γ-scale model which has been used in this study is non-linear, hydrostatic and has a higher-order turbulence closure. Previous studies of supercritical coastal flows with this model have given rise to some questions and hypotheses, e. g. is the gradual curvature of the main coastal mountains north of Cape Mendocino sufficient to excite an expansion fan? Is the local terrain of Cape Mendocino responsible for the collapse of the marine atmospheric layer (MABL) in Shelter Cove? This study was designed to answer these questions. The terrain used in the simulations was generated by a simple analytical function and fitted to the real terrain north of Cape Mendocino in a sense that it would reflect it as good as possible, neglecting ”small” changes in the orientation of the coast and height of the terrain. This made it possible to test hypotheses related to the coastline shape one by one. Simulations that were performed are: Piecewise linear coasts with constant terrain height where the change in coastline orientation, the height of the inversion and strength of the background wind speed was varied; Piecewise linear coasts where the height of the terrain was varying along the coast; Curved coastlines with different curvatures; Piecewise linear coasts with simplified capes perpendicular to the coast where the height of the cape was varied. It was found that the angle with which the coast turns away from the flow regulates the amount of acceleration in the following expansion fan. A decreasing height of the terrain along the coast lead to an increased acceleration of the flow, the largest acceleration was found when the slope of the terrain was confined to the change in coastline orientation. It was concluded that this is comparable to an increased change in coastline orientation. The simulations with curved coastlines confirmed the hypothesis that the gradual curvature of the main coastal mountains north of Cape Mendocino is sufficient to excite an expansion fan. In fact, a curved coastline leads to a stronger acceleration of the flow than a piecewise linear coastline. One of the most striking features in this study was that the acceleration of the flow started far upstream of the change in coastline orientation, even though the flows were supercritical. This phenomenon was mainly found in the cases with the highest wind speeds. It is suggested that the upstream acceleration of the flow is due to either high amplitude gravity waves propagating within the MABL or internal gravity waves propagating above the inversion. When a cape was inserted perpendicular to the main coastline, this showed that even with a cape as low as approximately half the depth of the MABL, the flow was significantly blocked. Indications of wave-breaking on the lee side of the cape was also found, which confirmed the hypothesis that the local terrain of Cape Mendocino is responsible for the collapse of the MABL in Shelter Cove.

Previous studies have shown that screens may be utilized efficiently for dissipating the energy of water. For the present study, a series of experimental works are executed to investigate the tailwater and multiple screen effects on the energy dissipation through screens. Water flowing beneath a sliding gate is used to simulate the flow downstream of a hydraulic structure. In the present study, one double screen and two double screen arrangements with porosity of 40% and inclination angle of 90 degree is used. A tailwater gate structure is used to adjust the tailwater depth. The major parameters for the present study are upstream flow depth, tailwater gate height, location of the screen together with the supercritical upstream flow Froude number for a range covering from 5.0 to 22.5. The gate opening simulating a hydraulic structure is adjusted at heights of 2 cm and 3 cm during the study. The results of the experiments show that the tailwater depth has no significant additional contribution on the energy dissipation, whereas multiple screen arrangement dissipates more energy as compared to one double screen arrangement.

ABSTRACT EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF ENERGY DISSIPATION THROUGH TRIANGULAR SCREENS G&uuml / ng&ouml / r, Endam M.Sc., Department of Civil Engineering Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zafer BozkuS Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Metin Ger May 2005, 82 pages For the present study, a series of experimental works are executed to dissipate energy through triangular screens. Recent studies have shown that the implementation of the screen for energy dissipation is an effective way to extract out the excessive energy of water downstream of small hydraulic structures located in rivers of relatively negligible sediment content. In the present study, double screen arrangement with a porosity of 40% is used. The inclination angle of the screens is opted as 60 degree. The major parameters for the present study are upstream flow depth, location of the screen together with the supercritical upstream flow Froude number for a range covering from 7.5 to 25.5. The gate opening simulating a hydraulic structure is adjusted with various heights of 1 cm, 1.25 cm, 1.6 cm, 1.7 cm, 2 cm, 2.5 cm, 2.7 cm, 3.2 cm and 3.3 cm during the study. The results of the experiments show that the triangular screen configuration with the same pore geometry has no significant additional contribution on the energy dissipation as compared to vertically placed screens. Keywords: Screen, energy dissipation, triangular configuration, porosity, hydraulic jump, supercritical flow.

Cascade testing and flow analysis of three high-turning supercritical compressor blades were conducted. The blades were designed at an inlet Mach number (M1) of 0.87 and inlet flow angle of 48.4 deg, with high camber angles of about 55 deg. The baseline blade was a conventional Controlled Diffusion Airfoil (CDA) design and the other two were optimized blades. The blades were tested for an inlet Mach number range from 0.61 to 0.95 and an inlet flow angle range from 44.4 deg to 50.4 deg, at high Reynolds numbers (1.2-1.9x10^6 based on the blade chord). The test results have shown lower losses and better incidence robustness for the optimized blades at higher supercritical flow conditions (M1>0.83). At the design condition, 30% loss reduction was achieved. The blade-to-blade flow was computed by solving the two-dimensional steady Navier-Stokes equations. Experimental results, in conjunction with the CFD flowfield characterization, revealed the loss reduction mechanism: severe boundary layer separation occurred on the suction surface of the baseline blade while no separation occurred for the optimized blades. Furthermore, whether the boundary layer was separated or not was found due to different shock patterns, different shock-boundary layer interactions and different pressure distributions on the blades. For the baseline blade, the strong passage shock coincided with the adverse pressure gradient due to the high blade front camber at 20% chord, leading to the flow separation. For the optimized blades, the high blade camber shifted to more downstream (30-40% chord), resulting in stronger flow leading edge acceleration, less strength of the passage shock near the blade surface, favorable pressure gradient right after the passage shock, thus no flow separation occurred. The flow understanding obtained by the current research can be used to guide the design of high-turning compressor blades at higher supercritical flow conditions. / Ph. D.

Στην παρούσα εργασία μελετάται αριθμητικά η ροή σε σήραγγα υπό συνθήκες ελεύθερης επιφάνειας και έντονης κλίσης πυθμένα 1:10. Διερευνάται η δυνατότητα μείωσης της ταχύτητας ροής μέσω κατακόρυφων, πλευρικών στοιχείων τραχύτητας. Συγκεκριμένα γίνεται τρισδιάστατη προσομοίωση της ροής με χρήση του μοντέλου ANSYS – Fluent και τα αποτελέσματα συγκρίνονται με εκείνα που προέκυψαν από αντίστοιχο πείραμα που πραγματοποιήθηκε στο Εργαστήριο Υδραυλικής Μηχανικής του Τμήματος Πολιτικών Μηχανικών του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Αφορμή για το συγκεκριμένο σχεδιασμό αποτέλεσε η διερεύνηση της εκτροπής των πλημμυρικών παροχών από ορεινή λεκάνη σε κατάντη ταμιευτήρα μέσω σήραγγας και συγκεκριμένα από το οροπέδιο Λασιθίου στον ταμιευτήρα του φράγματος Αποσελεμή. Με δεδομένα τα ανωτέρω, επιθυμείται να αποφευχθεί η κατασκευή βαθμίδων ή στοιχείων τραχύτητας στον πυθμένα και, επομένως, απαιτείται η μόρφωση «πτυχώσεων» στα τοιχώματα έτσι ώστε να αναπτυχθεί δευτερογενής ροή και με εισρόφηση αέρα. Η αποτελεσματικότητα του σχεδιασμού διερευνήθηκε σε υδραυλικό ομοίωμα κλίμακας 1:12.5 που βασίσθηκε σε συνθήκες δυναμικής ομοιότητας κατά Froude για χαρακτηριστικές τιμές παροχής. Η επεξεργασία των μετρήσεων έδειξε ότι με κατάλληλη διάταξη πλευρικών στοιχείων τραχύτητας ελέγχεται η τιμή της ταχύτητας και ικανοποιείται η απαίτηση μεγίστου βάθους ροής σε σχέση με τις διαστάσεις της σήραγγας. Για την υπολογιστική επίλυση του προβλήματος αξιοποιήθηκαν οι εξισώσεις Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS), ενώ για το κλείσιμο της τύρβης χρησιμοποιήθηκε το μοντέλο δυο εξισώσεων k-ω, το οποίο επεξηγείται αναλυτικά. Η διαχείριση της ελεύθερης επιφάνειας έγινε με τη μέθοδο Volume of Fluid (VOF), ενώ η αριθμητική επίλυση βασίστηκε στη μέθοδο των πεπερασμένων όγκων και πραγματοποιήθηκε με το υπολογιστικό πακέτο Fluent CFD της ANSYS inc. Για την ροή στον υπό εξέταση αγωγό η ροή είναι υπερκρίσιμη με κλίση πυθμένα S_0=0.10. Για λόγους ελέγχου της ακρίβειας της αριθμητικής μεθόδου που χρησιμοποιήθηκε, αρχικά επιλύθηκε η περίπτωση τρισδιάστατου καναλιού ορθογωνικής διατομής χωρίς πλευρικά στοιχεία τραχύτητας και τα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν συγκρίθηκαν με αναλυτικά αποτελέσματα μονοδιάστατης ροής (κατακόρυφο επίπεδο) υπεράνω επίπεδου πυθμένα. Τα αποτελέσματα βρέθηκαν σε καλή συμφωνία μεταξύ τους, γεγονός που επιβεβαίωσε την καταλληλότητα της μεθόδου. Για το τρισδιάστατο πρόβλημα με τα κατακόρυφα πλευρικά στοιχεία τραχύτητας, η ανάλυση έδειξε ότι το διάμηκες προφίλ της ελεύθερης επιφάνειας παρουσιάζει κυματισμούς σε όλη την περιοχή των στοιχείων τραχύτητας. Το βάθος ροής κατέρχεται σταδιακά από το αρχικό κρίσιμο βάθος μέχρι να φθάσει στο επίπεδο του βάθους των 0.06 m, το οποίο δεν είναι το ομοιόμορφο βάθος αφού η ροή συνεχίζει να επιταχύνεται. Επιπροσθέτως, παρατηρήθηκε η δημιουργία μιας περιοχής ανακυκλοφορίας της ροής ανάμεσα στα πλευρικά στοιχεία τραχύτητας. Τα αποτελέσματα που πρόεκυψαν από το αριθμητικό μοντέλο συγκρίθηκαν με τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα και η συμφωνία μεταξύ αριθμητικών προβλέψεων και πειραματικών δεδομένων είναι ιδιαίτερα ικανοποιητική. / A three-dimensional CFD numerical model has been utilized to simulate the 3D free-surface flow under supercritical flow conditions in a 10% sloping channel over vertical roughness elements on the side walls. The effectiveness of vertical roughness elements on the side walls is investigated, with the aim to reduce flow velocity in the tunnel. The program, ANSYS Fluent, solves the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations on an unstructured five-hedral grid using PISO method and the flow is treated as steady while the k-omega model is used as turbulence model. The numerical simulation has been based on the Volume of Fluid method (VOF) approach. Available experimental measurements of the free-surface in a sloping channel, under various supercritical flow regimes, have been used to validate the proposal numerical methodology. These experiments were conducted at the Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory of the Civil Engineering Department, University of Patras. In all test cases the 3D numerical model gives reasonable comparisons with measurements for the water depth.

Les barrages sur les rivières sont des obstacles à la migration piscicole. Les passes à poissons sont des ouvrages permettant aux espèces piscicoles de migrer, autorisant le rétablissement de la continuité écologique des cours d'eau. Le but de ce travail est de mieux comprendre les phénomènes physiques présents dans les passes à poissons naturelles. Ces passes sont des canaux à forte pente, équipé de rangées de plots en quinconce. Pour valider la pertinence de l'utilisation d'un modèle numérique, l'étude s'est limitée à l'écoulement autour d'un cylindre émergent placé au centre d'un canal. Le travail est décomposé en deux parties, une expérimentale et une numérique. La partie expérimentale est conduite dans un canal transparent de 4m de long, 0,4m de large et 0,4m de hauteur. Le diamètre du cylindre est 4cm et sa hauteur 20cm (toujours émergent). Les cas étudiés sont des débits de 5, 10, 15 et 20 l/s pour une pente nulle. Les nombres de Froude sont supérieurs à 0,5 et les nombres de Reynolds, basés sur le diamètre, sont compris entre 15000 et 50000. Les écoulements ont été filmés et un algorithme de suivi de particules (PTV) a été développé. Des zones de faibles vitesses existent, même pour Fr=1, pouvant assurer des zones de refuge pour le poisson. Les forces de trainée ont été mesurées sur le plot. Les évolutions des coefficients de trainée avec le nombre de Froude et des rapports de forme de l'écoulement autour du plot ont ainsi été évaluées. La partie numérique est réalisée avec OpenFOAM pour 4 cas d'étude (Q=10 et 20 l/s, S=0 et 2%) et 2 modèles de turbulence URANS, le RNG k-epsilon et le k-omega SST. Des modélisations en 2D ont également été faites avec Telemac 2D. Les résultats obtenus ont été comparés aux résultats expérimentaux. La modélisation 2D (shallow water) est exploitable seulement pour des nombres de Froude faibles, d'où la nécessité des modélisations en 3D. Le modèle komega SST semble le mieux adapté pour reproduire les écoulements étudiés. Les vitesses locales et les structures en 3D, non quantifiables expérimentalement, ont ensuite été décrites. Les influences du fond et de la surface libre sur le sillage apparaissent clairement en provoquant des vitesses verticales et des tourbillons à grandes échelles. Enfin, une simulation en LES a été conduite. Les structures tourbillonnaires sont mieux représentées que pour les modèles URANS, mais les temps de calcul sont grands. / The dams on rivers are fishes migration obstacles. The fishways are devices allowing the fishes to migrate, permitting the restauration of the ecological continuity. The aim of this work is to better comprehend the physical phenomena existing in the nature-like fishways. This kind of fishway is a high slope channel with staggered rows of blocks. To validate the relevance of the use of a numerical model, the study is limited to the flow around a single free surface piercing cylinder placed in the center of a flume. The work is in two parts, experimental and numérical. The experimental part is conducted in a transparent flume of 4m length, 0.4m width and 0.4m height. The cylinder diameter is 4cm and its height 20cm (always emerged). The studied cases are flow rates of 5 to 20 l/s for a flat bed. The Froude numbers are over 0.5 et the Reynolds numbers, based on the diameter, are in between 15000 and 50000. The flows were filmed and a particules tracking velocimetry (PTV) algorithm was developped. Slow velocities areas exist, even for Fr=1, allowing shelter zones for a fish. The drag forces were also measured. The drag coefficients evolutions with the Froude number and with the flow aspect ratio were estimated. The numerical part is done with OpenFOAM for 4 cases (Q=10 et 20 l/s, S=0 et 2%) and 2 URANS turbulence models, RNG k-epsilon and k-omega SST. 2D simulations are also carried out with Telemac2D. The results are compared with the experimental ones. The 2D modelisation (shallow water) is workable only for small Froude numbers, which justifies the 3D modelisation. The k-omega SST seems the most relevant to reproduce the studied flows. The local velocities and 3D structures, unquantifiable experimentally, were described. The bed and free surface influences on the wake are clearly shown leading to vertical velocities and big scale vorticies. Finally, a LES simulation was conducted. The vortex structures are better reproducted than the URANS simulations, but the computation times are significant.

Voluntary coughs are used as a diagnostic tool to detect lung diseases. Understanding the mechanics of a cough is therefore crucial to accurately interpreting the test results. A cough is characterised by a dynamic compression of the airways, resulting in large flow velocities and producing transient peak expiratory flows. Existing models for pulmonary flow have one or more of the following limitations: 1) they assume quasi-steady flows, 2) they assume low speed flows, 3) they assume a symmetrical branching airway system. The main objective of this thesis is to develop a model for a cough in the branching pulmonary airway system. First, the time-dependent one-dimensional equations for flow in a compliant tube is used to simulate a cough in a single airway. Using anatomical and physiological data, the tube law coupling the fluid and airway mechanics is constructed to accurately mimic the airway behaviour in its inflated and collapsed states. Next, a novel model for air flow in an airway bifurcation is constructed. The model is the first to capture successfully subcritical and supercritical flows across the bifurcation and allows for free time evolution from one case to another. The model is investigated by simulating a cough in both symmetric and asymmetric airway bifurcations. Finally, a cough model for the complete branching airway system is developed. The model takes into account the key factors involved in a cough; namely, the compliance of the lungs and the airways, the coughing effort and the sudden opening of the glottis. The reliability of the model is assessed by comparing the model predictions with previous experimental results. The model captures the main characteristics of forced expiatory flows; namely, the flow limitation phenomenon (the flow out of the lungs becomes independent of the applied expiratory effort) and the negative effort dependence phenomenon (the flow out of the lungs decreases with increasing expiratory effort). The model also gives a good qualitative agreement with the measured values of airway resistance. The location of the collapsed airway segment during forced expiration is, however, inconsistent with previous experimental results. The effect of changing the model parameters on the model predictions is therefore discussed.